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Comparative Study On Energy Research And Development Performance
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Book Synopsis Comparative Study on Energy Research and Development Performance by : Darren P. Unger
Download or read book Comparative Study on Energy Research and Development Performance written by Darren P. Unger and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas turbines have emerged as a strong force in the generation market. Gas and combined cycle power plants dominate current orders from electricity generators. Figure A shows a resurgence of growth in this field during the past decade. This followed the development of gas turbines in the 1940s, their emergence into the peak power market in the 1960s, and the gas turbine slump of the late 1970s and 1980s, during which almost no gas turbines were ordered in the US. This new growth can be explained by the way that R&D advancements interacted with other drivers to gas turbine success. These other drivers were fuel availability, environmental concerns, and changing market conditions stemming from electrical restructuring. R&D was one of the major keys to gas turbine success. Technical improvements such as material advancements and cooling innovations helped to increase gas and combined cycle turbine efficiency and make them more competitive in the power generation market. Figure B displays a rise of efficiency of gas turbine combined cycle systems. Natural gas availability was another force that interacted with technical improvements to advance gas turbines. Figure C demonstrates how natural gas prices were high during the same period as the gas turbine slump. Prices peaked during the early 1980s due to natural gas deregulation, a perceived lack of natural gas reserves, and a general trend of rising fuel prices. When additional reserves were discovered and the deregulatory process ended, natural gas prices returned to a more competitive level and could be relied upon as a generally available commodity, driving the gas turbine market. Other forces interacting with R&D and natural gas availability were environmental concerns and the changing power generation market. Environmental concerns began to show their effect during the 1970s with regulations which drove up the costs of both coal and nuclear power plants. Changing market conditions, hallmarked by electricity restructuring, is changing the way that management decisions are being made about turbine orders. Lower capital costs and higher efficiencies are now driving demand for additional gas and combined cycle turbines. The success of gas turbine power generation can be explained by the interaction of technical R&D with gas availability, environmental concerns, and changing market conditions. As a result, we can see that R&D alone does not ensure success. We have developed a series of criteria for evaluating energy R&D spending: * It is important to have a sufficient basic research and technology base upon which to build. The military aerospace industry provided this for gas turbines. * Until the interaction occurs, R&D can be sustained by niche or alternative markets. For gas turbines this included commercial aviation and the peak power market. * While it is hard to predict the future, there needs to be at least a plausible scenario of the interaction of forces that will make the technology attractive to a larger market. As the 20th century comes to a close, these forces have converged for gas.
Book Synopsis Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase Two) by : National Research Council
Download or read book Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase Two) written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-08-17 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its inception in 1977 from an amalgam of federal authorities, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has administered numerous programs aimed at developing applied energy technologies. In recent years, federal oversight of public expenditures has emphasized the integration of performance and budgeting. Notably, the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) was passed in 1993 in response to questions about the value and effectiveness of federal programs. GPRA and other mandates have led agencies to develop indicators of program performance and program outcomes. The development of indicators has been watched with keen interest by Congress, which has requested of the National Research Council (NRC) a series of reports using quantitative indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of applied energy research and development (R&D). The first such report took a retrospective view of the first 3 years of DOE R&D programs on fossil energy and energy efficiency. The report found that DOE-sponsored research had netted large commercial successes, such as advanced refrigerator compressors, electronic lighting ballasts, and emission control technology for flue gas desulfurization. However, some programs were judged to be costly failures in which large R&D expenditures did not result in a commercial energy technology. A follow-up NRC committee was assigned the task of adapting the methodology to the assessment of the future payoff of continuing programs. Evaluating the outcome of R&D expenditures requires an analysis of program costs and benefits. Doing so is not a trivial matter. First, the analysis of costs and benefits must reflect the full range of public benefits that are envisioned, accounting for environmental and energy security impacts as well as economic effects. Second, the analysis must consider how likely the research is to succeed and how valuable the research will be if successful. Finally, the analysis must consider what might happen if the government did not support the project: Would some non-DOE entity undertake it or an equivalent activity that would produce some or all of the benefits of government involvement? This second report continues to investigate the development and use of R&D outcome indicators and applies the benefits evaluation methodology to six DOE R&D activities. It provides further definition for the development of indicators for environmental and security benefits and refines the evaluation process based on its experience with the six DOE R&D case studies.
