Coteaching chemical bonding with Upper secondary senior students

Download Coteaching chemical bonding with Upper secondary senior students PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9176852113
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coteaching chemical bonding with Upper secondary senior students by : Felix Schultze

Download or read book Coteaching chemical bonding with Upper secondary senior students written by Felix Schultze and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-11-22 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this study was to investigate how an experienced chemistry teacher gains and refines her pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) by cooperating with two grade 12 students (age 18) as coteachers while teaching chemical bonding in a grade 10 Upper secondary class. The study has been conducted from a sociocultural perspective, especially Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) (Vygotsky, 1978). Other theoretical concepts and models that has framed this study are Shulman´s Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and Pedagogical reasoning and action model (Shulman, 1986, 1987). When analysing the data, Magnusson, Krajcik, and Borko´s (1999) model of PCK and the 2017 Refined consensus model of PCK (Carlson, Daehler, et al., in press) was used. Empirical data was collected by video- and audio recorded lessons, coreflection sessions, coplanning sessions and interviews. During 10 weeks, about 28 hours of video and audio recordings was collected. Selected parts of the material were transcribed and analysed in order to answer two questions: (1) How can chemistry teachers refine their PCK when coteaching together with senior students in an Upper secondary science class? (2) How do Upper secondary senior student coteachers´ conceptual knowledge of representations and chemical bonding shape a teacher’s foundation of personal PCK (pPCK) when teaching chemical bonding in an Upper secondary science class? The results relating to research question one indicates that the coteachers contributed with their own learning experiences to help the teacher understand how students perceive difficult concepts. The coteachers were mediating between the teacher and the students, thus bridging the gap between the teacher and the students’ frames of references. The experienced chemistry teacher improved her understanding of students´ thinking about themselves as learners of chemical bonding. Regarding the second research question, the findings showed that the creative process of reconstructing concepts of chemical bonding in the coplanning sessions meant that these were a useful tool for developing new teaching strategies and to further develop representations such as drama to illustrate chemical bonding. Together, the teacher and student coteachers, constructed a new representation that better illustrated polar covalent bonding. Taken together, these results provide important insights into how the chemistry teacher´s pPCK was refined and how the coteachers contributed to improve instructional strategies.

Travelling through time

Download Travelling through time PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9176851214
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Travelling through time by : Jörgen Stenlund

