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Cognitive Biases And Structural Failures In United States Foreign Policy
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Book Synopsis Cognitive Biases and Structural Failures in United States Foreign Policy by :
Download or read book Cognitive Biases and Structural Failures in United States Foreign Policy written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After planning from September 2001 to May 2003, the George W. Bush administration failed to implement a coherent national plan at the transition to Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction (SSTR) operations in Iraq. This thesis applies four decision-making perspectives-the rational actor, organizational process, bureaucratic politics, and individual level approaches-to the Phase IV planning process to analyze how senior decision makers within the national security system selected foreign policy options. Despite an experienced national security team, officials were unable to coordinate and integrate various agency planning efforts, failed to decide on specific policy objectives, and limited the consideration of multiple courses of action.
Book Synopsis National Security Through a Cockeyed Lens by : Steve A. Yetiv
Download or read book National Security Through a Cockeyed Lens written by Steve A. Yetiv and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2013-12 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What are key mental errors that can undermine good decision making? Drawing on four decades of psychological, historical, and political science research on cognitive biases, this book illuminates key pitfalls in how we and our leaders make decisions. It shows in five case studies of American foreign and energy policy that such errors--a dozen different cognitive biases--have been more important in shaping and impacting U.S. national interests than we currently understand. In so doing, it also sheds light on U.S. foreign policy toward and interests in the Middle East. That story prominently features non-psychological explanations, but cognitive biases exercised by American and foreign actors also represent a slice of the story that is worth revealing. As examples, the book shows how the distorted cognitive lens of Al-Qaeda leaders contributed to the September 11 attacks and the ongoing conflict with America and the West; how overconfidence impacted America's decision to invade Iraq in 2003; and how short term thinking--a prominent cognitive bias--hurts America's ability to develop a comprehensive energy policy, making the Middle East more important to the United States and enhancing its proclivity to be involved in the region. The book is aimed chiefly at students and the lay public, though academics may benefit from it"--
Download or read book Chase the Rabbit written by F. A. Grieger and published by WestBow Press. This book was released on 2015-04-08 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Americans are being lied to We are lied to by our government, misled by the entertainment media, indoctrinated by our educational institutions, defrauded by our banking institutions, and subjugated by our employers. Nevertheless, we willingly grant these institutions power over nearly every aspect of our lives, and we even admire and assist those who are exploiting us. What is the purpose of the lies? To con each and every one of us out of our property rights, and to coerce us into consenting to our own fleecingwhile venerating and revering the thieves. This is true no matter if one is truly poor, or one is a member of the upper-middle class. It doesnt matter if you are black, white, Latino, Asian, straight, gay, lesbian, Democrat, Republican, employee, manager, small-business owner, or greyhound dog. No matter how you earn your living, all those in the middle class have one thing in common. Like the greyhounds in a dog race, we have all been duped into pursuing an illusion, a goal that has been held in front of us as The American Dream, a goal that has been deliberately rendered unattainable. This is because the act itself of chasing the rabbit is what enriches those few who benefit from our daily economic activity. Making the rabbit uncatchable ensures that we can never stop running after it. If youre a parent who cares about your childrens future, if youre elderly and burdened with constant worry about surviving on a fixed income from social security, if youre a small business owner drowning in the quicksand of onerous taxes and crippling regulation, if youre a college student or recent graduate crippled with student loan debtstruggling or even unable to find a decent paying job, or if youre simply fed up with government lies and propaganda touting false hope and change for greater economic prosperity, financial security, and opportunityall of which remain perpetually out of reach within these pages, you will learn what you can do about it.
Book Synopsis Learning In U.s. And Soviet Foreign Policy by : George Breslauer
Download or read book Learning In U.s. And Soviet Foreign Policy written by George Breslauer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-07 with total page 807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are policymakers capable of learning about the complex international environment they must deal with when formulating foreign policy? Interest in the phenomenon of "learning" has been growing, driven in part by the advent of Gorbachev, and by prospects for ending the Cold War. In this book, leading scholars explore the theoretical and practical imp
Download or read book Foreign Policy written by Steve Smith and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This major new textbook introduces students to the dynamic and evolving field of foreign policy. The book opens with a consideration of different theoretical and historical perspectives; it then focuses on a range of actors and the goals they seek to advance; and it ends with a series of case studies involving issues and crises relating to a wide range of different countries Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases is timely given the growing significance of foreign policyin the post-9/11 world. It will be essential reading for all students new to foreign policy.The book is accompanied by an Online Resource Centre.Student resources:TimelineWeb linksFlashcard glossaryInstructor resources:Three case studiesPowerPoint slides
Book Synopsis When Leaders Learn and When They Don't by : Akan Malici
Download or read book When Leaders Learn and When They Don't written by Akan Malici and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 2009-01-08 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Develops a new and dynamic theory of foreign policy decision making and experiential learning.
