Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions

Download Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118060458
Total Pages : 851 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions by : Gwilherm Evano

Download or read book Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions written by Gwilherm Evano and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 851 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing comprehensive insight into the use of copper in cross-coupling reactions, Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions provides a complete up-to-date collection of the available reactions and catalytic systems for the formation of carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds. This essential reference covers a broad scope of copper-mediated reactions, their variations, key advances, improvements, and an array of academic and industrial applications that have revolutionized the field of organic synthesis. The text also discusses the mechanism of these transformations, the use of copper as cost-efficient alternative to palladium, as well as recently developed methods for conducting copper-mediated reactions with supported catalysts.

Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions

Download Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118690478
Total Pages : 682 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions by : Gwilherm Evano

Download or read book Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions written by Gwilherm Evano and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-09-23 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing comprehensive insight into the use of copper in cross-coupling reactions, Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions provides a complete up-to-date collection of the available reactions and catalytic systems for the formation of carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds. This essential reference covers a broad scope of copper-mediated reactions, their variations, key advances, improvements, and an array of academic and industrial applications that have revolutionized the field of organic synthesis. The text also discusses the mechanism of these transformations, the use of copper as cost-efficient alternative to palladium, as well as recently developed methods for conducting copper-mediated reactions with supported catalysts.

Cross-coupling Reactions

Download Cross-coupling Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781536176957
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (769 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cross-coupling Reactions by : Joffrey Vrijdag

Download or read book Cross-coupling Reactions written by Joffrey Vrijdag and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Cross-Coupling Reactions: An Overview opens with an overview of the fundamentals and applications of the young and fast developing area of transition metal catalyzed/mediated oxidative (dehydrogenative) C-H/C-H coupling reactions between two (hetero)arenes. Continuing, the authors highlight the recent advances regarding the ligand supported transition metal-catalyzed domino (cascade) or one-pot syntheses of various heterocycles involving cross-coupling reactions. The recent advances in Cu catalyzed tandem reactions for heterocycle synthesis are also addressed. Cu metal chemistry has garnered attention as a potential alternative to precious transition metals, being cheaper, more sustainable and more easily available. A comprehensive account of research on green chemical routes is provided, involving various palladium metal-based catalysts utilized in facilitating cross-coupling reaction in aqueous media. Reported decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions are discussed along with suitable examples, focusing on their mechanism of action"--

The Stille Reaction

Download The Stille Reaction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471312734
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (127 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Stille Reaction by : Vittorio Farina

Download or read book The Stille Reaction written by Vittorio Farina and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1998-09-18 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Die Stille-Reaktion ist eine der sehr wenigen Reaktionen, in denen unter milden Bedingungen Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen geknüpft werden können. Man verwendet die Reaktion häufig in der Synthese komplizierter Moleküle zur Verknüpfung größerer Molekülbausteine. Die Autoren diskutieren vom präparativen Standpunkt aus Grenzen, Einflüsse, strukturelle Effekte und die Wahl der geeigneten Reaktionsbedingungen. Mit ausführlichen Vorschriften und vielen Beispielen. (11/98)

Cross-Coupling Reactions

Download Cross-Coupling Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 354045313X
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cross-Coupling Reactions by : Norio Miyaura

Download or read book Cross-Coupling Reactions written by Norio Miyaura and published by Springer. This book was released on 2003-07-01 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1972, a very powerful catalytic cycle for carbon-carbon bond formation was 2 first discovered by the coupling reaction of Grignard reagents at the sp -carbon. Over the past 30 years, the protocol has been substantially improved and expanded to other coupling reactions of Li,B,N,O,Al,Si,P,S,Cu,Mn,Zn,In,Sn, and Hg compounds. These reactions provided an indispensable and simple methodology for preparative organic chemists. Due to the simplicity and rel- bility in the carbon-carbon, carbon-heteroatom, and carbon-metalloid bo- formations,as well as high efficiency of the catalytic process,the reactions have been widely employed by organic chemists in various fields. Application of the protocol ranges from various syntheses of complex natural products to the preparation of biologically relevant molecules including drugs, and of sup- molecules, and to functional materials. The reactions on solid surfaces allow robot synthesis and combinatorial synthesis. Now, many organic chemists do not hesitate to use transition metal complexes for the transformation of org- ic molecules. Indeed, innumerable organic syntheses have been realized by the catalyzed reactions of transition metal complexes that are not achievable by t- ditional synthetic methods. Among these, the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have undoubtedly contributed greatly to the development of such a new area of “metal-catalyzed organic syntheses”. An excellent monograph for the cross-coupling reactions and other met- catalyzed C-C bond-forming reactions recently appeared in Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions (Wiley-VCH,1998).

