Curating Human Rights

Download Curating Human Rights PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040193978
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Curating Human Rights by : Robin Ostow

Download or read book Curating Human Rights written by Robin Ostow and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-11-25 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Curating Human Rights conceptualizes the human rights museum as a dynamic cultural-political genre that interacts with multiple social activist, state and corporate stakeholders. Drawing upon ethnographic and archival research on seven human rights museums in six countries, Ostow examines specifically what these museums do when they set out, or purport, to promote human rights. This includes the stories they visualize, display strategies, educational and other activities, internal structures, the way they position their visitors, the parameters of the human rights they address and the politics of pleasing their multiple stakeholders. The book also explores the contradictions and political and corporate pressure that contributes to foregrounding some human rights violations and ignoring or obscuring others. Ostow also examines the reactions to each museum in the local and national press, and by local visitors, politicians, donors and other stakeholders. The book ends with a discussion of the success and limitations of museums for promoting human rights, and policy recommendations to enhance their effectiveness. Curating Human Rights considers whether these museums are appropriate for, and effective at, promoting human rights - and if they address the pitfalls that have been identified. Curating Human Rights provides new perspectives on the field of human rights education and activism and will be of interest to academics and students engaged in the study of museums, human rights, culture and communication.

Reinventing Human Rights

Download Reinventing Human Rights PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 150363101X
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reinventing Human Rights by : Mark Goodale

Download or read book Reinventing Human Rights written by Mark Goodale and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-22 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A radical vision for the future of human rights as a fundamentally reconfigured framework for global justice. Reinventing Human Rights offers a bold argument: that only a radically reformulated approach to human rights will prove adequate to confront and overcome the most consequential global problems. Charting a new path—away from either common critiques of the various incapacities of the international human rights system or advocacy for the status quo—Mark Goodale offers a new vision for human rights as a basis for collective action and moral renewal. Goodale's proposition to reinvent human rights begins with a deep unpacking of human rights institutionalism and political theory in order to give priority to the "practice of human rights." Rather than a priori claims to universality, he calls for a working theory of human rights defined by "translocality," a conceptual and ethical grounding that invites people to form alliances beyond established boundaries of community, nation, race, or religious identity. This book will serve as both a concrete blueprint and source of inspiration for those who want to preserve human rights as a key framework for confronting our manifold contemporary challenges, yet who agree—for many different reasons—that to do so requires radical reappraisal, imaginative reconceptualization, and a willingness to reinvent human rights as a cross-cultural foundation for both empowerment and social action.

The Idea of a Human Rights Museum

Download The Idea of a Human Rights Museum PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. of Manitoba Press
ISBN 13 : 0887554695
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (875 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Idea of a Human Rights Museum by : Karen Busby

Download or read book The Idea of a Human Rights Museum written by Karen Busby and published by Univ. of Manitoba Press. This book was released on 2015-09-25 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Idea of a Human Rights Museum" is the first book to examine the formation of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights and to situate the museum within the context of the international proliferation of such institutions. Sixteen essays consider the wider political, cultural and architectural contexts within which the museum physically and conceptually evolved drawing comparisons between the CMHR and institutions elsewhere in the world that emphasize human rights and social justice. This collection brings together authors from diverse fields—law, cultural studies, museum studies, sociology, history, political science, and literature—to critically assess the potentials and pitfalls of human rights education through “ideas” museums. Accessible, engaging, and informative, the collection’s essays will encourage museum-goers to think more deeply about the content of human rights exhibits. The Idea of a Human Rights Museum is the first title in the University of Manitoba Press’s Human Rights and Social Justice Series. This series publishes work that explores the quest for social justice and the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled, including civil, political, economic, social, collective, and cultural rights.

Curating Human Remains

Download Curating Human Remains PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Boydell Press
ISBN 13 : 1843838060
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Curating Human Remains by : Myra J. Giesen

Download or read book Curating Human Remains written by Myra J. Giesen and published by Boydell Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book offers a systematic overview of the responses made by museums and other repositories in the UK to the ownership, care, storage, display and interpretation of human remains." -- back cover.

