Constructive Parenting

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Author :
Publisher : Allyn & Bacon
ISBN 13 : 9780205322442
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (224 download)

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Book Synopsis Constructive Parenting by : Sally Goldberg

Download or read book Constructive Parenting written by Sally Goldberg and published by Allyn & Bacon. This book was released on 2001 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build a Strong Foundation in the first three years of your Child's Development! Important Principals and easy-to follow guidelines to help all parents and caregivers carry out the 15 "Pillars of Parenting." Learn from experts who provide a "hands-on" approach to parenting to help you in the critical early years of child development. Coverage of Self-esteem, emotional, cognitive, motor, social and language development. Activities to help you promote growth in the important development areas. Written by a foremost parenting expert, Constructive Parenting helps turn important theory and research into essential, easy-to-follow, guidelines for every new parent and child care provider. The information helps you focus on the critical first three years of a child's life to build a strong foundation for the future. All the key areas of child development are covered including: self-esteem, cognitive, motor and social development. You'll also receive information on health issues, and the importance of play. Sally Goldberg, Ph.D. is an early childhood specialist, professor, author, speaker, coach and consultant. Author of Teaching with Toys, Growing with Games, Parent Involvement Begins at Birth, and Baby and Toddler Learning Fun, she is the creator of the well-known "15 Pillars of Parenting" and "Interactive Parenting," and the much loved "Play and Learn System." Having appeared as a guest on many TV shows, she also produced and hosted "Teaching with Toys" and "Interactive Parenting" for WLRN in Miami, Florida. Currently she writes for Today's Family, a local South Florida magazine, and Children and Families, the national Head Start magazine. Dr. Goldberg is a popular keynote speaker at conferences and major organizations. Educated at Cornell University and the University of Miami, Dr. Goldberg is the mother of two grown daughters, and resides in Boca Raton, Florida.

Parenting Matters

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309388570
Total Pages : 525 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Parenting Matters by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Parenting Matters written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€"which includes all primary caregiversâ€"are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States.

Tennessee Parenting Plans and Child Support Worksheets

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781595719843
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Tennessee Parenting Plans and Child Support Worksheets by : Miles Mason

Download or read book Tennessee Parenting Plans and Child Support Worksheets written by Miles Mason and published by . This book was released on 2014-05-23 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tennessee Parenting Plans and Child Support Worksheets:Building a Constructive Future for Your Family Featuring actual examples of parenting plans and child support worksheets from real cases.Attorney Miles Mason has written a book that's a must-read for Tennessee parents contemplating or in the middle of divorce. It features actual examples of Parenting Plans and Child Support Worksheets from real cases. The author explains not only Tennessee's Parenting Plan Law but also shows how it's applied to situations divorcing parents will face, including: What to tell the kids, Coparenting dos and don'ts, Age-appropriate plans for infants, children, and teens, Handling holiday visitation and long-distance parenting, Calculating parenting "days", Tennessee's relocation law, Modifying parenting plans Attorney Mason also offers an overview and details about Tennessee's child support laws, including the documents needed to calculate day-to-day child support, and he'll explain how to craft long-range plans for college tuition.Divorce can be traumatic and upsetting for parents and especially their children, but Miles Mason offers parents the tools and knowledge he's gained as a divorce attorney over many years.This book will answer many parents' questions but will also prompt them to ask many questions-the many "what ifs" they'll need answers to as they craft a future for their postdivorce families.

What Do You Say?

