Contrastivism In Philosophy

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Contrastivism in Philosophy

Author : Martijn Blaauw
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113630374X
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

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Book Synopsis Contrastivism in Philosophy by : Martijn Blaauw

Download or read book Contrastivism in Philosophy written by Martijn Blaauw and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-02 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contrastivism can be applied to a variety of problems within philosophy, and as such, it can be coherently seen as a unified movement. This volume brings together state-of-the-art research on the contrastive treatment of philosophical concepts and questions, including knowledge, belief, free will, moral luck, Bayesian confirmation theory, causation, and explanation.

Contrastivism in Philosophy

Author : Martijn Blaauw
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780203117477
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Contrastivism in Philosophy by : Martijn Blaauw

Download or read book Contrastivism in Philosophy written by Martijn Blaauw and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contrastivism can be applied to a variety of problems within philosophy, and as such, it can be coherently seen as a unified movement. This volume brings together state-of-the-art research on the contrastive treatment of philosophical concepts and questions, including knowledge, belief, free will, moral luck, Bayesian confirmation theory, causation, and explanation.

Contrastive Reasons

Author : Justin Snedegar
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191089044
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Contrastive Reasons by : Justin Snedegar

Download or read book Contrastive Reasons written by Justin Snedegar and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Justin Snedegar develops and defends contrastivism about reasons. This is the view that normative reasons are fundamentally reasons for or against actions or attitudes only relative to sets of alternatives. Simply put, reasons are always reasons to do one thing rather than another, instead of simply being reasons to do something, full stop. Work on reasons has become central to several areas of philosophy, but besides a couple of exceptions, this view has not been discussed. Contrastive Reasons makes the case that this is a mistake. Snedegar develops three kinds of arguments for contrastivism. First, contrastivism gives us the best account of our ordinary discourse about reasons. Second, contrastivism best makes sense of widespread ideas about what reasons are, including the idea that they favor the things they are reasons for and the idea that they involve the promotion of certain kinds of objectives. Third, contrastivism has attractive applications in different areas of normative philosophy in which reasons are important. These include debates in normative ethics about whether better than might be intransitive and debates in both epistemology and practical reasoning about the rationality of withholding or suspending belief and intention.

Conceptions of Knowledge

Author : Stefan Tolksdorf
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110253593
Total Pages : 723 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Conceptions of Knowledge by : Stefan Tolksdorf

Download or read book Conceptions of Knowledge written by Stefan Tolksdorf and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-12-23 with total page 723 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume “Conceptions of Knowledge” collects current essays on contemporary epistemology and philosophy of science. The essays are primarily concerned with pragmatic and contextual extensions of analytic epistemology but also deal with traditional questions like the nature of knowledge and skepticism. The topics include the connection between “knowing that” and “knowing how,” the relevance of epistemic abilities, the embedding of knowledge ascriptions in context and contrast classes, the interpretation of skeptical doubt, and the various forms of knowledge.

Reasons why

Author : Bradford Skow
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198785844
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Reasons why by : Bradford Skow

Download or read book Reasons why written by Bradford Skow and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reasons Why first argues that what philosophers are really after, or at least should be after, when they seek a theory of explanation, is a theory of answers to why-questions. It then advances a thesis about what form a theory of answers to why-questions should take: a theory of answers to why-questions should say what it takes for one fact to be a reason why another fact obtains. The book's main thesis, then, is a theory of reasons why. Every reason why some event happened is either a cause, or a ground, of that event. Challenging this thesis are many examples philosophers have thought they have found of non-causal explanations. Reasons Why uses two ideas to show that these examples are not counterexamples to the theory it defends. First is the idea that not every part of a good response to a why-question is part of an answer to that why-question. Second is the idea that not every reason why something is a reason why an event happened is itself a reason why that event happened. In the book's final chapter its theory of reasons why is extended to cover teleological answers to why-questions, and answers to why-questions that give an agent's reason for acting.