Copper Catalysis in Organic Synthesis

Download Copper Catalysis in Organic Synthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527347372
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Copper Catalysis in Organic Synthesis by : Gopinathan Anilkumar

Download or read book Copper Catalysis in Organic Synthesis written by Gopinathan Anilkumar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-12-07 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most current information on growing field of copper catalysis Copper Catalysis in Organic Synthesis contains an up-to-date overview of the most important reactions in the presence of copper catalysts. The contributors—noted experts on the topic—provide an introduction to the field of copper catalysis, reviewing its development, scope, and limitations, as well as providing descriptions of various homo- and cross-coupling reactions. In addition, information is presented on copper-catalyzed C–H activation, amination, carbonylation, trifluoromethylation, cyanation, and click reactions. Comprehensive in scope, the book also describes microwave-assisted and multi-component transformations as well as copper-catalyzed reactions in green solvents and continuous flow reactors. The authors highlight the application of copper catalysis in asymmetric synthesis and total synthesis of natural products and heterocycles as well as nanocatalysis. This important book: Examines copper and its use in organic synthesis as a more cost-effective and sustainable for researchers in academia and industry Offers the first up-to-date book to explore copper as a first line catalyst for many organic reactions Presents the most significant developments in the area, including cross-coupling reactions, C–H activation, asymmetric synthesis, and total synthesis of natural products and heterocycles Contains over 20 contributions from leaders in the field Written for catalytic chemists, organic chemists, natural products chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, and chemists in industry, Copper Catalysis in Organic Synthesis offers a book on the growing field of copper catalysis, covering cross-coupling reactions, C–H activation, and applications in the total synthesis of natural products.

Advances in Cross-Coupling Reactions

Download Advances in Cross-Coupling Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039435671
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Cross-Coupling Reactions by : José Pérez Sestelo

Download or read book Advances in Cross-Coupling Reactions written by José Pérez Sestelo and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-03 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this Special Issue, recent advances in cross-coupling reactions are presented in the form of original research articles, reviews, and short communications. These contributions cover different topics in this area, including novel coupling reactions, reaction conditions, synthetic alternatives, metal ligands, and applications for new pharmaceutical compounds and organic materials. In particular, the reviews deal with methodologies such as the synthesis of diarylketones through palladium catalysis and the most relevant examples of Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig coupling reactions in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. The synthetic utility of cross-coupling reactions for the synthesis of medium-size rings and the utility of Stille and Suzuki coupling reactions for the synthesis of new molecular machines based on sterically hindered anthracenyl trypticenyl units are also summarized. The original research articles present the synthesis of 2-alkynylpyrrols by inverse Sonogashira coupling and the synthesis of indoles under oxidative dearomative cross-dehydrogenative conditions. The efficient combination of iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation of aryl halides with the Sonogashira coupling and a sequential iridium-catalyzed borylation of NH-free pyrroles followed by a Suzuki–Miyaura reaction are included. The synthesis of aryl propionic acids, a common structural motif in medicinal chemistry, and the synthesis of new organic dyes are also covered.

Emerging Fluorinated Motifs, 2 Volume Set

Download Emerging Fluorinated Motifs, 2 Volume Set PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527346813
Total Pages : 870 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Fluorinated Motifs, 2 Volume Set by : Dominique Cahard

Download or read book Emerging Fluorinated Motifs, 2 Volume Set written by Dominique Cahard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-13 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A must-have resource for all the researchers working in the organofluorine and related fields This timely two-volume set uniquely focuses on emerging fluorinated motifs beyond R-CF3 and R-F, like R-CF2H, R-OCF3, R-SCF3 and R-SF5. It also offers descriptions of the properties, synthesis, and applications of these emerging fluorinated motifs in order to help readers design new chemical entities, while providing new interest for researchers in organofluorine chemistry and new tools for those in other areas. Emerging Fluorinated Motifs: Synthesis, Properties and Applications begins with a description of carbon-linked fluorine-containing groups that include monofluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups. It then details combinations of heteroatoms, Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus with fluorine-containing groups, outlining subsections of the most popular current motifs. Fluoroalkyl ethers, thioethers, and the recent blossoming of the SF5 unit is covered. Other chapters look at: selenium-linked fluorine-containing motifs; construction of N?CF2H, N?CF3, N?CH2CF3 motifs; and the synthesis and applications of P¿Rf-containing molecules. -Focuses on the synthesis, properties, and applications of emerging fluorinated motifs -Covers carbon-linked fluorine-containing motifs, oxygen-linked fluorine-containing motifs, sulfur-linked fluorine-containing motifs, and more -Appeals to academic and industrial researchers working in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, food chemistry, and materials science -Edited by world-renowned experts in organofluorine chemistry Emerging Fluorinated Motifs is intended for academic research institutes, university libraries, researchers, graduate students, postdoctors, and researchers in the chemical industry.