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Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1984880381
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis What Do You Say? by : William Stixrud, PhD

Download or read book What Do You Say? written by William Stixrud, PhD and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2022-08-16 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to effectively communicating with teenagers by the bestselling authors of The Self-Driven Child If you're a parent, you've had a moment--maybe many of them--when you've thought, "How did that conversation go so badly?" At some point after the sixth grade, the same kid who asked "why" non-stop at age four suddenly stops talking to you. And the conversations that you wish you could have--ones fueled by your desire to see your kid not just safe and healthy, but passionately engaged--suddenly feel nearly impossible to execute. The good news is that effective communication can be cultivated, learned, and taught. And as you get better at this, so will your kids. William Stixrud, Ph.D., and Ned Johnson have 60 years combined experience talking to kids one-on-one, and the most common question they get when out speaking to parents and educators is: What do you say? While many adults understand the importance and power of the philosophies behind the books that dominate the parenting bestseller list, parents are often left wondering how to put those concepts into action. In What Do You Say?, Johnson and Stixrud show how to engage in respectful and effective dialogue, beginning with defining and demonstrating the basic principles of listening and speaking. Then they show new ways to handle specific, thorny topics of the sort that usually end in parent/kid standoffs: delivering constructive feedback to kids; discussing boundaries around technology; explaining sleep and their brains; the anxiety of current events; and family problem-solving. What Do You Say? is a manual and map that will immediately transform parents' ability to navigate complex terrain and train their minds and hearts to communicate ever more successfully.

The Conscious Parent's Guide to Coparenting

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1440595208
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis The Conscious Parent's Guide to Coparenting by : Jenna Flowers

Download or read book The Conscious Parent's Guide to Coparenting written by Jenna Flowers and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A positive, mindful plan for children and parents in transition! If you're facing the challenge of raising children in two homes, you may be feeling overwhelmed and unsure of how to build a healthy coparenting relationship. With The Conscious Parent's Guide to Coparenting, you'll learn how to take a relationship-centered approach to parenting, foster forgiveness, and find constructive ways to move on when relationships change. Coparenting means putting your child's needs first. And conscious parenting acknowledges a child's thoughts, feelings, and needs, as well as a parent's responsibility to them. This easy-to-use handbook helps you to: Build a coparenting relationship based on mutual respect Lower stress levels for the entire family Communicate openly with children about divorce Discuss and reach parenting decisions together Protect children, meet their needs, and help them build resilience Educate your family and friends about coparenting The concept of ending a marriage peacefully, with compassion and respect for former partners, is often viewed with surprise in modern society. But choosing to consciously coparent is an important choice you can make for yourself and your children--one that will benefit the emotional health of your family for years to come.

Ally Parenting

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780998441214
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (412 download)

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Book Synopsis Ally Parenting by : Cynthia J. Klein

Download or read book Ally Parenting written by Cynthia J. Klein and published by . This book was released on 2017-03-14 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ally parenting is the tool you need to master parenting skills and gain wisdom and confidence to guide your family away from conflict toward a harmonious, respectful, and cooperative home.

The Art of Screen Time

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Author :
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1610396731
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Art of Screen Time by : Anya Kamenetz

Download or read book The Art of Screen Time written by Anya Kamenetz and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2018-01-30 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Finally: an evidence-based, reassuring guide to what to do about kids and screens, from video games to social media. Today's babies often make their debut on social media with the very first sonogram. They begin interacting with screens at around four months old. But is this good news or bad news? A wonderful opportunity to connect around the world? Or the first step in creating a generation of addled screen zombies? Many have been quick to declare this the dawn of a neurological and emotional crisis, but solid science on the subject is surprisingly hard to come by. In The Art of Screen Time, Anya Kamenetz -- an expert on education and technology, as well as a mother of two young children -- takes a refreshingly practical look at the subject. Surveying hundreds of fellow parents on their practices and ideas, and cutting through a thicket of inconclusive studies and overblown claims, she hones a simple message, a riff on Michael Pollan's well-known "food rules": Enjoy Screens. Not too much. Mostly with others. This brief but powerful dictum forms the backbone of a philosophy that will help parents moderate technology in their children's lives, curb their own anxiety, and create room for a happy, healthy family life with and without screens.