Book Synopsis A Comparative Study of Nuclear Technology and Direct Energy Conversion Methods for Space Power Systems by : Joseph P. Reason
Download or read book A Comparative Study of Nuclear Technology and Direct Energy Conversion Methods for Space Power Systems written by Joseph P. Reason and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this thesis are to investigate the theory of direct energy conversion, research the development of space nuclear power systems, evaluate the status of current systems, and draw conclusions about the feasibility and merit of using nuclear power for future space missions. Development of the earliest systems began in 1955 with the Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) Program and Project Rover. A detailed review of system design and performance is provided for the reactors and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG's) of past and current programs. Thermoelectric and thermionic energy conversion techniques have been used predominantly in space nuclear power systems. The theory of these direct energy conversion methods is analyzed. Also, the safety review procedures and regulations governing the launch of nuclear sources into space are characterized. Conclusions compare accomplished levels of system performance to theoretically predicted limits and comment on the usefulness of space nuclear power for space applications.
Book Synopsis ERDA Energy Research Abstracts by : United States. Energy Research and Development Administration
Download or read book ERDA Energy Research Abstracts written by United States. Energy Research and Development Administration and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 906 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Energy Research and Development Administration. Technical Information Center Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :724 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (129 download)
Book Synopsis ERDA Energy Research Abstracts by : United States. Energy Research and Development Administration. Technical Information Center
Download or read book ERDA Energy Research Abstracts written by United States. Energy Research and Development Administration. Technical Information Center and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Inventory of energy research and development--1973-1975 by : Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Download or read book Inventory of energy research and development--1973-1975 written by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A National Plan for Energy Research, Development & Demonstration by : United States. Energy Research and Development Administration
Download or read book A National Plan for Energy Research, Development & Demonstration written by United States. Energy Research and Development Administration and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A national plan for energy research, development, and demonstration by : United States. Energy Research and Development Administration
Download or read book A national plan for energy research, development, and demonstration written by United States. Energy Research and Development Administration and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :CEC, DG for Research Science & Education Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :9400997027 Total Pages :399 pages Book Rating :4.4/5 (9 download)
Book Synopsis Energy Research and Development Programme by : CEC, DG for Research Science & Education
Download or read book Energy Research and Development Programme written by CEC, DG for Research Science & Education and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :360 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (18 download)
Book Synopsis International Cooperation in Energy Research and Development by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration
Download or read book International Cooperation in Energy Research and Development written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Comparative Study of Four Passive Building Energy Simulations by : Ron Judkoff
Download or read book A Comparative Study of Four Passive Building Energy Simulations written by Ron Judkoff and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four building energy analysis codes are compared using two direct gain building models with Madison TMY weather data. Hourly temperature profiles and annual heating and cooling loads are compared and discussed. An analytic verification technique is described and used to investigate performance of the four codes. An anomaly is discovered in one of the codes, and the analytic verification technique is used to test a modified version of this code.
Book Synopsis Comparative Analysis of Energy Demand Structures of Countries at Different Levels of Economic Development by : Lutz Hoffmann
Download or read book Comparative Analysis of Energy Demand Structures of Countries at Different Levels of Economic Development written by Lutz Hoffmann and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes by :
Download or read book Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Solar Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Solar Energy Utilization by : Hafit Yüncü
Download or read book Solar Energy Utilization written by Hafit Yüncü and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until very recently, energy supply of the world has been treated as being nearly inexhaustible. Nowadays about 90 percent of the energy used is obtained from non-renewable resources: oil, natural gas, coal and uranium. These resources are being used up at an alarming rate. To meet our demands we are now searching for new sources of energy. One of these new sources of energy is solar energy which will assume increasing importance. It is free but means must be developed to use it economically. Research is actively under way to reduce the storage cost of this low intensity energy and for the design of economical systems. The purpose of this Institute is to provide an international forum for the dissemination of information on solar energy utilization: fundamentals and applications in industry. This meeting is primarily a high level teaching activity. The subject is treated in considerable depth by lecturers eminent in their field. The other participants include scientists, engineers, and senior graduate students who themselves are involved in a similar research and who wish to learn more about current developments, as well as scientists from other areas who are planning to research on solar energy. The lectures are supplemented by informal discussions designed to encourage the free and critical exchange of ideas. A limited number of contributions are also included. This volume contains both basic and applied information contributed during the Institute. The editors appreciate the cooperation of Martinus Nijhoff Publishezsin making the proceedings widely available.
