Confucianism And The Chinese Business Culture

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Confucianism and the Chinese Business Culture

Author : Wanja Giessen
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3656663157
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (566 download)

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Book Synopsis Confucianism and the Chinese Business Culture by : Wanja Giessen

Download or read book Confucianism and the Chinese Business Culture written by Wanja Giessen and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2014-06-03 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2013 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,4, Tongji University (School of Economics and Management), language: English, abstract: In the last decades, globalization – the increased interconnectedness among countries all over the world – became more and more important in the fields of politics, economics and in cultural contexts. In current times, China exhibits a unique role, being the world's manufacturing powerhouse in economic terms while maintaining a strong, traditional culture. Foreign companies seeking to exploit the advantages the Chinese economy promises must adapt to the cultural characteristics of Chinese firms. The influence of Confucianism is the key difference between Western and Eastern companies – this has to be taken into respect when trying to enter the Chinese market and when planning to begin strong relationships with Chinese companies. This essay will highlight the core elements of Confucianism, their impact on Chinese business culture and managerial implications that can be drawn from these observations. After highlighting the methodology and explaining how the author gained the respective knowledge about the topic, the roots of Confucianism are shown. The core elements of Confucianism are drawn to give the reader a detailed understanding of the implications Confucianism has on the Chinese culture and on the businesses that operate in it. The influence and the relevance of Confucianism on Chinese companies are shown. After that, positive and negative implications of Confucianism on the Chinese business culture are highlighted. Here, quantitative and qualitative findings are consulted to give a thoughtful evaluation of Confucianism in Chinese business culture.

Ethical Business Cultures in Emerging Markets

Author : Alexandre Ardichvili
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107104920
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethical Business Cultures in Emerging Markets by : Alexandre Ardichvili

Download or read book Ethical Business Cultures in Emerging Markets written by Alexandre Ardichvili and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-26 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the intersection of human resource development and human resource management with ethical business cultures in developing economies, and addresses issues faced daily by practitioners in these countries. It is ideal for scholars, researchers and students in business ethics, management, human resource management and development, and organization studies.

Confucian Capitalism

Author : Souchou Yao
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136128026
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (361 download)

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Book Synopsis Confucian Capitalism by : Souchou Yao

Download or read book Confucian Capitalism written by Souchou Yao and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-11 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discourse of Confucian Capitalism has been crucial in shaping our understanding of the brilliant economic successes of the Chinese diaspora all over the world. From this perspective, hard work, family values, and communal cohesion, as well as business practices based on sentiment, trust, and social networks, are the legendary means of explaining the wealth and commercial talent of these remarkable people. The book examines the subject of Chinese business' by exposing the enduring myth about the determining effects of these values and practices supposedly derived from Confucianism. Such myth relies on an ahistorical and essentialised notion of Chinese Culture', and brings into focus three sites of controversy: the economically driven Chinese subject, work-place relations characterised by consensus and cultural sharing, and an operating ethos of collectivist, pre-capitalist sociality. In its interrogation of the discourse of Confucian capitalism, it is the aim of this book to arrive at a critically informed and socially realistic understanding of Chinese business. The author combines abstract analysis with examples from anthropological fieldwork among Chinese traders in Sarawak, East Malaysia. By anchoring theoretical discussion to real case-studies, the multi-disciplinary approach of this book offers a useful insight into Chinese business activities, and contributes to current debates in cultural studies, economic anthropology, the economic performance of overseas Chinese, and neo-Confucian societies more generally.

Inside Chinese Business

Author : Ming-Jer Chen
Publisher : Harvard Business Press
ISBN 13 : 9781591393276
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (932 download)

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Book Synopsis Inside Chinese Business by : Ming-Jer Chen

Download or read book Inside Chinese Business written by Ming-Jer Chen and published by Harvard Business Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chen (management, Chinese University of Hong Kong and Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine--England) offers Western managers advice on navigating the Chinese business world. He explains the cultural and social principles underlying Chinese business organizations and their dynamics, illustrating his analyses with examples drawn from Asian and North American businesses. Communication patterns, networking, negotiation, competition, and the structure of China's transition economy are all discussed. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR

Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity, and Chinese Culture

Author : Yijie Tang
Publisher : CRVP
ISBN 13 : 9781565180352
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity, and Chinese Culture by : Yijie Tang

Download or read book Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity, and Chinese Culture written by Yijie Tang and published by CRVP. This book was released on 1991 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Confucianism and Daoism absorbing and mutually transforming new horizons, especially Buddhism; attention to the writings of Matteo Ricci and potential Christian contributions to modern development in Chinese culture.