Growing Up with Divorce: Help Yr Child Avoid Immed

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439108382
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Growing Up with Divorce: Help Yr Child Avoid Immed by : Neil Kalter

Download or read book Growing Up with Divorce: Help Yr Child Avoid Immed written by Neil Kalter and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 1989-11-04 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide helping families overcome the trauma of divorce. For many years, Growing Up With Divorce has offered divorced parents transformative insight, solace, and practical guidance on how to help their children cope with the stresses caused by marital separation. Every child is unique, yet there are certain common reactions to the stresses of divorce—anger, a sense of divided loyalties, lasting intimacy issues. Dr. Neil Kalter explains that, for children, divorce is not a single event but is comprised of "a series of events that occur over many years." Identifying three stages of divorce, Dr. Kalter cites the particular struggles associated with each stage and explains how gender as well as cognitive, emotional, and social development also affect how children react. Dispensing sage advice on everything from understanding and minimizing the anxieties that underlie various troublesome behaviors to smoothing out your child's transitions between her two households to incorporating a new spouse into your family, Dr. Kalter gives parents and the professionals who treat divorced families an indispensable guide to navigating the difficulties of divorce.

The Smart Love Parent

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Publisher : Innova Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780974937304
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis The Smart Love Parent by : Martha Heineman Pieper

Download or read book The Smart Love Parent written by Martha Heineman Pieper and published by Innova Publishing. This book was released on 2005 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Should you feed your baby whenever she wants or put her on a schedule? Do you impose consequences on children who don't do their homework or clean up their room, or do you help them with chores and homework? Should you respond to the difficult adolescent with tender love or tough love? Parents are faced every day with a multitude of decisions, and they worry about making the right choices. The Smart Love Parent offers a breakthrough method to parenting created and tested by the husband-and-wife team of Dr. Martha Heineman Pieper and Dr. William J. Pieper. The Piepers offer a new understanding of the entire sweep of child development, allowing you to view the process of growing up through your child's eyes. Their patient and caring approach avoids the extremes of permissiveness and of the old reward-and-punishment style of parenting that turns parents into disciplinarians. By offering a relaxed and realistic timetable for your child's development, they identify some previously unrecognized developmental milestones and show you how to help your child reach them through guiding, not punishing. If you understand your child's point of view, you can better know how to love her and how to respond to her actions. The Smart Love Parent helps parents cultivate a child's inner happiness, which is the best means of ensuring your child will grow up well behaved, responsible, self-confident, and able to reach his or her fullest potential. Book jacket.

The Wiley Handbook of Family, School, and Community Relationships in Education

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119082684
Total Pages : 717 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis The Wiley Handbook of Family, School, and Community Relationships in Education by : Steven B. Sheldon

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook of Family, School, and Community Relationships in Education written by Steven B. Sheldon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-12-14 with total page 717 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive collection of essays from leading experts on family and community engagement The Wiley Handbook of Family, School, and Community Relationships in Educationbrings together in one comprehensive volume a collection of writings from leading scholars on family and community engagement to provide an authoritative overview of the field. The expert contributors identify the contemporary and future issues related to the intersection of students’ families, schools, and their communities. The Handbook’s chapters are organized to cover the topic from a wide-range of perspectives and vantage points including families, practitioners, policymakers, advocates, as well as researchers. In addition, the Handbook contains writings from several international researchers acknowledging that school, family, and community partnerships is a vital topic for researchers and policymakers worldwide. The contributors explore the essential issues related to the policies and sociopolitical concerns, curriculum and practice, leadership, and the role of families and advocates. This vital resource: Contains a diverse range of topics related to the field Includes information on current research as well as the historical origins Projects the breadth and depth of the field into the future Fills a void in the current literature Offers contributions from leading scholars on family and community engagement Written for faculty and graduate students in education, psychology, and sociology, The Wiley Handbook of Family, School, and Community Relationships in Educationis a comprehensive and authoritative guide to family and community engagement with schools.

Why Is My Child in Charge?