Book Synopsis Zero-Sum Victory by : Christopher D. Kolenda
Download or read book Zero-Sum Victory written by Christopher D. Kolenda and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2021-10-26 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why have the major post-9/11 US military interventions turned into quagmires? Despite huge power imbalances in the United States' favor, significant capacity-building efforts, and repeated tactical victories by what many observers call the world's best military, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq turned intractable. The US government's fixation on zero-sum, decisive victory in these conflicts is a key reason why military operations to overthrow two developing-world regimes failed to successfully achieve favorable and durable outcomes. In Zero-Sum Victory, retired US Army colonel Christopher D. Kolenda identifies three interrelated problems that have emerged from the government's insistence on zero-sum victory. First, the US government has no organized way to measure successful outcomes other than a decisive military victory, and thus, selects strategies that overestimate the possibility of such an outcome. Second, the United States is slow to recognize and modify or abandon losing strategies; in both cases, US officials believe their strategies are working, even as the situation deteriorates. Third, once the United States decides to withdraw, bargaining asymmetries and disconnects in strategy undermine the prospects for a successful transition or negotiated outcome. Relying on historic examples and personal experience, Kolenda draws thought-provoking and actionable conclusions about the utility of American military power in the contemporary world—insights that serve as a starting point for future scholarship as well as for important national security reforms.
Author :Klaus (Professor of International Relations Brummer, Catholic University of Eichstatt-Ingolstadt) Publisher :Oxford University Press ISBN 13 :0192857452 Total Pages :365 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (928 download)
Book Synopsis Foreign Policy Analysis by : Klaus (Professor of International Relations Brummer, Catholic University of Eichstatt-Ingolstadt)
Download or read book Foreign Policy Analysis written by Klaus (Professor of International Relations Brummer, Catholic University of Eichstatt-Ingolstadt) and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-02 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advances in Patient Safety by : Kerm Henriksen
Download or read book Advances in Patient Safety written by Kerm Henriksen and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: v. 1. Research findings -- v. 2. Concepts and methodology -- v. 3. Implementation issues -- v. 4. Programs, tools and products.
Book Synopsis Squandered Opportunity by : Thomas Juneau
Download or read book Squandered Opportunity written by Thomas Juneau and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2015-05-19 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Islamic Republic of Iran faced a favorable strategic environment following the US invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. Its leadership attempted to exploit this window of opportunity by assertively seeking to expand Iran's interests throughout the Middle East. It fell far short, however, of fulfilling its long-standing ambition of becoming the dominant power in the Persian Gulf and a leading regional power in the broader Middle East. In Squandered Opportunity, Thomas Juneau develops a variant of neoclassical realism, a theory of foreign policy mistakes, to explore the causes and consequences of Iran's sub-optimal performance. He argues that while rising power drove Iranian assertiveness—as most variants of realism would predict—the peculiar nature of Iran's power and the intervention of specific domestic factors caused Iran's foreign policy to deviate, sometimes significantly, from what would be considered the potential optimal outcomes. Juneau explains that this sub-optimal foreign policy led to important and negative consequences for the country. Despite some gains, Iran failed to maximize its power, its security and its influence in three crucial areas: the Arab-Israeli conflict; Iraq; and the nuclear program. Juneau also predicts that, as the window of opportunity steadily closes for Iran, its power, security, and influence will likely continue to decline in coming years.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309452961 Total Pages :583 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Communities in Action by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Book Synopsis The New Authoritarianism by : Alan Waring
Download or read book The New Authoritarianism written by Alan Waring and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-11-21 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume book considers from a risk perspective the current phenomenon of the new Alt-Right authoritarianism and whether it represents ‘real’ democracy or an unacceptable hegemony potentially resulting in elected dictatorships and abuses as well as dysfunctional government. Contributing authors represent an eclectic range of disciplines, including cognitive, organizational and political psychology, sociology, history, political science, international relations, linguistics and discourse analysis, and risk analysis. The Alt-Right threats and risk exposures, whether to democracy, human rights, law and order, social welfare, racial harmony, the economy, national security, the environment, and international relations, are identified and analysed across a number of selected countries. While Vol. 1 focusses on the US, Vol. 2 (ISBN 978-3-8382-1263-0) illuminates the phenomenon in the UK, Austria, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Italy, Hungary, and Russia. Potential strategies to limit the Alt-Right threat are proposed.
