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Comparative Institutional And Policy Analysis Of Nonpoint Source Agricultural Nutrient Pollution In The Chesapeake Bay
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Book Synopsis Comparative Institutional and Policy Analysis of Nonpoint Source Agricultural Nutrient Pollution in the Chesapeake Bay by : Jennifer M. Egan
Download or read book Comparative Institutional and Policy Analysis of Nonpoint Source Agricultural Nutrient Pollution in the Chesapeake Bay written by Jennifer M. Egan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reducing excess nitrogen and phosphorous (nutrient) runoff into ground and surface waters is a global concern (Jacobs, 2013). More than two decades of effort in the United States Chesapeake Bay region to reduce nutrient excess has seen slow progress (U.S. EPA, 2010). The externality of nutrient excess has spurred environmental groups to seek rights they view as unallocated in resolution processes. This dissertation presents several ideas regarding nutrient externality. The second chapter argues that the judicial process is poorly positioned to resolve this conflict—relative to other resolution processes—and other processes would be more likely for environmental groups to achieve their goal of improving environmental quality. The third chapter addresses the design and implementation of effective policy for nutrient reduction from nonpoint source agriculture. Nutrient management planning and nutrient trading requirements are comparatively analyzed in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia to determine factors in policy design that affect policy outputs. The results indicate that an existing institutional structure utilizing incentive-based nutrient management planning may be more compatible with nutrient trading policies and in turn may reduce the cost of monitoring. Although monitoring cost increase with nutrient trading, the existing policy design in Virginia may provide capacity to lower monitoring cost. The fourth chapter analyzes payment for environmental services (PES) and nutrient trading with a novel approach. A nutrient index combines PES for nitrogen and phosphorous reduction and a sensitivity analysis, into a single payment to elicit potential costs of supply in the nutrient market. This nutrient index is the first of its kind to distinguish payments made for multiple environmental services and to explore the impact on policy effectiveness with overlapping nutrient reduction policies. PES and nutrient trading policies pay for the same service yet PES, as demonstrated in the results of this study, has potential to increase prices of nutrient credits (establish a price floor) or collapse the nutrient trading market altogether. In addition, the existence of the trading market has potential to reduce the effectiveness of existing PES, which already suffers from ineffective payment for nutrient services.
Book Synopsis Analyzing Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Problems by : Philip Favero
Download or read book Analyzing Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Problems written by Philip Favero and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Agriculture Non-point Source Pollution Control by : Rita Cestti
Download or read book Agriculture Non-point Source Pollution Control written by Rita Cestti and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last few decades the quality of many international water bodies has deteriorated, resulting in economic losses from declines in the fishing industry and in tourism, as well as a loss of biodiversity and health impacts from contaminated water. This deterioration has been caused by many factors including nutrient run-off from agriculture, insufficiently treated sewage, drainage of wetlands, coastal erosion, introduction of exotic species, eutrophication and inadequate resource management. One of the most significant sources of degradation has been form excessive discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds (nutrients), due to the poor management practices used in agricultural, domestic and industrial activities. This publication aims to draw the attention of professionals and practitioners working in agricultural and environmental sectors to the experience and successes of the environmentally friendly good agricultural practices being used in the Chesapeake Bay Region of the United States to reduce nutrient loads in water.
Book Synopsis Chesapeake Bay Area Nutrient Management Programs by :
Download or read book Chesapeake Bay Area Nutrient Management Programs written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Reducing Pollution from Nonpoint Sources by :
Download or read book Reducing Pollution from Nonpoint Sources written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay by : United States Department of Agriculture
Download or read book An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay written by United States Department of Agriculture and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-07-13 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2010, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) was established for the Chesapeake Bay, defining the limits on emissions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment necessary to reverse declines in the Bay's quality and associated biological resources. Agriculture is the largest single source of nutrients and sediment in the watershed. We use data on crop and animal agriculture in the watershed to assess the relative effectiveness of alternative policy approaches for achieving the nutrient and sediment reduction goals of the TMDL, ranging from voluntary financial incentives to regulations. The cost of achieving water quality goals depends heavily on which policy choices are selected and how they are implemented. We found that policies that provide incentives for water quality improvements are the most efficient, assuming necessary information on pollutant delivery is available for each field. Policies that directly encourage adoption of management systems that protect water quality (referred to as design-based) are the most practical, given the limited information that is generally available to farmers and resource agencies. Information on field characteristics can be used to target design-based policies to improve efficiency.