Download or read book Travelling through time written by Jörgen Stenlund and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-05-20 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evolutionary knowledge is important to understand and address contemporary challenges such as loss of biodiversity, climate change and antibiotic resistance. An important aspect that is considered to be a threshold concept in teaching and learning about evolution is the time it involves. The history of evolution comprises several scales of magnitude, some of which are far from direct human experience and therefore difficult to understand. One way of addressing this issue is to use dynamic visualizations that represent time, for example, to facilitate teaching and learning about evolution. This thesis investigates how students’ comprehension of evolution and evolutionary time can be facilitated by visualizations in educational settings. Two different dynamic visualizations were investigated. In paper I different temporal versions of a spatio-temporal animation depicting hominin evolution were explored. The temporal information was expressed as one or several timelines along which an animated cursor moved, indicating the rate of time. Two variables, the number of timelines with different scales, and the mode of the default animated time rate (either constant throughout the animation or decreasing as the animation progressed), were combined to give four different time representations. The temporal aspects investigated were undergraduate students' ability to find events at specific times, comprehend order, comprehend concurrent events, comprehend the length of time intervals, and their ability to compare the lengths of time intervals. In paper II, perceptions and comprehension of temporal aspects in an interactive, multi-touch tabletop application, DeepTree, were investigated. This application depicts the tree of life. The focus was on the interactive aspects, especially how the zooming feature was perceived, but also on any misinterpretations associated with the interaction. The same temporal aspects listed for paper I were also implicitly investigated. The findings indicate that handling the problem of large differences in scale by altering the rate of time in the visualization can facilitate perception of certain temporal aspects while, at the same time, can hinder a correct comprehension of other temporal aspects. Findings concerning DeepTree indicate that the level of interactions varies among users, and that the zooming feature is perceived in two ways, either as a movement in time or as a movement in the metaphorical tree. Several misinterpretations were observed, for example the assumption that the zooming time in the tree corresponds to real time, that there is an implicit coherent timeline along the y-axis of the tree, and that more nodes along a branch corresponds to a longer time. The research reported in this thesis supports the claim that careful choice, and informed use of visualizations matters, and that different visualizations are best suited for different educational purposes För att kunna förstå och ta ställning till utmaningar i form av exempelvis klimatförändringar, förlust av biodiversitet och antibiotikaresistens krävs kunskap om evolution. För att förstå evolution är det i sin tur viktigt att inse betydelsen av de tidsskalor som evolutionära processer omfattar. Detta utgör inte sällan ett problem vid undervisning om evolution eftersom det rör sig om tidsskalor som sträcker sig långt bortom vad vi själva kan erfara. Tidsskalor ingår i en grupp av begrepp som kallas tröskelbegrepp. Tröskelbegrepp utmärks av att de är svåra att ta till sig, men när väl förståelse uppnås så innebär det en radikal och permanent förändring av hur ett ämnesinnehåll, exempelvis evolution, betraktas. Av den anledningen är de också ”enkelriktade” i meningen att den nya förståelsen är bestående Ett sätt att bemöta problemen med att förstå tidsskalor av varierande storlekar är att använda dynamiska visualiseringar. Denna avhandling handlar just om hur elevers förståelse av evolution med avseende på tiden kan underlättas genom visualiseringar i undervisning. Avhandlingen baseras på två studier som var och en belyser evolutionär tid på olika sätt beträffande såväl innehåll som form. I den första studien undersöktes hur olika varianter av en tidsrepresentation i form av animerade tidslinjer påverkade 144 studenters förståelse av olika tidsaspekter. Representationen av tid hade två variabler, nämligen antal tidslinjer (en tidslinje respektive 3 tidslinjer med olika skalor) och hastighet för animationen av tidsförloppet (konstant hastighet respektive avtagande hastighet när animationen närmade sig nutid). De två variablerna kombinerades för att ge fyra olika varianter av tidsrepresentation. I studien jämfördes varianterna genom att undersöka studenters förmåga kring olika tidsaspekter; hitta händelser vid specifika tider, uppfatta ordning på händelser, uppfatta samtidiga händelser, uppfatta längden på ett tidsintervall och jämföra längden av två tidsintervall. I den andra studien undersöktes uppfattningar och förståelse av tidsmässiga aspekter hos 10 gymnasieelever med utgångspunkt från det interaktiva multi-touch-bordet ”DeepTree”. Det är en interaktiv visualisering av livets träd, det vill säga de fylogenetiska sambanden mellan organismer på jorden. I denna studie fokuserades de interaktiva aspekterna av visualiseringen, särskilt kring hur zoomfunktionen uppfattades av elever men också vilka missuppfattningar som var kopplade till interaktioner. Även tidsaspekterna från den första studien undersöktes. Resultaten från den första studien visar att det under vissa omständigheter kan vara en fördel att variera det animerade tidsflödet, till exempel genom att hastigheten på tidsflödet i animationen avtar under en speciellt händelserik period som behöver granskas noggrannare. Under andra omständigheter kan det däremot vara olämpligt att variera hastigheten för den animerade tiden eftersom det försvårar bedömningen av storleken på, och jämförelsen av, tidsintervall. Det är alltså viktigt att lärare är medvetna om vilken, eller vilka, tidsaspekter som är centrala i den specifika lärandesituationen. Resultaten från den andra studien visar två olika sätt att uppfatta zoomfunktionen när den används i applikationen DeepTree; antingen som en rörelse i tid eller som en rörelse i det metaforiska trädet. Flera missuppfattningar av interaktionen observerades hos eleverna. Till exempel tolkade en del elever den tid det tog att zooma i trädet som att det motsvarade hur lång tid som förflöt mellan olika evolutionära händelser. Ett antal elever verkade anta att det finns en implicit linjär tidslinje längs y-axeln på trädet, och att ju fler grendelningar som fanns längs en gren desto längre tid motsvarade grenen. Generellt är de flesta tidsaspekter svåra att uppfatta för användare av DeepTree. Evolutionära träd av denna typ är dock främst gjorda för att illustrera släktskapsförhållanden, men de tidsmässiga aspekterna skulle kunna förbättras. Applikationer av den typ som DeepTree utgör har potential att erbjuda goda möjligheter till lärande även beträffande evolutionär tid men hänsyn behöver då tas just till hur tidsaspekter beskrivs.