The Renaissance of Confucianism in Contemporary China

Author : Ruiping Fan
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400715420
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Renaissance of Confucianism in Contemporary China by : Ruiping Fan

Download or read book The Renaissance of Confucianism in Contemporary China written by Ruiping Fan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-23 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new generation of Confucian scholars is coming of age. China is reawakening to the power and importance of its own culture. This volume provides a unique view of the emerging Confucian vision for China and the world in the 21st century. Unlike the Neo-Confucians sojourning in North America who recast Confucianism in terms of modern Western values, this new generation of Chinese scholars takes the authentic roots of Confucian thought seriously. This collection of essays offers the first critical exploration in English of the emerging Confucian, non-liberal, non-social-democratic, moral and political vision for China’s future. Inspired by the life and scholarship of Jiang Qing who has emerged as China's exemplar contemporary Confucian, this volume allows the English reader access to a moral and cultural vision that seeks to direct China’s political power, social governance, and moral life. For those working in Chinese studies, this collection provides the first access in English to major debates in China concerning a Confucian reconceptualization of governance, a critical Confucian assessment of feminism, Confucianism functioning again as a religion, and the possibility of a moral vision that can fill the cultural vacuum created by the collapse of Marxism.

Harmony and War

Author : Yuan-kang Wang
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231522401
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Harmony and War by : Yuan-kang Wang

Download or read book Harmony and War written by Yuan-kang Wang and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-15 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Confucianism has shaped a certain perception of Chinese security strategy, symbolized by the defensive, nonaggressive Great Wall. Many believe China is antimilitary and reluctant to use force against its enemies. It practices pacifism and refrains from expanding its boundaries, even when nationally strong. In a path-breaking study traversing six centuries of Chinese history, Yuan-kang Wang resoundingly discredits this notion, recasting China as a practitioner of realpolitik and a ruthless purveyor of expansive grand strategies. Leaders of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) prized military force and shrewdly assessed the capabilities of China's adversaries. They adopted defensive strategies when their country was weak and pursued expansive goals, such as territorial acquisition, enemy destruction, and total military victory, when their country was strong. Despite the dominance of an antimilitarist Confucian culture, warfare was not uncommon in the bulk of Chinese history. Grounding his research in primary Chinese sources, Wang outlines a politics of power that are crucial to understanding China's strategies today, especially its policy of "peaceful development," which, he argues, the nation has adopted mainly because of its military, economic, and technological weakness in relation to the United States.

Chinese Negotiating Behavior

Author : Richard H. Solomon
Publisher : US Institute of Peace Press
ISBN 13 : 9781878379863
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinese Negotiating Behavior by : Richard H. Solomon

Download or read book Chinese Negotiating Behavior written by Richard H. Solomon and published by US Institute of Peace Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After two decades of hostile confrontation, China and the United States initiated negotiations in the early 1970s to normalize relations. Senior officials of the Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations had little experience dealing with the Chinese, but they soon learned that their counterparts from the People's Republic were skilled negotiators. This study of Chinese negotiating behavior explores the ways senior officials of the PRC--Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and others--managed these high-level political negotiations with their new American "old friends." It follows the negotiating process step by step, and concludes with guidelines for dealing with Chinese officials. Originally written for the RAND Corporation, this study was classified because it drew on the official negotiating record. It was subsequently declassified, and RAND published the study in 1995. For this edition, Solomon has added a new introduction, and Chas Freeman has written an interpretive essay describing the ways in which Chinese negotiating behavior has, and has not, changed since the original study. The bibiliography has been updated as well.