Book Synopsis Chesapeake Bay Nonpoint Source Programs by :
Download or read book Chesapeake Bay Nonpoint Source Programs written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nutrient Pollution from Agricultural Production by : Arlene Walters
Download or read book Nutrient Pollution from Agricultural Production written by Arlene Walters and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrients are elements essential to plant and animal growth. In agricultural production, the focus generally rests on the three primary macronutrients -- nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) -- because of their relative abundance in plants. As crops grow and are harvested, they gradually remove the existing nutrients from the soil and over time will require additional nutrients to maintain or increase crop yield. When nutrients are added in excess of the plants' ability to utilize them, there is an increased risk that the nutrients will enter the surrounding environment (water or air) and create environmental problems. The nutrients of primary environmental concern in agriculture are nitrogen and phosphorus. This book discusses the types and sources of nutrient pollution from agricultural production; possible environmental effects of nutrient pollution; examples of current control measures; the federal response to excess nutrients, including regulatory and incentive-based programs; and future considerations for nutrient management policy at the federal level.
Book Synopsis Achieving Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Goals in the Chesapeake Bay by : National Research Council
Download or read book Achieving Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Goals in the Chesapeake Bay written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-09-26 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chesapeake Bay is North America's largest and most biologically diverse estuary, as well as an important commercial and recreational resource. However, excessive amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from human activities and land development have disrupted the ecosystem, causing harmful algae blooms, degraded habitats, and diminished populations of many species of fish and shellfish. In 1983, the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) was established, based on a cooperative partnership among the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the state of Maryland, and the commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the District of Columbia, to address the extent, complexity, and sources of pollutants entering the Bay. In 2008, the CBP launched a series of initiatives to increase the transparency of the program and heighten its accountability and in 2009 an executive order injected new energy into the restoration. In addition, as part of the effect to improve the pace of progress and increase accountability in the Bay restoration, a two-year milestone strategy was introduced aimed at reducing overall pollution in the Bay by focusing on incremental, short-term commitments from each of the Bay jurisdictions. The National Research Council (NRC) established the Committee on the Evaluation of Chesapeake Bay Program Implementation for Nutrient Reduction in Improve Water Quality in 2009 in response to a request from the EPA. The committee was charged to assess the framework used by the states and the CBP for tracking nutrient and sediment control practices that are implemented in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and to evaluate the two-year milestone strategy. The committee was also to assess existing adaptive management strategies and to recommend improvements that could help CBP to meet its nutrient and sediment reduction goals. The committee did not attempt to identify every possible strategy that could be implemented but instead focused on approaches that are not being implemented to their full potential or that may have substantial, unrealized potential in the Bay watershed. Because many of these strategies have policy or societal implications that could not be fully evaluated by the committee, the strategies are not prioritized but are offered to encourage further consideration and exploration among the CBP partners and stakeholders.
Book Synopsis An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay by : United States Department of Agriculture
Download or read book An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay written by United States Department of Agriculture and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-09 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2010, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) was established for the Chesapeake Bay, defining the limits on emissions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment necessary to reverse declines in the Bay's quality and associated biological resources. Agriculture is the largest single source of nutrients and sediment in the watershed. We use data on crop and animal agriculture in the watershed to assess the relative effectiveness of alternative policy approaches for achieving the nutrient and sediment reduction goals of the TMDL, ranging from voluntary financial incentives to regulations. The cost of achieving water quality goals depends heavily on which policy choices are selected and how they are implemented. We found that policies that provide incentives for water quality improvements are the most efficient, assuming necessary information on pollutant delivery is available for each field. Policies that directly encourage adoption of management systems that protect water quality (referred to as design-based) are the most practical, given the limited information that is generally available to farmers and resource agencies. Information on field characteristics can be used to target design-based policies to improve efficiency
Book Synopsis An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay by : Marc Ribaudo
Download or read book An Economic Assessment of Policy Options to Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay written by Marc Ribaudo and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nonpoint Source News-notes written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Agricultural Nutrient Non-point Source Water Pollution Control in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed by : Katherine Deily Will