Moral Skepticism

Author : Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195342062
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Moral Skepticism by : Walter Sinnott-Armstrong

Download or read book Moral Skepticism written by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-10-19 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "All contentious moral issues - from gay marriage to abortion and affirmative action - raise difficult questions about the justification of moral beliefs. How can we be justified in holding on to our own moral beliefs while recognizing that other intelligent people feel quite differently and that many moral beliefs are distorted by self-interest and by corrupt cultures? Even when almost everyone agrees - e.g. that experimental surgery without consent is immoral - can we know that such beliefs are true? If so, how?" "These profound questions lead to fundamental issues about the nature of morality, language, metaphysics, justification, and knowledge. They also have tremendous practical importance in handling controversial moral questions in health care ethics, politics, law, and education. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong here provides an extensive overview of these difficult subjects, looking at a wide variety of questions, including: Are any moral beliefs true? Are any justified? What is justified belief? The second half of the book explores various moral theories that have grappled with these issues, such as naturalism, normativism, intuitionism, and coherentism, all of which are attempts to answer moral skepticism. Sinnott-Armstrong argues that all these approaches fail to rule out moral nihilism - the view that nothing is really morally wrong or right, bad or good. Then he develops his own novel theory, - "moderate Pyrrhonian moral skepticism"--Which concludes that some moral beliefs can be justified out of a modest contrast class but no moral beliefs can be justified out of an extreme contrast class. While explaining this original position and criticizing alternatives, Sinnott-Armstrong provides a wide-ranging survey of the epistemology of moral beliefs."--Jacket.

The Rhetoricity of Philosophy

Author : Blake D. Scott
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040102409
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rhetoricity of Philosophy by : Blake D. Scott

Download or read book The Rhetoricity of Philosophy written by Blake D. Scott and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-08-02 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to recast the way that philosophers understand rhetoric. Rather than follow most philosophers in conceiving rhetoric as a specific way of speaking or writing, it shows that rhetoric is better understood as a dimension of all human discourse and action—what the author calls “rhetoricity”. This book provides the first philosophical treatment of rhetoricity. It is motivated by two ongoing developments. The first is the debate between Alain Badiou and Barbara Cassin about philosophy’s relation to rhetoric. Both Badiou and Cassin are critical of rhetoric, albeit for different reasons. Second, there has been a growing resurgence of interest in rhetoric considering the recent rise in authoritarian politics as well as new forms of propaganda driven by “persuasive technologies”. This book identifies the common target of Badiou’s and Cassin’s otherwise incompatible critiques: rhetoric’s conception of audience. It offers a fresh take on the “new rhetoric” project of Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, putting their work into conversation with the Badiou-Cassin debate. The book then turns to the hermeneutic philosophy of Paul Ricoeur in search of an expanded conception of audience. It shows that Ricoeur’s hermeneutic philosophy allows us to extend Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca’s psychological notion of audience to texts themselves and to argue that human beings have a rhetorical capacity to reflect on audiences in search of what is potentially persuasive. The Rhetoricity of Philosophy will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in contemporary European philosophy, rhetoric, argumentation studies, and social theory.

Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Free Will and Responsibility

Author : Thomas Nadelhoffer
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350188107
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Free Will and Responsibility by : Thomas Nadelhoffer

Download or read book Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Free Will and Responsibility written by Thomas Nadelhoffer and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-03-24 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Free Will and Responsibility brings together leading researchers from psychology and philosophy to present new findings and ideas about human agency and moral responsibility. Their contributions reflect the growth of research in these areas over the past decade and highlight both the ways that philosophy can be relevant to empirical research and how empirical work can be relevant to philosophical investigations. Mixing new empirical work with the meta-philosophical and philosophical upshot of the latest research being done, chapters cover motivated cognition and free will beliefs, folk intuitions about manipulation and agency, mental control in assessments of responsibility, the importance of skilled decision making to free will judgments and the relationship between free will and substance dualism. Blending cutting-edge research from philosophy with methods from psychology, this collection is a compelling example of the value of interdisciplinary approaches, contributing to our understanding of the complex networks of attitudes, beliefs, and judgments that inform how we think about agency and responsibility.