Action Research in South African Education

Download Action Research in South African Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : AFRICAN SUN MeDIA
ISBN 13 : 1928480330
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (284 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Action Research in South African Education by : TM Makoelle

Download or read book Action Research in South African Education written by TM Makoelle and published by AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. This book was released on 2019-11-15 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an increasingly complex and challenging profession, the need for teachers, administrators and school systems to become involved in professional development activities is ever present. Action Research in South African Education: A Critical Praxis is a culmination of varying reflective accounts Professor Makoelle made as a teacher, an academic and a devoted action researcher. The book delves into his beliefs, attitudes and conceptions about the evolving discourse of Action Research in education and how it could be operationalised in varying educative contexts. The conversation fosters openness toward new ideas and learning new innovations, as well as giving teachers ownership of effective practices. It ultimately provides teachers with the necessary skills, knowledge, and focus to engage in meaningful inquiry about their professional practice.

Chemistry Education

Download Chemistry Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527336052
Total Pages : 794 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chemistry Education by : Javier García-Martínez

Download or read book Chemistry Education written by Javier García-Martínez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-05-04 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2017 Award This comprehensive collection of top-level contributions provides a thorough review of the vibrant field of chemistry education. Highly-experienced chemistry professors and education experts cover the latest developments in chemistry learning and teaching, as well as the pivotal role of chemistry for shaping a more sustainable future. Adopting a practice-oriented approach, the current challenges and opportunities posed by chemistry education are critically discussed, highlighting the pitfalls that can occur in teaching chemistry and how to circumvent them. The main topics discussed include best practices, project-based education, blended learning and the role of technology, including e-learning, and science visualization. Hands-on recommendations on how to optimally implement innovative strategies of teaching chemistry at university and high-school levels make this book an essential resource for anybody interested in either teaching or learning chemistry more effectively, from experience chemistry professors to secondary school teachers, from educators with no formal training in didactics to frustrated chemistry students.

How Learning Works

Download How Learning Works PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470617608
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How Learning Works by : Susan A. Ambrose

Download or read book How Learning Works written by Susan A. Ambrose and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for How Learning Works "How Learning Works is the perfect title for this excellent book. Drawing upon new research in psychology, education, and cognitive science, the authors have demystified a complex topic into clear explanations of seven powerful learning principles. Full of great ideas and practical suggestions, all based on solid research evidence, this book is essential reading for instructors at all levels who wish to improve their students' learning." —Barbara Gross Davis, assistant vice chancellor for educational development, University of California, Berkeley, and author, Tools for Teaching "This book is a must-read for every instructor, new or experienced. Although I have been teaching for almost thirty years, as I read this book I found myself resonating with many of its ideas, and I discovered new ways of thinking about teaching." —Eugenia T. Paulus, professor of chemistry, North Hennepin Community College, and 2008 U.S. Community Colleges Professor of the Year from The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of Education "Thank you Carnegie Mellon for making accessible what has previously been inaccessible to those of us who are not learning scientists. Your focus on the essence of learning combined with concrete examples of the daily challenges of teaching and clear tactical strategies for faculty to consider is a welcome work. I will recommend this book to all my colleagues." —Catherine M. Casserly, senior partner, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching "As you read about each of the seven basic learning principles in this book, you will find advice that is grounded in learning theory, based on research evidence, relevant to college teaching, and easy to understand. The authors have extensive knowledge and experience in applying the science of learning to college teaching, and they graciously share it with you in this organized and readable book." —From the Foreword by Richard E. Mayer, professor of psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara; coauthor, e-Learning and the Science of Instruction; and author, Multimedia Learning