Download or read book Agricultural Nutrient Non-point Source Water Pollution Control in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed written by Katherine Deily Will and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regional Approaches to Water Resource Management by : Charles Bauer
Download or read book Regional Approaches to Water Resource Management written by Charles Bauer and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Comparative Evaluation of State Policies and Programs for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed by : Seung Ah Byun
Download or read book Comparative Evaluation of State Policies and Programs for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed written by Seung Ah Byun and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Trading Up to Save the Chesapeake Bay? by : Kathleen Greenhaw
Download or read book Trading Up to Save the Chesapeake Bay? written by Kathleen Greenhaw and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The health of the Chesapeake Bay has been a national concern for over twenty-five years, but no single policy approach has successfully restored the impaired water quality of the Bay. Nutrient trading is a market-based approach that is intended to achieve reductions in nutrient pollution and improve water quality using the most cost-effective means. Trading is an appealing option for the Chesapeake Bay because a major group of nutrient pollution contributors, agricultural non-point sources, may institute relatively inexpensive conservation practices to achieve nutrient reductions and produce tradable credits. While it is true that previous attempts to facilitate trading have been more successful in theory than in practice, trading offers several popular features that make it a more acceptable option to address nutrient pollutions than other policy alternatives. As such, trading can be a valuable tool when used in conjunction with other reduction mechanisms. Particularly in a political climate where alternative regulatory approaches are likely to be seriously encumbered, nutrient trading can advance nutrient reduction efforts and complement, or even temporarily supplement, other policy options. Despite the limitations of trading, it may be the most feasible approach in the near term considering that new, comprehensive command and control regulations of non-point sources and other mechanisms like nutrient taxes are not likely to be politically feasible for some time. To improve the chances of success for nutrient trading in the Bay, existing state trading programs must be harmonized, and trading participation must improve. Engaging interested participants, particularly agricultural non-point sources of nutrient pollution, and developing better program infrastructure now will help ensure program integration and increase the likelihood of a successful Bay-wide trading scheme in the future"--Page iii.
Book Synopsis Political Forces and Policymaking to Protect the Chesapeake Bay from Industrial Farm Animal Pollution by : Jillian Parry Fry
Download or read book Political Forces and Policymaking to Protect the Chesapeake Bay from Industrial Farm Animal Pollution written by Jillian Parry Fry and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Watersheds around the world are plagued by pollution caused by human activity, and agriculture is a main pollution source. Industrial farm animal production (IFAP) compounds the problem of agriculture pollution because it involves clustering large populations of animals in small areas. IFAP often involves a nutrient imbalance due to the geographic decoupling of animals and grains grown for feed, resulting in water pollution when manure is spread on cropland too small to absorb the available nutrients. This food production method is associated with numerous public health problems caused by air and water pollution. The Chesapeake Bay watershed, in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, has received extraordinary attention and funding for decades aimed at reducing pollution and restoring the bay. Despite this, significant improvement in water quality and sea life has not occurred. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has put forth a new regulatory effort to hold states accountable while allowing them to decide how to reduce pollution in their jurisdictions. A qualitative case study was conducted to examine the policy system surrounding animal agriculture regulations in the watershed. Data collection methods included document and media review, participant observation, and stakeholder interviews. The study found that public health is largely left out of newspaper coverage of the restoration effort and stakeholders' work to influence policy. The advocacy coalition framework was applied to the policy subsystem in Maryland. Economic and political characteristics of the agriculture industry coalition in the state were identified that prevent significant policy change, even in a setting with a vast body of scientific evidence supporting the need for more stringent agriculture regulations. Maryland's approach to agriculture pollution, including current regulations and the plan put forth for meeting the EPA's pollution limits, relies on policies fraught with limitations. These include significant loopholes, lax enforcement, a weak set of requirements that do not adequately address pollution, no effort to address the underlying nutrient imbalance, funding sustainability issues, and potential to increase pollution. These limitations are, in part, due to the absence of public health considerations in the policy subsystem and the agriculture industry's immense political power. Many other regions in the U.S. and around the world are impacted by the ecologic and public health effects caused by IFAP and do not have a large body of scientific evidence to inform the policy making process. The unique situation in the Chesapeake Bay watershed illustrates the limitations of scientific evidence when the focus of stakeholders is mostly on ecologic impacts and the polluting industry has significant political power. Research aimed at studying the nature and extent of public health issues in Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay watershed caused by IFAP could alter the policy debate by shifting the focus away from ecologic concerns to human health impacts. Educating the public, stakeholders, and policy makers on the specific health problems suffered by local communities due to air and water pollution from 1FAP could result in policy change that takes more into account than just water pollution from nutrient runoff, but political obstacles to such policy change are significant.
