Complexities And Challenges Of Nuclear India

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Complexities and Challenges of Nuclear India

Author : Dr. Roshan Khanijo
Publisher : Vij Books India Pvt Ltd
ISBN 13 : 9382652841
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Complexities and Challenges of Nuclear India by : Dr. Roshan Khanijo

Download or read book Complexities and Challenges of Nuclear India written by Dr. Roshan Khanijo and published by Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. This book was released on 2014-11-01 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four decades have passed since India conducted its first nuclear test. Since then the world has undergone a transition, both in terms of power dynamics and military warfare. The emergence of New Nuclear and Threshold states has transformed the traditional military warfare, making it more asymmetric. Though the concept of nuclear deterrence in the American strategic thought has diminished, but the Asian countries still consider nuclear weapons as an important strategy in combating conventional weaknesses. This altered strategic space has created problems in the civilian and the military domains. The emergence of economically strong China aiming for military modernization, to achieve global reach through precision missiles, is making Asia edgy. A nuclear Pakistan which is constantly increasing its nuclear stockpile is creating stability-instability paradoxes in Asia. India which is also emerging as a powerful state needs to approach this dynamic shift in a holistic manner. A strategic churning has begun in Asia and whether this will be in India's favour depends on the strategic choices that India adopts. China has revolutionized its Second Artillery through a process of “Informationalisation and Modernisation” and is diversifying the military technology which is having a cascading effect in Asia. Pakistan through its nuclear policy of “First Use”, its alleged use of “Tactical Nuclear Weapons” is making South Asia vulnerable to nuclear terrorism. Under such conditions are there any gaps between India's nuclear doctrine and its force structure? Can India's nuclear strategy counter China? Is India capable of countering a Sino-Pak nexus? These are a few questions along with others which this book will try to unravel.

India's Policy on Nuclear Energy Issues and Challenges

Author : Mohd LaTeef Mir
Publisher : Mohd Abdul Hafi
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis India's Policy on Nuclear Energy Issues and Challenges by : Mohd LaTeef Mir

Download or read book India's Policy on Nuclear Energy Issues and Challenges written by Mohd LaTeef Mir and published by Mohd Abdul Hafi. This book was released on 2024-02-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In terms of the wild violence, social mayhem, political and religious contention, India finds itself in the filament of failed or failing states in the neighborhood. The region is described as the most dangerous, unstable and anarchic part of the world sourcing uncontrolled 'terrorism'. This unrestricted terrorism has led to the nuclearisation of the region, claims Bharat Karnad, well known scholar.1 India achieved independence on 15 August 1947 and almost immediately marched to the front lines of the movement for universal nuclear disarmament. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (known as father of Nation in India) while writing in the Harijan2 in September 1948, said, 'I regard the employment of the atom bomb for the wholesale destruction of men, women and children as the most diabolical use of science.'3 India introduced a resolution in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1948 that stressed the need for effective international control of atomic energy4 followed by the proposal submitted to UN in 1949, designed to restrict the spread of nuclear weapons.5 In 1954, India became the first country pressing for putting an end to the nuclear weapons6 by proposing a non-discriminatory non- proliferation treaty (NPT in 1965). Initially, India's behavior tallied to its non- proliferation and disarmament stance. It is widely believed among the Indian scholars that India's interest in nuclear technology was limited to its peaceful uses, such as the production of economical electricity.

India's Nuclear Energy Programme

Author : Arvind Gupta
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788182747814
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (478 download)

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Book Synopsis India's Nuclear Energy Programme by : Arvind Gupta

Download or read book India's Nuclear Energy Programme written by Arvind Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident, the nuclear industry is facing two major challenges: public concern over safely and the relationship between the nuclear industry and public regulators. Given the public concerns over environmental and public health related issues, this book recommends that India's nuclear energy managers address concerns through constructive public engagement.