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 153814901X
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Why Is My Child in Charge? by : Claire Lerner

Download or read book Why Is My Child in Charge? written by Claire Lerner and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solve toddler challenges with eight key mindshifts that will help you parent with clarity, calmness, and self-control. In Why is My Child in Charge?, Claire Lerner shows how making critical mindshifts—seeing children’s behaviors through a new lens —empowers parents to solve their most vexing childrearing challenges. Using real life stories, Lerner unpacks the individualized process she guides parents through to settle common challenges, such as throwing tantrums in public, delaying bedtime for hours, refusing to participate in family mealtimes, and resisting potty training. Lerner then provides readers with a roadmap for how to recognize the root cause of their child’s behavior and how to create and implement an action plan tailored to the unique needs of each child and family. Why is My Child in Charge? is like having a child development specialist in your home. It shows how parents can develop proven, practical strategies that translate into adaptable, happy kids and calm, connected, in-control parents.

Grandparenting

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317265866
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Grandparenting by : Susan Moore

Download or read book Grandparenting written by Susan Moore and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-10-03 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grandparenting: Contemporary Perspectives is one of the first books of its kind to offer a dedicated account of the social and psychological research on this important life stage. Reflecting the contemporary positive approach to ageing, it covers many of the issues that impact the grandparent experience today, such as care-giving and changing family structures, to reveal the health and wellbeing benefits of the grandparent role. It examines biological, psychological, social/ familial, gender, cultural and economic dimensions to map out the current landscape in this emerging field. Moore and Rosenthal draw on quantitative and qualitative, experimental, survey, observation and case study research, including unique data on grandfathers. They examine how people respond to the challenges and possibilities of grandparenting, and how this influences intergenerational relationships and adapting to growing older. The book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date evidence base for students in health, sociology and psychology and those interested in gerontology and the lifespan.

Parents, Children, and Adolescents

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317721241
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis Parents, Children, and Adolescents by : Anne Marie Ambert

Download or read book Parents, Children, and Adolescents written by Anne Marie Ambert and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-18 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parents, Children, and Adolescents presents an integrative perspective of the parent-child relationship within several contexts. You can expand your empirical and theoretical knowledge of the parent-child relationship and child development through the book’s unusually holistic, theoretical perspective that integrates three main frameworks: interactional theories on parents, children, and development; contextual (ecological) models; and behavior genetics. This insightful book’s empirical scope is broader than that of most books in that it considers the parent-child relationship throughout the life course as well as within a great variety of contexts, including interactions with sibling and peers, at school, in their neighborhoods, and with professionals. You’ll gain immeasurable knowledge about: parents’child-rearing styles and how they are affected by environmental variables the interaction between parents and children, and between their personalities behavior genetics as one of the explanatory frameworks for the role of genetics and environment negative child outcomes--emotional problems, conduct disorders, and delinquency poverty and other stressors affecting parents and children problematic-abusive, emotionally disturbed, alcoholic parents siblings and peers as contexts for the parent-child dyad the effect of the school system on the family, with a focus on minority families family structure--divorce, remarriage, and families headed by never-married mothers adolescent mothers and their own mothers the psychogenetic limitations on parental influence and cultural roadblocks to parental moral authority Complete with an Instructor’s Manual, Parents, Children, and Adolescents is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate classes in family studies and human development, sociology of the family, interdisciplinary developmental psychology, and social work classes that need a thorough perspective on the parent-child relationship. Professionals and scholars in these fields seeking an interdisciplinary framework as well as research suggestions and incisive critiques of traditional perspectives will also find this innovative book a valuable addition to their reading lists.

Constructing Social Theory

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780742564282
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (642 download)

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Book Synopsis Constructing Social Theory by : David C. Bell

Download or read book Constructing Social Theory written by David C. Bell and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2009 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Constructing Social Theory discusses the nature of social theory and theoretical orientations. Organized by forty-three theoretical orientations in seven domains--exchange, power, adaptation/reinforcement, social bond, altruism, functionalism, and identity--the text includes a tutorial on how to identify an appropriate theoretical orientation and create a theory given a particular research question. Bell separates the theoretical orientation of causal logic from theory itself, illuminating the mechanisms of scientific revolutions where new theoretical orientations are created, and the procedures of normal science, in which theories are developed using the logic of existing theoretical orientations.