Chemical Synthesis Using Highly Reactive Metals

Download Chemical Synthesis Using Highly Reactive Metals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118929144
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chemical Synthesis Using Highly Reactive Metals by : Reuben D. Rieke

Download or read book Chemical Synthesis Using Highly Reactive Metals written by Reuben D. Rieke and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the creator of Rieke metals, valuable for chemical reaction methods and efficiency, this groundbreaking book addresses a significant aspect of organic and inorganic chemistry. The author discusses synthetic methods, preparation procedures, chemical reactions, and applications for highly reactive metals and organometallic reagents. • Addresses a new generation of chemistry that goes beyond the standard use of metals and activation • Provides step-by-step guidelines, chemical equations, and experimental descriptions for handling metals including zinc, magnesium, copper, indium, nickel, manganese, calcium, barium, iron, palladium, platinum, uranium, thorium, aluminum, cobalt, and chromium • Uses a unique approach to highlight methods and techniques that make chemical synthesis and activation of Rieke metals more safe and efficient • Discusses novel applications and special topics, such as highly reactive metals for novel organometallic reagents, semiconducting polymers, plastics electronics, photovoltaics, and the Reformatsky reagent

Organic Synthesis in Water

Download Organic Synthesis in Water PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940114950X
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Organic Synthesis in Water by : P.A. Grieco

Download or read book Organic Synthesis in Water written by P.A. Grieco and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of water as a medium for promoting organic reactions has been rather neglected in the development of organic synthesis, despite the fact that it is the solvent in which almost all biochemical processes take place. Chemists have only recently started to appreciate the enormous potential water has to offer in the development of new synthetic reactions and strategies, where it can offer benefits in both unique chemistry and reduced environmental impact. In this new book, the editor, well known for his contribution to the development of water as a useful medium in synthetic organic chemistry, has assembled an international team of authors, themselves at the forefront of research into the use of the unique properties of water carrying out organic transformations, to provide a timely and concise overview of current research. By focusing on the practical use of water in synthetic organic chemistry, and with the concern for the use of solvents in organic chemistry, professional chemists, particularly those involved in industrial research and development, will find this book an essential guide to the current state of the art, and a useful starting point in their own research. Academic chemists, including postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, will find this book an invaluable guide to this exciting and important area of chemistry.

C-H and C-X Bond Functionalization

Download C-H and C-X Bond Functionalization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849735700
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis C-H and C-X Bond Functionalization by : Xavi Ribas

Download or read book C-H and C-X Bond Functionalization written by Xavi Ribas and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2013 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cross-coupling reactions involving C-H and C-X bond functionalisation are commonplace in natural product synthesis and natural products, therapeutic agents, biological probes, and advanced materials. Much attention has been given to understanding the mechanistic strategies used to achieve this, making this a hot topic in recent years. In this edited book, contributions from across the globe examine these strategies, with a particular focus on palladium and copper, as well as iron û an emerging element in this field. Reviewing the recent literature, the book presents an in-depth understanding of the field, guiding the reader to achieving the best synthetic strategies for aromatic functionalisation. Organic and Organometallic chemists, as well as natural product and pharmaceutical scientists, will find this an essential guide to a major transformation currently underway in synthetic chemistry.

Practical Medicinal Chemistry with Macrocycles

Download Practical Medicinal Chemistry with Macrocycles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119092566
Total Pages : 617 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Medicinal Chemistry with Macrocycles by : Eric Marsault

Download or read book Practical Medicinal Chemistry with Macrocycles written by Eric Marsault and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-09-12 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Including case studies of macrocyclic marketed drugs and macrocycles in drug development, this book helps medicinal chemists deal with the synthetic and conceptual challenges of macrocycles in drug discovery efforts. Provides needed background to build a program in macrocycle drug discovery –design criteria, macrocycle profiles, applications, and limitations Features chapters contributed from leading international figures involved in macrocyclic drug discovery efforts Covers design criteria, typical profile of current macrocycles, applications, and limitations