Confucius

Author : Michael Schuman
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465040578
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Confucius by : Michael Schuman

Download or read book Confucius written by Michael Schuman and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2015-03-03 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Confucius is perhaps the most important philosopher in history. Today, his teachings shape the daily lives of more than 1.6 billion people. Throughout East Asia, Confucius's influence can be seen in everything from business practices and family relationships to educational standards and government policies. Even as western ideas from Christianity to Communism have bombarded the region, Confucius's doctrine has endured as the foundation of East Asian culture. It is impossible to understand East Asia, journalist Michael Schuman demonstrates, without first engaging with Confucius and his vast legacy. Confucius created a worldview that is in many respects distinct from, and in conflict with, Western culture. As Schuman shows, the way that East Asian companies are managed, how family members interact with each other, and how governments see their role in society all differ from the norm in the West due to Confucius's lasting impact. Confucius has been credited with giving East Asia an advantage in today's world, by instilling its people with a devotion to learning, and propelling the region's economic progress. Still, the sage has also been highly controversial. For the past 100 years, East Asians have questioned if the region can become truly modern while Confucius remains so entrenched in society. He has been criticized for causing the inequality of women, promoting authoritarian regimes, and suppressing human rights. Despite these debates, East Asians today are turning to Confucius to help them solve the ills of modern life more than they have in a century. As a wealthy and increasingly powerful Asia rises on the world stage, Confucius, too, will command a more prominent place in global culture. Touching on philosophy, history, and current affairs, Confucius tells the vivid, dramatic story of the enigmatic philosopher whose ideas remain at the heart of East Asian civilization.

China in the World

Author : Jennifer Hubbert
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824878531
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis China in the World by : Jennifer Hubbert

Download or read book China in the World written by Jennifer Hubbert and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2019-03-31 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Confucius Institutes, the language and culture programs funded by the Chinese government, have been established in more than 1,500 schools worldwide since their debut in 2004. A centerpiece of China’s soft power policy, they represent an effort to smooth China’s path to superpower status by enhancing its global appeal. Yet Confucius Institutes have given rise to voluble and contentious public debate in host countries, where they have been both welcomed as a source of educational funding and feared as spy outposts, neocolonial incursions, and obstructions to academic freedom. China in the World turns an anthropological lens on this most visible, ubiquitous, and controversial globalization project in an effort to provide fresh insight into China’s shifting place in the world. Author Jennifer Hubbert takes the study of soft power policy into the classroom, offering an anthropological intervention into a subject that has been dominated by the methods and analyses of international relations and political science. She argues that concerns about Confucius Institutes reflect broader debates over globalization and modernity and ultimately about a changing global order. Examining the production of soft power policy in situ allows us to move beyond program intentions to see how Confucius Institutes are actually understood and experienced in day-to-day classroom interactions. By assessing the perspectives of participants and exploring the complex ways in which students, teachers, parents, and program administrators interpret the Confucius Institute curriculum, she highlights significant gaps between China’s soft power policy intentions and the effects of those policies in practice. China in the World brings original, long-term ethnographic research to bear on how representations of and knowledge about China are constructed, consumed, and articulated in encounters between China, the United States, and the Confucius Institute programs themselves. It moves a controversial topic beyond the realm of policy making to examine the mechanisms through which policy is implemented, engaged, and contested by a multitude of stakeholders and actors. It provides new insight into how policy actually works, showing that it takes more than financial wherewithal and official resolve to turn cultural presence into power.

Confucianism

Author : Daniel K. Gardner
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195398912
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Confucianism by : Daniel K. Gardner

Download or read book Confucianism written by Daniel K. Gardner and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume shows the influence of the Sage's teachings over the course of Chinese history--on state ideology, the civil service examination system, imperial government, the family, and social relations--and the fate of Confucianism in China in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as China developed alongside a modernizing West and Japan. Some Chinese intellectuals attempted to reform the Confucian tradition to address new needs; others argued for jettisoning it altogether in favor of Western ideas and technology; still others condemned it angrily, arguing that Confucius and his legacy were responsible for China's feudal, ''backward'' conditions in the twentieth century and launching campaigns to eradicate its influences. Yet Chinese continue to turn to the teachings of Confucianism for guidance in their daily lives.