The Bloomsbury Companion to the Philosophy of Language

Author : Manuel Garcia-Carpintero
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472578228
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (725 download)

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Book Synopsis The Bloomsbury Companion to the Philosophy of Language by : Manuel Garcia-Carpintero

Download or read book The Bloomsbury Companion to the Philosophy of Language written by Manuel Garcia-Carpintero and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with works of Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein, The Bloomsbury Companion to the Philosophy of Language provides a critical history of the core concepts in the area. From generative syntax and formal semantics to broader philosophical issues such as intentional contexts, theories of meaning and context dependence, a well-known team of experts offer insightful analysis into some of the fundamental questions asked by the philosophy of language. The result is a comprehensive introduction, featuring a series of research tools, including an A to Z of key terms and concepts, a detailed list of resources and a fully annotated bibliography. For students and scholars looking to better understand the questions and debates informing the subject, this is an essential study tool.

The Continuum Companion to the Philosophy of Language

Author : Manuel Garcia-Carpintero
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1441196382
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis The Continuum Companion to the Philosophy of Language by : Manuel Garcia-Carpintero

Download or read book The Continuum Companion to the Philosophy of Language written by Manuel Garcia-Carpintero and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Continuum Companion to Philosophy of Language offers the definitive guide to contemporary philosophy of language. The book covers all the fundamental questions asked by the philosophy of language - areas that have continued to attract interest historically as well as topics that have emerged more recently as active areas of research. Ten specially commissioned essays from an international team of experts reveal where important work continues to be done in the area and, most valuably, the exciting new directions the field is taking. The Companion explores issues pertaining to the nature of language, form semantics, theories of meaning, reference, intensional contexts, context-dependence, pragmatics, the normativity of language, analyticity, a priority and modality. Featuring a series of indispensable research tools, including an A to Z of key terms and concepts, a detailed list of resources and a fully annotated bibliography, this is the essential reference tool for anyone working in the philosophy of language.

Ethics in Politics

Author : Emily Crookston
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317391209
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethics in Politics by : Emily Crookston

Download or read book Ethics in Politics written by Emily Crookston and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-12-08 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the field of political philosophy, the role of states, governments, and institutions has dominated research. This has led to a dearth of literature that examines what individuals—e.g., voters, lobbyists, and politicians—ought (or ought not) to do. Ethics in Politics: The Rights and Obligations of Individual Political Agents meets this need, providing a timely discussion of normative questions concerning political agents and the systems in which they act. The book contains eighteen original chapters by leading scholars which cover a range of topics including irrational voting, bribery, partisanship, and political lying. Ethics in Politics is a unique and accessible resource for students, researchers, and all interested readers, and sheds light on important but underexplored issues in ethics and political philosophy.

The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology

Author : Manuel Vargas
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198871716
Total Pages : 1121 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology by : Manuel Vargas

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology written by Manuel Vargas and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 1121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moral psychology is the study of how human minds make and are made by human morality. This state-of-the-art volume covers contemporary philosophical and psychological work on moral psychology, as well as notable historical theories and figures in the field of moral psychology, such as Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche, and the Buddha. The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology's fifty chapters, authored by leading figures in the field, cover foundational topics, such as character, virtue, emotion, moral responsibility, the neuroscience of morality, weakness of will, and the nature of moral judgments and reasons. The volume also canvases emerging work in applied moral psychology, including adaptive preferences, animals, mental illness, poverty, marriage, race, bias, and victim blaming. Collectively, the essays form the definitive survey of contemporary moral psychology.

Confusion of Tongues

Author : Stephen Finlay
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190649631
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Confusion of Tongues by : Stephen Finlay

Download or read book Confusion of Tongues written by Stephen Finlay and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-11 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can normative words like 'good', 'ought', and 'reason' be defined in non-normative terms? Stephen Finlay argues that they can, advancing a new theory of the meaning of this language and providing pragmatic explanations of the specially problematic features of its moral and deliberative uses which comprise the puzzles of metaethics.