Human Rights and Climate Change

Download Human Rights and Climate Change PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821387235
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human Rights and Climate Change by : Siobhan Mcinerney-Lankford

Download or read book Human Rights and Climate Change written by Siobhan Mcinerney-Lankford and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Study explores arguments about the impact of climate change on human rights, examining the international legal frameworks governing human rights and climate change and identifying the relevant synergies and tensions between them. It considers arguments about (i) the human rights impacts of climate change at a macro level and how these impacts are spread disparately across countries; (ii) how climate change impacts human rights enjoyment within states and the equity and discrimination dimensions of those disparate impacts; and (iii) the role of international legal frameworks and mechanisms, including human rights instruments, particularly in the context of supporting developing countries’ adaptation efforts. The Study surveys the interface of human rights and climate change from the perspective of public international law. It builds upon the work that has been carried out on this interface by reviewing the legal issues it raises and complementing existing analyses by providing a comprehensive legal overview of the area and a focus on obligations upon States and other actors connected with climate change. The objective has therefore been to contribute to the global debate on climate change and human rights by offering a review of the legal dimensions of this interface as well as a survey of the sources of public international law potentially relevant to climate change and human rights in order to facilitate an understanding of what is meant, in legal terms, by “human rights impacts of climate change” and help identify ways in which international law can respond to this interaction.

Letters to the Contrary

Download Letters to the Contrary PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford Studies in Human Righ
ISBN 13 : 9781503605343
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Letters to the Contrary by : Mark Goodale

Download or read book Letters to the Contrary written by Mark Goodale and published by Stanford Studies in Human Righ. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This remarkable collection of letters reveals the debate over universal human rights. Prominent mid-twentieth-century intellectuals and leaders--including Gandhi, T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden, Aldous Huxley, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Arnold Schoenberg--engaged with the question of universal human rights. Letters to the Contrary presents the foundation of the intellectual struggles and ideological doubts still present in today's human rights debates. Since its adoption in 1948, historians and human rights scholars have claimed that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was influenced by UNESCO's 1947-48 global survey of intellectuals, theologians, and cultural and political leaders, that supposedly demonstrated a truly universal consensus on human rights. Based on meticulous archival research, Letters to the Contrary provides a curated history of the UNESCO human rights survey and demonstrates its relevance to contemporary debates over the origins, legitimacy, and universality of human rights. In collecting, annotating, and analyzing these responses, including letters and responses that were omitted and polite refusals to respond, Mark Goodale shows that the UNESCO human rights survey was much less than supposed, but also much more. In many ways, the intellectual struggles, moral questions, and ideological doubts among the different participants who both organized and responded to the survey reveal a strikingly critical and contemporary orientation, raising similar questions at the center of current debates surrounding human rights scholarship and practice. This volume contains letters and survey responses from Jacques Havet, Jacques Maritain, Arnold J. Lien, Richard P. Mckeon, Quincy Wright, Levi Carneiro, Arthur H. Compton, Charles E. Merriam, Lewis Mumford, E. H. Carr, John Lewis, Harold J. Laski, Serge Hessen, John Somerville, Boris Tchechko, Luc Somerhausen, Hyman Levy, Ture Nerman, R. Palme Dutt, Maurice Dobb, Pierre Teilhard De Chardin, Marcel De Corte, Pedro Troncoso Sánchez, Mahatma Gandhi, Chung-Shu Lo, Kurt Riezler, Inocenc Arnost Bláha, Hubert Frère, M. Nicolay, W. Albert Noyes, Jr., Aldous Huxley, Ralph W. Gerard, Johannes M. Burgers, Humayun Kabir, A. P. Elkin, S. V. Puntambekar, Leonard Barnes, Benedetto Croce, Jean Haesart, F. S. C. Northrop, Peter Skov, Emmanuel Mounier, Maurice Webb, John Macmurray, Julius Moór, L. Horváth, Alfred Weber, Don Salvador De Madariaga, Frank R. Scott, Jawaharlal Nehru, Margery Fry, Isaac Leon Kandel, René Maheu, Albert Szent-Györgyi, Morris L. Ernst, Arnold Schoenberg, W. H. Auden, Melville Herskovits, Theodore Johannes Haarhoff, Ernest Henry Burgmann, Herbert Read, and T. S. Eliot.