Chinese Business Culture

Author : Andrea Schulz
Publisher : diplom.de
ISBN 13 : 3832499865
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (324 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinese Business Culture by : Andrea Schulz

Download or read book Chinese Business Culture written by Andrea Schulz and published by diplom.de. This book was released on 2006-11-23 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: The aim of this Masters thesis is to explain Chinese business culture. In order to understand why Chinese business culture is different from European or American business culture, for example, it is necessary to know the roots of Chinese cultural values: what is the specific Chinese context which made it possible that China bore its unique business culture? Which specific values are valid in China today? How do they influence Chinese business conduct? This Master s thesis explains the development and constitution of Chinese business culture. Furthermore, with reference to the latest literature about the topic and additional field research in a private company in China, this Masters thesis reveals recent changes in Chinese business cultural values. Because business culture is influenced by variables such as globalisation or the political system, it represents a dynamic value system over the long term. Thus, this Masters thesis updates academic knowledge about this topic. Moreover, it addresses questions that have been raised by academic authors. Whenever I found a remark in literature which raised up an interesting issue for further research, I noted the hint down and included it into my survey. Thereby, I try to add new perspectives to the topic of Chinese business culture. In total, this Masters thesis should therefore be a useful and topical guide to Chinese business culture. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: Table of Contentsiii List of Abbreviationsv List of Figuresvi Acknowledgementsvii 1.Aim of the Thesis and Leading Argument8 2.Theoretical Background of Chinese Business Culture9 2.1Definition of Business Culture9 2.2Chinese Business Environment14 2.2.1Philosophical Background: Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism14 2.2.2Political Background: the Socialist, Authoritarian State20 2.2.3Legal Background: Law Without Lawyers, Justice Without Courts26 2.2.4Economic Background: Business Conditions in China29 2.2.5Social Background: Changing Values37 2.2.6Conclusion: Traditions Versus Rapid Modernisation40 2.3Chinese Business Culture41 3.Research Work About Chinese Business Culture52 3.1Overview over the Research Conducted52 3.1.1Research Methods52 3.1.2Research Setting: Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China54 3.1.3Research Setting: Keze Electronics (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.56 3.2Observations and Own Experiences57 3.3Questionnaire [...]

Confucianism and the Family

Author : Walter H. Slote
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 9780791437360
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis Confucianism and the Family by : Walter H. Slote

Download or read book Confucianism and the Family written by Walter H. Slote and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1998-07-10 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An interdisciplinary exploration of the Confucian family in East Asia which includes historical, psychocultural, and gender studies perspectives.

Chinese History and Culture

Author : Ying-shih Yü
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231542003
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinese History and Culture by : Ying-shih Yü

Download or read book Chinese History and Culture written by Ying-shih Yü and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-27 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recipient of the Kluge Prize for lifetime achievement in the humanities and the Tang Prize for "revolutionary research" in Sinology, Ying-shih Yü is a premier scholar of Chinese studies. Chinese History and Culture volumes 1 and 2 bring his extraordinary oeuvre to English-speaking readers. Spanning two thousand years of social, intellectual, and political change, the essays in these volumes investigate two central questions through all aspects of Chinese life: what core values sustained this ancient civilization through centuries of upheaval, and in what ways did these values survive in modern times? From Ying-shih Yü's perspective, the Dao, or the Way, constitutes the inner core of Chinese civilization. His work explores the unique dynamics between Chinese intellectuals' discourse on the Dao, or moral principles for a symbolized ideal world order, and their criticism of contemporary reality throughout Chinese history. Volume 2 of Chinese History and Culture completes Ying-shih Yü's systematic reconstruction and exploration of Chinese thought over two millennia and its impact on Chinese identity. Essays address the rise of Qing Confucianism, the development of the Dai Zhen and Zhu Xi traditions, and the response of the historian Zhang Xuecheng to the Dai Zhen approach. They take stock of the thematic importance of Cao Xueqin's eighteenth-century masterpiece Honglou meng (Dream of the Red Chamber) and the influence of Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, as well as the radicalization of China in the twentieth century and the fundamental upheavals of modernization and revolution. Ying-shih Yü also discusses the decline of elite culture in modern China, the relationships among democracy, human rights, and Confucianism, and changing conceptions of national history. He reflects on the Chinese approach to history in general and the larger political and cultural function of chronological biographies. By situating China's modern encounter with the West in a wider historical frame, this second volume of Chinese History and Culture clarifies its more curious turns and contemplates the importance of a renewed interest in the traditional Chinese values recognizing common humanity and human dignity.