Team Teaching Science

Download Team Teaching Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781681402116
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (21 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Team Teaching Science by : Ed Linz

Download or read book Team Teaching Science written by Ed Linz and published by . This book was released on 2011-04-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Team Teaching Science, Ed Linz, Mary Jane Heater, and Lori A. Howard demonstrate the truth in the old adage " Two heads are better than one." This guide for developing successful team-teaching partnerships that maximize student learning will help preservice and inservice special education and science teachers in grades K- 12, as well as methods professors in science education programs who want to cover special needs issues in their curriculum. Using both research-based practices and personal insight from experienced team teachers, the authors strive to make team teaching beneficial for students and accessible for teachers. Linz, Heater, and Howard provide background information on science teaching and team teaching and, most important, six chapters on how to teach specific science topics and how a co-teaching team can proceed through the school year.The basic elements of collaboration are introduced, along with chapters on co-teaching strategies to implement in elementary, middle, and high school classrooms. The authors, who have years of co-teaching experience, offer practical advice that teachers can apply to their own classrooms. Teaching a diverse group of students is one challenge teachers will likely encounter in a team-teaching environment; the authors address the difficulties that may arise, as well as issues related to assessment, curriculum, and necessary accommodations and modifications. For those tackling the challenges of team teaching, this book will prove to be a valuable resource for making team teaching a positive experience for both students and teachers.

Current Index to Journals in Education

Download Current Index to Journals in Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1394 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Current Index to Journals in Education by :

Download or read book Current Index to Journals in Education written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Current Index to Journals in Education, Semin-Annual Cumulation, January-June, 1977

Download Current Index to Journals in Education, Semin-Annual Cumulation, January-June, 1977 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan Reference USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1404 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Current Index to Journals in Education, Semin-Annual Cumulation, January-June, 1977 by : Educational Resources Information Center Staff

Download or read book Current Index to Journals in Education, Semin-Annual Cumulation, January-June, 1977 written by Educational Resources Information Center Staff and published by Macmillan Reference USA. This book was released on 1977-09 with total page 1404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Schools of Thought

Download Schools of Thought PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jossey-Bass
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (97 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Schools of Thought by : Rexford Brown

Download or read book Schools of Thought written by Rexford Brown and published by Jossey-Bass. This book was released on 1993-08-10 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a result of his visits to classrooms across the nation, Brown has compiled an engaging, thought-provoking collection of classroom vignettes which show the ways in which national, state, and local school politics translate into changed classroom practices. "Captures the breadth, depth, and urgency of education reform".--Bill Clinton.

Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series

Download Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Copyright Office, Library of Congress
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1510 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series by : Library of Congress. Copyright Office

Download or read book Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series written by Library of Congress. Copyright Office and published by Copyright Office, Library of Congress. This book was released on 1971 with total page 1510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Best Practices in Chemistry Teacher Education

Download Best Practices in Chemistry Teacher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780841236011
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Best Practices in Chemistry Teacher Education by : Sarah B. Boesdorfer

Download or read book Best Practices in Chemistry Teacher Education written by Sarah B. Boesdorfer and published by . This book was released on 2020-08-25 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is about best practices in chemistry teacher education"--

Pedagogical Partnerships

Download Pedagogical Partnerships PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781951414016
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pedagogical Partnerships by : Alison Cook-Sather

Download or read book Pedagogical Partnerships written by Alison Cook-Sather and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pedagogical Partnerships and its accompanying resources provide step-by-step guidance to support the conceptualization, development, launch, and sustainability of pedagogical partnership programs in the classroom and curriculum. This definitive guide is written for faculty, students, and academic developers who are looking to use pedagogical partnerships to increase engaged learning, create more equitable and inclusive educational experiences, and reframe the traditionally hierarchical structure of teacher-student relationships. Filled with practical advice, Pedagogical Partnerships provides extensive materials so that readers don't have to reinvent the wheel, but rather can adapt time-tested and research-informed strategies and techniques to their own unique contexts and goals.