Book Synopsis The Politics of Evidence by : Justin Parkhurst
Download or read book The Politics of Evidence written by Justin Parkhurst and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. There has been an enormous increase in interest in the use of evidence for public policymaking, but the vast majority of work on the subject has failed to engage with the political nature of decision making and how this influences the ways in which evidence will be used (or misused) within political areas. This book provides new insights into the nature of political bias with regards to evidence and critically considers what an ‘improved’ use of evidence would look like from a policymaking perspective. Part I describes the great potential for evidence to help achieve social goals, as well as the challenges raised by the political nature of policymaking. It explores the concern of evidence advocates that political interests drive the misuse or manipulation of evidence, as well as counter-concerns of critical policy scholars about how appeals to ‘evidence-based policy’ can depoliticise political debates. Both concerns reflect forms of bias – the first representing technical bias, whereby evidence use violates principles of scientific best practice, and the second representing issue bias in how appeals to evidence can shift political debates to particular questions or marginalise policy-relevant social concerns. Part II then draws on the fields of policy studies and cognitive psychology to understand the origins and mechanisms of both forms of bias in relation to political interests and values. It illustrates how such biases are not only common, but can be much more predictable once we recognise their origins and manifestations in policy arenas. Finally, Part III discusses ways to move forward for those seeking to improve the use of evidence in public policymaking. It explores what constitutes ‘good evidence for policy’, as well as the ‘good use of evidence’ within policy processes, and considers how to build evidence-advisory institutions that embed key principles of both scientific good practice and democratic representation. Taken as a whole, the approach promoted is termed the ‘good governance of evidence’ – a concept that represents the use of rigorous, systematic and technically valid pieces of evidence within decision-making processes that are representative of, and accountable to, populations served.
Book Synopsis Crisis Bargaining and the State by : Susan Peterson
Download or read book Crisis Bargaining and the State written by Susan Peterson and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the effect of domestic politics on the interstate bargaining in international crises
Book Synopsis Conflict, Security, Foreign Policy, and International Political Economy by : Michael Brecher
Download or read book Conflict, Security, Foreign Policy, and International Political Economy written by Michael Brecher and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2009-12-11 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No study of international relations is complete without consideration of foreign policy processes and an understanding of state security, conflict in global politics, and the relationship between the world economy and international behavior. Conflict, Security, Foreign Policy, and International Political Economy: Past Paths and Future Directions in International Studies consists of twelve original essays that point out the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches in these research areas as well as suggest agendas for future research. Frank P. Harvey is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University. Michael Brecher is the R.B. Angus Professor of Political Science at McGill University and past president of the International Studies Association. Millennial Reflections on International Studies This volume is part of the Millennial Reflections on International Studies project in which forty-five prominent scholars engage in self-critical, state-of-the-art reflection on international studies to stimulate debates about successes and failures and to address the larger questions of progress in the discipline. Other paperbacks from this project: Realism and Institutionalism in International Studies Evaluating Methodology Critical Perspectives in International Studies The full collection of essays is available in the handbook Millennial Reflections on International Studies.
Book Synopsis The Syrian Information and Propaganda War by : Ben Cole
Download or read book The Syrian Information and Propaganda War written by Ben Cole and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-22 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the propaganda war between the Syrian government and the opposition movement, which excludes the Islamic State and the Kurdish-led SDF. Drawing on international relations, psychology, and media studies, the book encourages readers to question the dominant discourse on the war. The core of the book outlines the propaganda battles over the main paradigms and narratives that framed the war, exploring the shortcomings of those paradigms and narratives, identifying who won the propaganda war and why, and assessing what impact it had on the military side of the war. In particular, it focuses on the role of cognitive bias amongst primary and secondary sources in determining the outcome of the propaganda war, and whether the influence of this propaganda is best explained by effects or limited effects theory. Through explaining the dynamics of the propaganda war, the book encourages readers to critically question the dominant discourse on the war, assists them in understanding primary and secondary reporting on the war, and shows that the impact of the propaganda war is best understood in terms of limited effects theory. The book's main findings are that: i) the opposition won the international propaganda war but failed to win the propaganda war inside Syria; ii) propaganda had relatively little effect on shaping attitudes either inside Syria or internationally (instead, its main effect was to reinforce attitudes that had already been shaped by other factors); and iii) the reality of the war lies between the conflicting paradigms and narratives being promoted by each side.
Book Synopsis Bringing Bourdieu's Theory of Fields to Critical Policy Analysis by : Vincent Dubois
Download or read book Bringing Bourdieu's Theory of Fields to Critical Policy Analysis written by Vincent Dubois and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2024-01-18 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laying down the foundations of a critical sociological approach to the interdisciplinary domain of public policy, this insightful book presents the first systematic reflection on the use of Bourdieu’s theory of social fields to analyse policy processes. Engaging with theoretical dimensions, it provides innovative methodological tools, both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Bringing together an array of eminent contributors and case studies from across the globe, it presents theoretical and methodological insights, as well as empirical information on national cases and policy sectors.