Nuclear Cooperation with India: New Challenges, New Opportunities

Author : Wade L. Huntley
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1411697510
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear Cooperation with India: New Challenges, New Opportunities by : Wade L. Huntley

Download or read book Nuclear Cooperation with India: New Challenges, New Opportunities written by Wade L. Huntley and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2006-04-24 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On November 22, 2005, the Simons Centre for Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Research convened a one-day conference on "Nuclear Cooperation with India" to seek new insights into these issues. The conference gathered a diverse group of specialists to discuss the political and technical consequences of the recent initiatives. The presentations and discussion considered the merits of the specific terms of the US-India arrangement, Canadian policy responses, the direct impact on the NPT regime, and the potential broader consequences for non-proliferation efforts worldwide. This volume documents the proceedings of the conference. It includes an introduction, texts of each presentation, a summary of the ensuing discussions, and a concluding essay. The volume also includes supplementary background material and a current bibliography.

India and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime

Author : A. Vinod Kumar
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316093018
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis India and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime by : A. Vinod Kumar

Download or read book India and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime written by A. Vinod Kumar and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-28 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a comprehensive study of India's relationship with the non-proliferation regime, and its transformative evolution from a perennial outlier to one seeking greater integration with the regime and its normative structures. The highlight of this study is its incisive conceptual analysis of the regime as a functional system and its structural complexities, which brings forth new insights on the regime's core ideas like non-proliferation and counter-proliferation. The book also provides an extensive non-Western narrative on the concept of counter-proliferation and its conceivable role and influence in the regime. It breaks new ground in explaining India's quest for an anti-proliferation strategy, which could determine its status and future in the emerging global nuclear order. It will be a substantial contribution to the literature on India's approach towards non-proliferation, counter-proliferation and disarmament, and will enhance the understanding of the impact of the regime's normative structures on India's nuclear decisions.

India in Global Nuclear Governance

Author : Reshmi Kazi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000760928
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis India in Global Nuclear Governance by : Reshmi Kazi

Download or read book India in Global Nuclear Governance written by Reshmi Kazi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-09-30 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the prevailing international security situation, the world community, including India believes nuclear security must be conferred high priority for global peace and security. As a responsible member of this community, India finds itself prioritising this aspect more than ever before. The volume is a revisit of the Indian nuclear discourse. It envisages a comprehensive and predictable nuclear governance architecture for the future, and discusses how India might play a proactive role in this effort. Please note: T&F does not sell or distribute the hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

U. S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress

Author : Paul Kerr
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781482075878
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis U. S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress by : Paul Kerr

Download or read book U. S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress written by Paul Kerr and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-01-25 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all of its nuclear material, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India's test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. However, President Bush announced July 18, 2005, he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies," in the context of a broader partnership with India. U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries is governed by the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (P.L. 95-242). However, P.L. 109-401, which President Bush signed into law on December 18, 2006, allows the President to waive several provisions of the AEA. On September 10, 2008, President Bush submitted to Congress, in addition to other required documents, a written determination that P.L. 109-401's requirements for U.S. nuclear cooperation with India to proceed had been met. President Bush signed P.L. 110-369, which approved the agreement, into law October 8, 2008. Then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and India's then-External Affairs Minister Shri Pranab Mukherjee signed the agreement two days later, and it entered into force December 6, 2008. Additionally, the United States and India signed a subsequent arrangement in July 2010 which governs "arrangements and procedures under which" India may reprocess U.S.-origin nuclear fuel in two new national reprocessing facilities, which New Delhi has not yet constructed. The NSG, at the behest of the Bush Administration, agreed in September 2008 to exempt India from some of its export guidelines. That decision has effectively left decisions regarding nuclear commerce with India almost entirely up to individual governments. Since the NSG decision, India has concluded numerous nuclear cooperation agreements with foreign suppliers. However, U.S. companies have not yet started nuclear trade with India and may be reluctant to do so if New Delhi does not resolve concerns regarding its policies on liability for nuclear reactor operators and suppliers. Taking a step to resolve such concerns, India signed the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage, which has not yet entered into force, October 27, 2010. However, many observers have argued that Indian nuclear liability legislation adopted in August 2010 is inconsistent with the Convention. The Obama Administration has continued with the Bush Administration's policy regarding civil nuclear cooperation with India. According to a November 8, 2010, White House fact sheet, the United States "intends to support India's full membership" in the NSG, as well as other multilateral export control regimes.