Resources in Education

Download Resources in Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Resources in Education by :

Download or read book Resources in Education written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge

Download Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306472171
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge by : Julie Gess-Newsome

Download or read book Examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge written by Julie Gess-Newsome and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ambitious text is the first of its kind to summarize the theory, research, and practice related to pedagogical content knowledge. The audience is provided with a functional understanding of the basic tenets of the construct as well as its applications to research on science teacher education and the development of science teacher education programs.

Shaping Higher Education with Students

Download Shaping Higher Education with Students PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UCL Press
ISBN 13 : 1787351114
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (873 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shaping Higher Education with Students by : Vincent C. H. Tong

Download or read book Shaping Higher Education with Students written by Vincent C. H. Tong and published by UCL Press. This book was released on 2018-03-06 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forging closer links between university research and teaching has become an important way to enhance the quality of higher education across the world. As student engagement takes centre stage in academic life, how can academics and university leaders engage with their students to connect research and teaching more effectively? In this highly accessible book, the contributors show how students and academics can work in partnership to shape research-based education. Featuring student perspectives, it offers academics and university leaders practical suggestions and inspiring ideas on higher education pedagogy, including principles of working with students as partners in higher education, connecting students with real-world outputs, transcending disciplinary boundaries in student research activities, connecting students with the workplace, and innovative assessment and teaching practices. Written and edited in full collaboration with students and leading educator-researchers from a wide spectrum of academic disciplines, this book poses fundamental questions about learning and learning communities in contemporary higher education.

High Leverage Practices for Inclusive Classrooms

Download High Leverage Practices for Inclusive Classrooms PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000555577
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High Leverage Practices for Inclusive Classrooms by : James McLeskey

Download or read book High Leverage Practices for Inclusive Classrooms written by James McLeskey and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-30 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High Leverage Practices for Inclusive Classrooms, Second Edition offers a set of practices that are integral to the support of student learning, and that can be systematically taught, learned, and implemented by those entering the teaching profession. In this second edition, chapters have been fully updated to reflect changes in the field since its original publication, and feature all new examples illustrating the use of HLPs and incorporating culturally responsive practices. Focused primarily on Tiers 1 and 2—or work that mostly occurs with students with mild to moderate disabilities in general education classrooms—this powerful, research-based resource provides rich, practical information highly suitable for teachers, and additionally useful for teacher educators and teacher preparation programs.

Improving Student Learning

Download Improving Student Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Information Age Pub Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9781617352126
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (521 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Improving Student Learning by : Herbert J. Walberg

Download or read book Improving Student Learning written by Herbert J. Walberg and published by Information Age Pub Incorporated. This book was released on 2011 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the major research findings that show how to substantially increase student achievement. This book draws on a number of investigators who have statistically synthesized many studies. A new education method showing superior results in 90% of the studies concerning it has more credibility than a method that shows results in only 60% of the cases. Research synthesis of many studies can also test the possibility that the new method works with a variety of students and circumstances. A robust method shown to work well at many grade levels with boys and girls in cities and suburbs is more desirable than one that only works well in special cases. Subsequent chapters weigh these considerations. Obviously policymakers and educators must also consider the costs and difficulties of implementing new policies and practices. Some innovations, however, are not only more effective but less costly. Teachers well prepared in their subject matter are usually a better investment than small classes, and, despite conventional beliefs, the Internet and other distance instruction delivery can be both more effective and cheaper than traditional classroom teaching. Thus, both old and new methods should be viewed in terms of efficacy, frugality, ethics, and other considerations. The remaining chapters begin with the most fundamental, well-established principles of academic learning within and outside schools. Because children spend approximately 92% of the total hours in the first 18 years of life outside school and under the responsibility of parents, the features of home conditions and parents' behaviors that foster learning before and during the school years are described. In successive chapters, the book describes the most effective classroom practices and school, district, and state policies.