Green Organic Reactions

Download Green Organic Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813368977
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Green Organic Reactions by : Gopinathan Anilkumar

Download or read book Green Organic Reactions written by Gopinathan Anilkumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-27 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents important developments and applications of green chemistry, especially in the field of organic chemistry. The chapters give a brief account of green organic reactions in water, green organic reactions using microwave and in solvent-free conditions. In depth discussions on the green aspects of ionic liquids, flow reactions, and recoverable catalysts are provided in this book. An exclusive chapter devoted to green Lewis acid is also included. The potential of supercritical fluids as green solvents in various areas of organic reactions is explained as well. This book will be a valuable reference for beginners as well as advanced researchers interested in green organic chemistry.

Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions and More

Download Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions and More PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527655603
Total Pages : 1640 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions and More by : Armin de Meijere

Download or read book Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions and More written by Armin de Meijere and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-12-04 with total page 1640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This three volume book is the follow-up handbook to the bestselling volume "Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions", the definitive reference in the field. In line with the enormous developments in this area, this is not a new edition, but rather a new book in three volumes with over 50% more content. This new content includes C-H activation, shifting the focus away from typical cross-coupling reactions, while those topics and chapters found in de Meijere/Diederich's book have been updated and expanded. With its highly experienced editor team and the list of authors reading like an international Who's-Who in the field, this work will be of great interest to every synthetic chemist working in academia and industry.

Asymmetric Catalysis

Download Asymmetric Catalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis US
ISBN 13 : 9789024732593
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (325 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asymmetric Catalysis by : B. Bosnich

Download or read book Asymmetric Catalysis written by B. Bosnich and published by Taylor & Francis US. This book was released on 1986 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Asymmetric Catalysis, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA, January 2-6, 1984

Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis

Download Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344071
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis by : Sensuke Ogoshi

Download or read book Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis written by Sensuke Ogoshi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to nickel chemistry for every scientist working with organometallic catalysts Written by one of the world?s leading reseachers in the field, Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis presents a comprehensive review of the high potential of modern nickel catalysis and its application in synthesis. Structured in a clear and assessible manner, the book offers a collection of various reaction types, such as cross-coupling reactions, reactions for the activation of unreactive bonds, carbon dioxide fixation, and many more. Nickel has been recognized as one of the most interesting transition metals for homogeneous catalysis. This book offers an overview to the recently developed new ligands, new reaction conditions, and new apparatus to control the reactivity of nickel catalysts, allowing scientists to apply nickel catalysts to a variety of bond-forming reactions. A must-read for anyone working with organometallic compounds and their application in organic synthesis, this important guide: -Reviews the numerous applications of nickel catalysis in synthesis -Explores the use of nickel as a relatively cheap and earth-abundant metal -Examines the versatility of nickel catalysis in reactions like cross-coupling reactions and CH activations -Offers a resource for academics and industry professionals Written for catalytic chemists, organic chemists, inorganic chemists, structural chemists, and chemists in industry, Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis provides a much-needed overview of the most recent developments in modern nickel catalysis and its application in synthesis.

Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions

Download Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527648305
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions by : Árpád Molnár

Download or read book Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions written by Árpád Molnár and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-14 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook and ready reference brings together all significant issues of practical importance in selected topics discussing recent significant achievements for interested readers in one single volume. While covering homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, the text is unique in focusing on such important aspects as using different reaction media, microwave techniques or catalyst recycling. It also provides a comprehensive treatment of key issues of modern-day coupling reactions having emerged and matured in recent years and emphasizes those topics that show potential for future development, such as continuous flow systems, water as a reaction medium, and catalyst immobilization, among others. With its inclusion of large-scale applications in the pharmaceutical industry, this will equally be of great interest to industrial chemists. From the contents * Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions - A General Introduction * High-turnover Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts in Coupling Reactions: the Case of Pd Loaded on Dealuminated Y Zeolites Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions with Magnetically Separable Nanocatalysts * The Use of Ordered Porous Solids as Support Materials in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions * Coupling Reactions Induced by Polymer-Supported Catalysts * Coupling Reactions in Ionic Liquids * Cross-Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media * Microwave-Assisted Synthesis in C-C and C-Heteroatom Coupling Reactions * Catalyst Recycling in Palladium-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reactions * Nature of the True Catalytic Species in Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reactions with * Heterogeneous Palladium Precatalysts * Coupling Reactions in Continuous Flow Systems * Large-Scale Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed Couplings in the Pharmaceutical Industry