Vicki Lansky's Divorce Book for Parents

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Author :
Publisher : Book Peddlers
ISBN 13 : 0916773485
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (167 download)

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Book Synopsis Vicki Lansky's Divorce Book for Parents by : Vicki Lansky

Download or read book Vicki Lansky's Divorce Book for Parents written by Vicki Lansky and published by Book Peddlers. This book was released on 1996 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A parents' guide to helping youngsters cope with divorce offers advice on such issues as breaking the news, custody, and other matters.

Mindful Parenting

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Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 125002031X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Mindful Parenting by : Kristen Race

Download or read book Mindful Parenting written by Kristen Race and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2014-01-07 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A mindful approach to parenting that helps children (and their parents) feel happier, healthier, calmer, and less stressed in our frenetic era Rooted in the science of the brain, and integrating cognitive neuroscience and child development, Mindful Parenting is a unique program that speaks directly to today's busy families who make up what Dr. Race calls "Generation Stress." Research has shown that mindfulness practices stimulate the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Regular stimulation of this part of the brain helps us feel happier, healthier, calmer, less anxious, less stressed, and makes it easier for us to concentrate and think clearly—the very behavior we are hoping our children will display. Dr. Race provides: An explanation of the way the brain works and why parents and kids today are more stressed, anxious, and angry than ever before Practical solutions to the problem: Things parents can do to change brain patterns and create a more relaxed and happier home "Brain Coolers": Quick tips that can be used in the moment to help families relax, recharge, and create happiness (such as "The Three Breath Hug") Mindful Parenting understands the realities of raising a family in our fast paced and often-frenetic world and provides hundreds of easy-to-implement solutions, both for parents and their children, to help them manage stress, create peace, and live happier lives. "This book is a must-read for all parents of our generation.” --Sara Blakely, founder of Spanx

Handbook of Parenting

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429677774
Total Pages : 824 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Parenting by : Marc H. Bornstein

Download or read book Handbook of Parenting written by Marc H. Bornstein and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 824 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly anticipated third edition of the Handbook of Parenting brings together an array of field-leading experts who have worked in different ways toward understanding the many diverse aspects of parenting. Contributors to the Handbook look to the most recent research and thinking to shed light on topics every parent, professional, and policymaker wonders about. Parenting is a perennially "hot" topic. After all, everyone who has ever lived has been parented, and the vast majority of people become parents themselves. No wonder bookstores house shelves of "how-to" parenting books, and magazine racks in pharmacies and airports overflow with periodicals that feature parenting advice. However, almost none of these is evidence-based. The Handbook of Parenting is. Period. Each chapter has been written to be read and absorbed in a single sitting, and includes historical considerations of the topic, a discussion of central issues and theory, a review of classical and modern research, and forecasts of future directions of theory and research. Together, the five volumes in the Handbook cover Children and Parenting, the Biology and Ecology of Parenting, Being and Becoming a Parent, Social Conditions and Applied Parenting, and the Practice of Parenting. Volume 4, Social Conditions and Applied Parenting, describes socially defined groups of parents and social conditions that promote variation in parenting. The chapters in Part I, on Social and Cultural Conditions of Parenting, start with a relational developmental systems perspective on parenting and move to considerations of ethnic and minority parenting among Latino and Latin Americans, African Americans, Asians and Asian Americans, Indigenous parents, and immigrant parents. The section concludes with considerations of disabilities, employment, and poverty on parenting. Parents are ordinarily the most consistent and caring people in children’s lives. However, parenting does not always go right or well. Information, education, and support programs can remedy potential ills. The chapters in Part II, on Applied Issues in Parenting, begin with how parenting is measured and follow with examinations of maternal deprivation, attachment, and acceptance/rejection in parenting. Serious challenges to parenting—some common, such as stress and depression, and some less common, such as substance abuse, psychopathology, maltreatment, and incarceration—are addressed as are parenting interventions intended to redress these trials.