The Evolution of India's Nuclear Program

Author : David J. Creasman
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781481167680
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (676 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evolution of India's Nuclear Program by : David J. Creasman

Download or read book The Evolution of India's Nuclear Program written by David J. Creasman and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-12-05 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since India began developing its nuclear program it has continually encountered issues with the United States and other nuclearized countries over whether India should be able to establish a nuclear program, and subsequently a nuclear weapons program. Over the past 60 years, the Indio-U.S. relationship has swung from supporting India's nuclear ambitions to employing sanctions over nuclear weapon testing. Since the attacks of September 11, the U.S. has paid closer attention to the South Asian region, balancing their policies between the needed Pakistani support for the Global War on Terror (GWOT) with the desire to maintain India as an economic partner and leverage against Chinese regional influence. This monograph, “The Evolution of India's Nuclear Program: Implications for the United States,” examines the evolution of India's nuclear program as it developed from the 1940s through the 1990s and the current nuclear capabilities that they now possess. In addition, discussing the various U.S. reactions and policies during the time period as they relate to India is important to understand the relationship that currently exists between the two countries. As it approaches its seventh decade, the Indian nuclear program continues to develop improved weapons technologies with the potential to proliferate nuclear material to other countries, how should the U.S. address the various issues that have promulgated over the past 60 years as they relate to the future? In developing this strategy, the U.S. government should examine the past administrations policies towards India since 1947 in order to develop a comprehensive strategy that utilizes all the instruments of national power that will encourage India to become a responsible stakeholder among the nuclearized countries and demonstrate the responsibility that goes along with nuclear technology. In delving into these past policies, the government will be more able to develop an understanding of the Indian psyche as it relates to the way the U.S. has traditionally dealt with its country. As India continues to develop into a regional power, interaction with the U.S. becomes increasingly important, and the U.S. reactions to Indian endeavors in the nuclear field will permeate throughout the discussions between the two countries.

U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress by :

Download or read book U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On July 18, 2005, President Bush announced he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies," in the context of a broader, global partnership with India to promote stability, democracy, prosperity, and peace. India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all nuclear material in peaceful nuclear activities, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India's test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. Nonproliferation experts have argued that the potential costs of nuclear cooperation with India to U.S. and global nonproliferation policy may far exceed the benefits. At a time when the United States has called for all states to strengthen their domestic export control laws and for tighter multilateral controls, U.S. nuclear cooperation with India would require loosening its own nuclear export legislation, as well as creating a NSG exception. This is at odds with nearly three decades of U.S. nonproliferation policy and practice. Some believe the proposed agreement undercuts the basic bargain of the NPT, could undermine hard-won restrictions on nuclear supply, and could prompt some suppliers, like China, to justify supplying other states outside the NPT regime, like Pakistan. Others contend that allowing India access to the international uranium market will free up its domestic uranium sources to make more nuclear weapons. Appendix A contains Frequently Asked Questions about U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation.

U.S. Nuclear Cooperation With India: Issues for Congress

Author : Sharon Squassoni
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis U.S. Nuclear Cooperation With India: Issues for Congress by : Sharon Squassoni

Download or read book U.S. Nuclear Cooperation With India: Issues for Congress written by Sharon Squassoni and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of the 1950s-era Atoms for Peace program, the United States actively promoted nuclear energy cooperation with India from the mid-1950s, building nuclear reactors (Tarapur), providing heavy water for the CIRUS reactor, and allowing Indian scientists to study at U.S. nuclear laboratories. When other nations joined the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968, however, India refused to join the treaty on the basis that it was discriminatory. In 1974, India exploded a peaceful nuclear device, demonstrating that nuclear technology transferred for peaceful purposes could be used to produce nuclear weapons. As a result, the United States has refused nuclear cooperation with India for twenty-five years and has tried to convince other states to do the same.