Business and Human Rights

Download Business and Human Rights PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009158384
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Business and Human Rights by : Florian Wettstein

Download or read book Business and Human Rights written by Florian Wettstein and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-24 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first of its kind, this comprehensive interdisciplinary textbook in business and human rights coherently incorporates ethical, legal and managerial perspectives. This path-breaking textbook will be a valuable introductory resource for students, instructors and researchers in business, public policy and law schools.

Counting Kindness

Download Counting Kindness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Charlesbridge Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1632899973
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (328 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Counting Kindness by : Hollis Kurman

Download or read book Counting Kindness written by Hollis Kurman and published by Charlesbridge Publishing. This book was released on 2020-09-08 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compassionate counting book that captures the power of a welcoming community. Teach children about refugees and how each kindness can help them find a new home. More than half of the world's refugees are children fleeing scary situations in search of a safe place to live. Arriving in a new place is stressful for newcomers, especially when the newcomers are little ones. But this beautiful counting book helps readers see the journey of finding a new home and the joys of being welcomed into a new community. From playing to sleeping, eating to reading, celebrating to learning, Counting Kindness proves we can lift the heaviest hearts when we come together. Endorsed by Amnesty International.

Curating the Future

Download Curating the Future PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317217950
Total Pages : 603 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Curating the Future by : Jennifer Newell

Download or read book Curating the Future written by Jennifer Newell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Curating the Future: Museums, Communities and Climate Change explores the way museums tackle the broad global issue of climate change. It explores the power of real objects and collections to stir hearts and minds, to engage communities affected by change. Museums work through exhibitions, events, and specific collection projects to reach different communities in different ways. The book emphasises the moral responsibilities of museums to address climate change, not just by communicating science but also by enabling people already affected by changes to find their own ways of living with global warming. There are museums of natural history, of art and of social history. The focus of this book is the museum communities, like those in the Pacific, who have to find new ways to express their culture in a new place. The book considers how collections in museums might help future generations stay in touch with their culture, even where they have left their place. It asks what should the people of the present be collecting for museums in a climate-changed future? The book is rich with practical museum experience and detailed projects, as well as critical and philosophical analyses about where a museum can intervene to speak to this great conundrum of our times. Curating the Future is essential reading for all those working in museums and grappling with how to talk about climate change. It also has academic applications in courses of museology and museum studies, cultural studies, heritage studies, digital humanities, design, anthropology, and environmental humanities.

Seeing Human Rights

Download Seeing Human Rights PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262542536
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Seeing Human Rights by : Sandra Ristovska

Download or read book Seeing Human Rights written by Sandra Ristovska and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-08-03 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As video becomes an important tool to expose injustice, an examination of how human rights organizations are seeking to professionalize video activism. Visual imagery is at the heart of humanitarian and human rights activism, and video has become a key tool in these efforts. The Saffron Revolution in Myanmar, the Green Movement in Iran, and Black Lives Matter in the United States have all used video to expose injustice. In Seeing Human Rights, Sandra Ristovska examines how human rights organizations are seeking to professionalize video activism through video production, verification standards, and training. The result, she argues, is a proxy profession that uses human rights videos to tap into journalism, the law, and political advocacy. Ristovska explains that this proxy profession retains some tactical flexibility in its use of video while giving up on the more radical potential and imaginative scope of video activism as a cultural practice. Drawing on detailed analysis of legal cases and videos as well as extensive interviews with staff members of such organizations as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, WITNESS, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and the International Criminal Court (ICC), Ristovska considers the unique affordances of video and examines the unfolding relationships among journalists, human rights organizations, activists, and citizens in global crisis reporting. She offers a case study of the visual turn in the law; describes advocacy and marketing strategies; and argues that the transformation of video activism into a proxy profession privileges institutional and legal spaces over broader constituencies for public good.