Emotion and Value

Author : Sabine Roeser
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191059528
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Emotion and Value by : Sabine Roeser

Download or read book Emotion and Value written by Sabine Roeser and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-11-06 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together new work by leading philosophers on the topics of emotion and value, and explores issues at their intersection. Philosophers and psychologists working on the emotions have reached something of a consensus about the complex, inter-related nature of the affective and cognitive components of emotions, and have increasingly focussed on the important epistemological role that emotions play in giving us access to values. At the same time, an increasing number of philosophers have become attracted to analyses of value that give emotions a prominent place in evaluative judgements and experiences. The work undertaken in each of these areas has important implications for current research on topics such as the role that emotions play in practical rationality and moral psychology, the connection between imagination and emotion in the appreciation of fiction, and more generally with the ability of emotions to discern axiological saliences and to ground (or fail to ground) the objectivity of ethical or aesthetic value judgements. This volume makes a unique contribution to scholarship on emotion and value by bringing together top authors from these lines of research. In addition, the volume contains a number of contributions that explore various links between the emotions and self-understanding, touching on a range of themes that include depression, empathy, agency, guilt, and self-trust. All of these issues are approached from a number of different perspectives in order to present the reader with a wide view of this extremely rich terrain and to demonstrate how the latest thinking in a number of currently intensive areas of research is deeply interconnected.

Deontic Logic and Normative Systems

Author : Fabrizio Cariani
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319086154
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Deontic Logic and Normative Systems by : Fabrizio Cariani

Download or read book Deontic Logic and Normative Systems written by Fabrizio Cariani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-30 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Deontic Logic and Normative Systems, DEON 2014, held in Ghent, Belgium, in July 2014. The 17 revised papers and the 2 invited papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. Topics covered include challenges from natural language for deontic logic; the relationship between deontic and other types of modality: epistemic modality, imperatives, supererogatory, etc.; the deontic paradoxes; the modeling of normative concepts other than obligation and permission, e.g., values; the game-theoretical aspects of deontic reasoning; the emergence of norms; norms from a conversational and pragmatic point of view; and norms and argumentation.

Contrastive Reasons

Author : Justin Snedegar
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198785933
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Contrastive Reasons by : Justin Snedegar

Download or read book Contrastive Reasons written by Justin Snedegar and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Justin Snedegar develops and defends contrastivism about reasons. This is the view that normative reasons are fundamentally reasons for or against actions or attitudes only relative to sets of alternatives. Simply put, reasons are always reasons to do one thing rather than another, instead of simply being reasons to do something, full stop. Work on reasons has become central to several areas of philosophy, but besides a couple of exceptions, this view has not been discussed. Contrastive Reasons makes the case that this is a mistake. Snedegar develops three kinds of arguments for contrastivism. First, contrastivism gives us the best account of our ordinary discourse about reasons. Second, contrastivism best makes sense of widespread ideas about what reasons are, including the idea that they favor the things they are reasons for and the idea that they involve the promotion of certain kinds of objectives. Third, contrastivism has attractive applications in different areas of normative philosophy in which reasons are important. These include debates in normative ethics about whether better than might be intransitive and debates in both epistemology and practical reasoning about the rationality of withholding or suspending belief and intention.

Epistemic Contextualism

Author : Peter Baumann
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191069256
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Epistemic Contextualism by : Peter Baumann

Download or read book Epistemic Contextualism written by Peter Baumann and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-13 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peter Baumann develops and defends a distinctive version of epistemic contextualism, the view that the truth conditions or the meaning of knowledge attributions of the form "S knows that p" can vary with the context of the attributor. The first part of the book examines arguments for contextualism and develops Baumann's version. The first chapter deals with the argument from cases and ordinary usage; the following two chapters address "theoretical" arguments, from reliability and from luck. The second part of the book discusses the problems contextualism faces, to which it must respond, and provides an extension of contextualism beyond epistemology. Chapter 4 discusses "lottery-scepticism" and argues for a contextualist response. Chapter 5 is dedicated to a homemade problem for contextualism: a threat of inconsistency. Baumann argues for a way out and for a version of contextualism that can underwrite this solution. Chapter 6 proposes a contextualist account of responsibility: The concept of knowledge is not the only one which allows for a contextualist analysis and it is important to explore structural analogies in other areas of philosophy. The third part of the book is focused on some major objections to contextualism and alternative views, namely subject-sensitive invariantism, contrastivism and relativism.