The Power of Change

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309371422
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis The Power of Change by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Power of Change written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-09-30 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electricity, supplied reliably and affordably, is foundational to the U.S. economy and is utterly indispensable to modern society. However, emissions resulting from many forms of electricity generation create environmental risks that could have significant negative economic, security, and human health consequences. Large-scale installation of cleaner power generation has been generally hampered because greener technologies are more expensive than the technologies that currently produce most of our power. Rather than trade affordability and reliability for low emissions, is there a way to balance all three? The Power of Change: Innovation for Development and Deployment of Increasingly Clean Energy Technologies considers how to speed up innovations that would dramatically improve the performance and lower the cost of currently available technologies while also developing new advanced cleaner energy technologies. According to this report, there is an opportunity for the United States to continue to lead in the pursuit of increasingly clean, more efficient electricity through innovation in advanced technologies. The Power of Change: Innovation for Development and Deployment of Increasingly Clean Energy Technologies makes the case that America's advantagesâ€"world-class universities and national laboratories, a vibrant private sector, and innovative states, cities, and regions that are free to experiment with a variety of public policy approachesâ€"position the United States to create and lead a new clean energy revolution. This study focuses on five paths to accelerate the market adoption of increasing clean energy and efficiency technologies: (1) expanding the portfolio of cleaner energy technology options; (2) leveraging the advantages of energy efficiency; (3) facilitating the development of increasing clean technologies, including renewables, nuclear, and cleaner fossil; (4) improving the existing technologies, systems, and infrastructure; and (5) leveling the playing field for cleaner energy technologies. The Power of Change: Innovation for Development and Deployment of Increasingly Clean Energy Technologies is a call for leadership to transform the United States energy sector in order to both mitigate the risks of greenhouse gas and other pollutants and to spur future economic growth. This study's focus on science, technology, and economic policy makes it a valuable resource to guide support that produces innovation to meet energy challenges now and for the future.

Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development

Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789201070166
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development by : International Atomic Energy Agency

Download or read book Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transforming the energy system is at the core of the dedicated sustainable development goal on energy within the new United Nations development agenda. This publication explores the possible contribution of nuclear energy to addressing the issues of sustainable development through a large selection of indicators. It reviews the characteristics of nuclear power in comparison with alternative sources of electricity supply, according to economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainability. The findings summarized in this publication will help the reader to consider, or reconsider, the contribution that can be made by the development and operation of nuclear power plants in contributing to more sustainable energy systems.

U. S. Nuclear Cooperation with India

Author : Paul K. Kerr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781437929546
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis U. S. Nuclear Cooperation with India by : Paul K. Kerr

Download or read book U. S. Nuclear Cooperation with India written by Paul K. Kerr and published by . This book was released on 2010-11 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a print-on-demand publication. Contents: (1) India¿s Nuclear Coop¿n. with the U.S., and with Other Countries; (2) Global Partnership; (3) Issues for Consideration: Impact on U.S. Non-Proliferation Policies: Iran; Restricting Enrichment and Reprocessing; Impact on the Nonproliferation Regime: U.S. NPT Article I Obligations/Aiding India¿s Nuclear Arsenal; (4) Steps Required by P.L. 109-401: India-IAEA Discussions/Domestic Opposition; India¿s Safeguards Agree.; Declaration of Nuclear Facilities; Atomic Energy Act and Consultations with Congress; Export Licensing; (5) Issues for Congress: The Nuclear Coop¿n. Agree.; Sensitive Nuclear Technol. Transfers; Nuclear Testing; Right of Return; (7) P.L. 110-369 -- Key Provisions.