A Brief History of Curating

Download A Brief History of Curating PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : JRP Ringier
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Brief History of Curating by : Hans Ulrich Obrist

Download or read book A Brief History of Curating written by Hans Ulrich Obrist and published by JRP Ringier. This book was released on 2008 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This bestseller is now available in its 6th reprinted edition!This publication, now in its 6th reprinted edition, is dedicated to pioneering curators and presents a unique collection of interviews by Hans Ulrich Obrist: Anne d'Harnoncourt, Werner Hofman, Jean Leering, Franz Meyer, Seth Siegelaub, Walter Zanini, Johannes Cladders, Lucy Lippard, Walter Hopps, Pontus Hultén, and Harald Szeemann are gathered together in this volume.The contributions map the development of the curatorial field, from early independent curating in the 1960s and 1970s and the experimental institutional programs developed in Europe and in the USA at this time, through Documenta and the development of biennales.This book is part of the Documents series, co-published with Les presses du réel and dedicated to critical writings.

Curating as Feminist Organizing

Download Curating as Feminist Organizing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000766292
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Curating as Feminist Organizing by : Elke Krasny

Download or read book Curating as Feminist Organizing written by Elke Krasny and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-10-07 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What makes curating feminist organizing? How do curators relate to contemporary feminist concerns in their local conditions and the globalized artworld? The book brings together twenty curatorial case studies from diverse regions of the globe. Reflecting their own curatorial projects or analyzing feminist-inspired exhibitions, the authors in this book elaborate feminist curating as that which is inspired to challenge gender politics not only within but also beyond the doors of the museum and gallery. Connecting their wider feminist politics to their curatorial practices, the book provides case studies of curatorial practice that address the legacies of racialized and ethnic violence, including colonialism; which seek to challenges the state's regulation of citizenship and sexuality; and which realize the drive for economic justice in the organizations and roles in which curators work. The settings in which this work is done range from university art galleries to artist-run spaces and educational or activist programmes. This collection will be enjoyed by those studying and researching curating, exhibitions, socially and ecologically engaged contemporary art practices, and feminist transnational movements in diverse geographic contexts. The essays are of relevance to practicing curators, critical cultural practitioners, and artists.

Nazi Exhibition Design and Modernism

Download Nazi Exhibition Design and Modernism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452956774
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nazi Exhibition Design and Modernism by : Michael Tymkiw

Download or read book Nazi Exhibition Design and Modernism written by Michael Tymkiw and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2018-05-29 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new and challenging perspective on Nazi exhibition design In one of the most comprehensive analyses ever written on the subject, Michael Tymkiw reassesses the relationship between Nazi exhibition design and modernism. While National Socialist exhibitions are widely understood as platforms for attacking modern art, they also served as sites of surprising formal experimentation among artists, architects, and others, who often drew upon and reconfigured the practices and principles of modernism when designing exhibition spaces and the objects within. In this book, Tymkiw reveals that a central motivation behind such experimentation was the interest in provoking what he calls "engaged spectatorship"—attempts to elicit experiences among exhibition-goers that would pique their desire to become involved in wider processes of social and political change. For historians of art, architecture, performance, and other forms of visual culture, Nazi Exhibition Design and Modernism unravels long-held assumptions, particularly concerning the ideological stakes of participation.

The Transformation of Human Rights Fact-finding

Download The Transformation of Human Rights Fact-finding PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190239492
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Transformation of Human Rights Fact-finding by : Philip Alston