Manufacturing Confucianism

Author : Lionel M. Jensen
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780822320470
Total Pages : 476 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Manufacturing Confucianism by : Lionel M. Jensen

Download or read book Manufacturing Confucianism written by Lionel M. Jensen and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is it possible that the familiar and beloved figure of Confucius was invented by Jesuit priests? Based on specific documentary evidence, historian Lionel Jensen reveals how 16th- and 17th-century Western missionaries used translations of the ancient RU tradition to invent the presumably historical figure who has been globally celebrated as philosopher, prophet, statesman, wise man, and saint. 13 illustrations.

China's New Confucianism

Author : Daniel A. Bell
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400834821
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis China's New Confucianism by : Daniel A. Bell

Download or read book China's New Confucianism written by Daniel A. Bell and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-19 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is it like to be a Westerner teaching political philosophy in an officially Marxist state? Why do Chinese sex workers sing karaoke with their customers? And why do some Communist Party cadres get promoted if they care for their elderly parents? In this entertaining and illuminating book, one of the few Westerners to teach at a Chinese university draws on his personal experiences to paint an unexpected portrait of a society undergoing faster and more sweeping changes than anywhere else on earth. With a storyteller's eye for detail, Daniel Bell observes the rituals, routines, and tensions of daily life in China. China's New Confucianism makes the case that as the nation retreats from communism, it is embracing a new Confucianism that offers a compelling alternative to Western liberalism. Bell provides an insider's account of Chinese culture and, along the way, debunks a variety of stereotypes. He presents the startling argument that Confucian social hierarchy can actually contribute to economic equality in China. He covers such diverse social topics as sex, sports, and the treatment of domestic workers. He considers the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, wondering whether Chinese overcompetitiveness might be tempered by Confucian civility. And he looks at education in China, showing the ways Confucianism impacts his role as a political theorist and teacher. By examining the challenges that arise as China adapts ancient values to contemporary society, China's New Confucianism enriches the dialogue of possibilities available to this rapidly evolving nation. In a new preface, Bell discusses the challenges of promoting Confucianism in China and the West.

Li Zehou and Confucian Philosophy

Author : Roger T. Ames
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824876105
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Li Zehou and Confucian Philosophy by : Roger T. Ames

Download or read book Li Zehou and Confucian Philosophy written by Roger T. Ames and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than a century scholars both inside and outside of China have undertaken the project of modernizing Confucianism, but few have been as successful or influential as Li Zehou (b. 1930). Since the 1950s, Li’s extensive efforts in this regard have in turn exerted a profound influence on Chinese modernization and resulted in his becoming one of China’s most prominent social critics. To transform Confucianism into a contemporary resource for positive change in China and elsewhere, Li has reinterpreted major ideas and concepts of classical Confucianism, including a rereading of the entire Analects, replete with his own philosophical speculations derived from other Chinese and Western traditions (most notably, the ideas of Kant and Marx), and developed an aesthetical theory that has proved especially far-reaching. Although the authors of this volume hail from East Asia, North America, and Europe and a wide variety of academic backgrounds and fields of study, they are unanimous in their appreciation of Li’s contributions to not only an evolving Confucian philosophy, but also world philosophy. They view Li first and foremost as a sui generis thinker with broad global interests and not one who fits neatly into any one philosophical category, Chinese or Western. This is clearly reflected in the chapters included here, which are organized into three parts: Li Zehou and the Modernization of Confucianism, Li Zehou’s Reconception of Confucian Philosophy, and Li Zehou’s Aesthetical Theory and Confucianism. Together they form a coherent narrative that reveals how Li has, for more than half a century, creatively studied, absorbed, and reconceptualized the Confucian ideational tradition to integrate it with Western philosophical elements and develop his own philosophical insights and original theories. At the same time, he has transformed and modernized Confucianism for the purpose of both coalescing with and reconstructing a new world cultural order.