The Challenges of Nuclear Security

Author : S. Paul Kapur
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9783031568138
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (681 download)

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Book Synopsis The Challenges of Nuclear Security by : S. Paul Kapur

Download or read book The Challenges of Nuclear Security written by S. Paul Kapur and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2024-08-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Open Access volume assembles experts from the United States and India to examine six issues essential to the safety and security of nuclear facilities, technologies, and materials: insider threats, organizational culture, emergency response, physical protection, control of radioactive sources, and cyber security. Each chapter includes papers by an Indian expert and by an American counterpart. This unique structure contrasts the countries’ diverse perspectives on nuclear security, situates technical problems within larger socio-political contexts, and identifies cooperative opportunities for the U.S. and India.

Ploughshares and Swords

Author : Jayita Sarkar
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 150176442X
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Ploughshares and Swords by : Jayita Sarkar

Download or read book Ploughshares and Swords written by Jayita Sarkar and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2022-07-15 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India's nuclear program is often misunderstood as an inward-looking endeavor of secretive technocrats. In Ploughshares and Swords, Jayita Sarkar challenges this received wisdom, narrating a global story of India's nuclear program during its first forty years. The book foregrounds the program's civilian and military features by probing its close relationship with the space program. Through nuclear and space technologies, India's leaders served the technopolitical aims of economic modernity and the geopolitical goals of deterring adversaries. The politically savvy, transnationally connected scientists and engineers who steered the program obtained technologies, materials, and information through a variety of state and nonstate actors from Europe and North America, including both superpowers. They thus maneuvered around Cold War politics and the choke points of the nonproliferation regime. Hyperdiversification increased choices for the leaders of the nuclear program but reduced democratic accountability at home. The nuclear program became a consensus-enforcing device in the name of the nation. Ploughshares and Swords is a provocative new history with global implications. It shows how geopolitical and technopolitical visions influence decisions about the nation after decolonization. Thanks to generous funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the ebook editions of this book are available as Open Access volumes from Cornell Open (cornellpress.cornell.edu/cornell-open) and other repositories.

NUREG/CR.

Author : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis NUREG/CR. by : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Download or read book NUREG/CR. written by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Technological and Economic Future of Nuclear Power

Author : Reinhard Haas
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3658259876
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (582 download)

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Book Synopsis The Technological and Economic Future of Nuclear Power by : Reinhard Haas

Download or read book The Technological and Economic Future of Nuclear Power written by Reinhard Haas and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book discusses the eroding economics of nuclear power for electricity generation as well as technical, legal, and political acceptance issues. The use of nuclear power for electricity generation is still a heavily disputed issue. Aside from technical risks, safety issues, and the unsolved problem of nuclear waste disposal, the economic performance is currently a major barrier. In recent years, the costs have skyrocketed especially in the European countries and North America. At the same time, the costs of alternatives such as photovoltaics and wind power have significantly decreased. Contents History and Current Status of the World Nuclear Industry The Dramatic Decrease of the Economics of Nuclear Power Nuclear Policy in the EU The Legacy of Csernobyl and Fukushima Nuclear Waste and Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants Alternatives: Heading Towards Sustainable Electricity Systems Target Groups Researchers and students in the fields of political, economic and technical sciences Energy (policy) experts, nuclear energy experts and practitioners, economists, engineers, consultants, civil society organizations The Editors Prof. Dr. Reinhard Haas is University Professor of energy economics at the Institute of Energy Systems and Electric Drives at Technische Universität Wien, Austria. PD Dr. Lutz Mez is Associate Professor at the Department for Political and Social Sciences of Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. PD Dr. Amela Ajanovic is a senior researcher and lecturer at the Institute of Energy Systems and Electrical Drives at Technische Universität Wien, Austria.--