Download or read book The Transformation of Human Rights Fact-finding written by Philip Alston and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fact-finding is at the heart of human rights advocacy, and is often at the center of international controversies about alleged government abuses. In recent years, human rights fact-finding has greatly proliferated and become more sophisticated and complex, while also being subjected to stronger scrutiny from governments. Nevertheless, despite the prominence of fact-finding, it remains strikingly under-studied and under-theorized. Too little has been done to bring forth the assumptions, methodologies, and techniques of this rapidly developing field, or to open human rights fact-finding to critical and constructive scrutiny. The Transformation of Human Rights Fact-Finding offers a multidisciplinary approach to the study of fact-finding with rigorous and critical analysis of the field of practice, while providing a range of accounts of what actually happens. It deepens the study and practice of human rights investigations, and fosters fact-finding as a discretely studied topic, while mapping crucial transformations in the field. The contributions to this book are the result of a major international conference organized by New York University Law School's Center for Human Rights and Global Justice. Engaging the expertise and experience of the editors and contributing authors, it offers a broad approach encompassing contemporary issues and analysis across the human rights spectrum in law, international relations, and critical theory. This book addresses the major areas of human rights fact-finding such as victim and witness issues; fact-finding for advocacy, enforcement, and litigation; the role of interdisciplinary expertise and methodologies; crowd sourcing, social media, and big data; and international guidelines for fact-finding.

A Companion to Curation

Download A Companion to Curation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119206855
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Companion to Curation by : Brad Buckley

Download or read book A Companion to Curation written by Brad Buckley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-01-29 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive reference text on curation both inside and outside the museum A Companion to Curation is the first collection of its kind, assembling the knowledge and experience of prominent curators, artists, art historians, scholars, and theorists in one comprehensive volume. Part of the Blackwell Companion series, this much-needed book provides up-to-date information and valuable insights on the field of curatorial studies and curation in the visual arts. Accessible and engaging chapters cover diverse, contemporary methods of curation, its origin and history, current and emerging approaches within the profession, and more. This timely publication fills a significant gap in literature on the role of the curator, the art and science of curating, and the historical arc of the field from the 17th century to the present. The Companion explores topics such as global developments in contemporary indigenous art, Asian and Chinese art since the 1980s, feminist and queer feminist curatorial practices, and new curatorial strategies beyond the museum. This unique volume: Offers readers a wide range of perspectives on curating in both theory and practice Includes coverage of curation outside of the Eurocentric and Anglosphere art worlds Presents clear and comprehensible information valuable for specialists and novices alike Discusses the movements, models, people and politics of curating Provides guidance on curating in a globalized world Broad in scope and detailed in content, A Companion to Curation is an essential text for professionals engaged in varied forms of curation, teachers and students of museum studies, and readers interested in the workings of the art world, museums, benefactors, and curators.

Curating Lively Objects

Download Curating Lively Objects PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429620837
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Curating Lively Objects by : Lizzie Muller

Download or read book Curating Lively Objects written by Lizzie Muller and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-06 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Curating Lively Objects explores the role of things as catalysts in imagining futures beyond disciplines for museums and exhibitions. Authors describe how their curatorial collaborations with diverse objects, from rocks to robots, generate new ways of organising and sharing knowledge. Bringing together leading artists and curators from Australia and Canada, this volume addresses object liveliness from a range of entwined perspectives, including new materialism, decolonial thinking, Indigenous epistemologies, environmentalism, feminist critique and digital aesthetics. Foregrounding practice-based curatorial scholarship, the book focuses on rigorous reflexive accounts of how curating is done. It contributes to global topics in curatorial research, including time and memory beyond and before disciplinarity; the relationship between human and non-human across different ontologies; and the interaction between Indigenous knowledge and disciplinary expertise in interpreting museum collections. Curating Lively Objects will be of interest to scholars and students in the fields of curatorial studies, museum studies, cultural heritage, art history, Indigenous studies, material culture and anthropology. It also provides a vital resource for professionals working in museums and galleries around the world who are seeking to respond creatively, ethically and inclusively to the challenge of changing disciplinary boundaries.

Curating Difficult Knowledge

Download Curating Difficult Knowledge PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230319556
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Curating Difficult Knowledge by : E. Lehrer

Download or read book Curating Difficult Knowledge written by E. Lehrer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-10-04 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume inscribes an innovative domain of inquiry, bringing museum and heritage studies to bear on questions of transitional justice, memory and post-conflict reconciliation. As practitioners, artists, curators, activists and academics, the contributors explore the challenges of bearing witness to past conflicts.