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Cirrus Particle Distribution Study
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Book Synopsis Cirrus Particle Distribution Study by : Donald J. Varley
Download or read book Cirrus Particle Distribution Study written by Donald J. Varley and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the fourth in a series of reports presenting particle distribution data acquired in cirrus clouds over the western U.S. The data herein were obtained 21 March 1978 by an instrumented MC-130E near Albuquerque, N.M. The area was under the influence of a slight upper level ridge, and the cirrus appeared related to jet stream winds. No significant surface weather was present at the time. Results include the following: (1) The largest particles measured were near 2500 micrometers, but there were only one or fewer of these per m3; (2) occasional particles as large as 1300 micrometers were recorded in what visually was cloud-free air; (3) few of the particles could be recognized in any known classification system but those most frequently recognized were bullet rosettes; (4) the PMS 2-D data revealed particle-type changes occurring in 5 sec or less of flight time; (5) a halo around the sun was periodically seen when mixed-type crystals containing bullet rosettes were recorded; (6) varying numbers of small particles (the difference between 1 to 28 micrometers) were recorded almost continually, even in clear air, while the aircraft was between 23,000 ft (7.0 km) and 27,300 ft (8.3 km) MSL; (7) computed ice water content values generally decreased with height and increased with temperature in the cirriform clouds sampled; (8) particle size spectra were seldom exponential for particles smaller than approximately 250 micrometers; and (9) bimodal peaks were frequent in the population distribution near 100 and 250 micrometers. (Author).
Book Synopsis Cirrus Particle Distribution Study by : Donald J. Varley
Download or read book Cirrus Particle Distribution Study written by Donald J. Varley and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cirrus Particle Distribution Study by : Donald J. Varley
Download or read book Cirrus Particle Distribution Study written by Donald J. Varley and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cirrus particle distribution data are presented for a flight that was made by the AFGL instrumented MC-130E aircraft near Denver, Colorado on 29 October 1977. The data were gathered in support of an Air Force Weapons Laboratory project. The report briefly describes some previous cirrus research and also outlines the basic cloud physics instrumentation aboard the aircraft, particularly the PMS 1-D and 2-D spectrometer equipment. Data averages are given for consecutive 30-sec periods during a 27-min flight through varying thicknesses of cirrus clouds. Besides tabular data, graphs are presented that show the temporal variations of liquid water content and particle concentration as a function of size. The 2-D data indicated most of the cirrus particles were not recognizable according to any standard classification system, although many were bullet rosettes. (Author).
Book Synopsis Cirrus Particle Distribution Study by : Donald J. Varley
Download or read book Cirrus Particle Distribution Study written by Donald J. Varley and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the fourth in a series of reports presenting particle distribution data acquired in cirrus clouds over the western U.S. The data herein were obtained 21 March 1978 by an instrumented MC-130E near Albuquerque, N.M. The area was under the influence of a slight upper level ridge, and the cirrus appeared related to jet stream winds. No significant surface weather was present at the time. Results include the following: (1) The largest particles measured were near 2500 micrometers, but there were only one or fewer of these per m3; (2) occasional particles as large as 1300 micrometers were recorded in what visually was cloud-free air; (3) few of the particles could be recognized in any known classification system but those most frequently recognized were bullet rosettes; (4) the PMS 2-D data revealed particle-type changes occurring in 5 sec or less of flight time; (5) a halo around the sun was periodically seen when mixed-type crystals containing bullet rosettes were recorded; (6) varying numbers of small particles (the difference between 1 to 28 micrometers) were recorded almost continually, even in clear air, while the aircraft was between 23,000 ft (7.0 km) and 27,300 ft (8.3 km) MSL; (7) computed ice water content values generally decreased with height and increased with temperature in the cirriform clouds sampled; (8) particle size spectra were seldom exponential for particles smaller than approximately 250 micrometers; and (9) bimodal peaks were frequent in the population distribution near 100 and 250 micrometers. (Author).
Book Synopsis Cirrus Particle Distribution Study by : Ian D. Cohen
Download or read book Cirrus Particle Distribution Study written by Ian D. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 19 March 1978 an MC-130E aircraft obtained ice particle data in cirrus clouds near Albuquerque, N.M. Some data were also obtained from a high altostratus layer below the cirrus. Printouts of particle size and average number distribution for consecutive 30-sec periods during the flight are presented. Additionally, graphical displays of average particle spectra and 2-D particle examples are given for five 3- to 5-min periods when cloud conditions were relatively homogeneous. (Author)
Book Synopsis A Survey of Melting Layer Research by : Robert C. Schaller
Download or read book A Survey of Melting Layer Research written by Robert C. Schaller and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes previous melting-layer research both within and outside AFGL and provides recommendations for future research in the melting layer. An extensive literature search provided a bibliography of previous research. This bibliography is included as an appendix. Several definitions of the top and bottom of the melting layer are presented and discussed. Aggregation and breakup appear to be the chief microphysical processes that determine the particle-size spectrum of snow and ice that enter the melting layer. Studies of the actual melting process and of the melting layer as seen by radar are presented. Microphysical and thermodynamic characteristics are discussed. Dynamic considerations are mentioned. Previously gathered aircraft data are reviewed, and recommendations are made for future aircraft and radar data-gathering efforts. (Author).
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Light Scattering by Ice Crystals by : Kuo-Nan Liou
Download or read book Light Scattering by Ice Crystals written by Kuo-Nan Liou and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-06 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume outlines the fundamentals and applications of light scattering, absorption and polarization processes involving ice crystals.
Book Synopsis Investigations of Large Scale Storm Systems by : Arnold A. Barnes
Download or read book Investigations of Large Scale Storm Systems written by Arnold A. Barnes and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The microphysics of Large Scale Cloud Systems (LSCS) was investigated by in-situ measurements made from two specially instrumented aircraft, a United States Air Force MC-130E and a Learjet 36 Information was obtained on the distribution of liquid and ice water content, particle size distributions, crystal habits, and other meteorological variables. The morphologies of three storms were investigated in detail as the storms crossed the United States.
Book Synopsis Air Force Surveys in Geophysics by :
Download or read book Air Force Surveys in Geophysics written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NASA Technical Paper written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Technical Abstract Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Snow and Ice Particle Sizes and Mass Concentrations at Altitudes Up to 9 Km (30,000 Feet) by : Richard K. Jeck
Download or read book Snow and Ice Particle Sizes and Mass Concentrations at Altitudes Up to 9 Km (30,000 Feet) written by Richard K. Jeck and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About 7600 nautical miles (nm) (14,000 km) of select ice particle measurements over the United States have been compiled into a single, computerized database for use in characterizing ice crystal and snowflake (generally termed ice particle) size distributions and mass concentrations at flight altitudes. Data are from 50 research flights by six agencies in eight flight research projects using Particle Measuring Systems' one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) particle sizing probes. Primary recorded variables are average particle size distributions in the range 0.1 to 10 mm from each of 1625 microphysically uniform cloud intervals or other convenient distances in wintertime clouds, snowstorms, cirrus, and other high-altitude clouds. The findings are that, generally, the largest particles and the greatest concentrations of total ice particle mass (TIPM) are confined to altitudes below 20,000 ft (6 km). There, particles of 10 mm in maximum dimension and TIPM's up to about 3 g/m(exp 3) may be found. Above 20,000 ft, particles are smaller than 2 mm and TIPM's are less than 0.2 g/m(exp 3) in the cirrus and the upper reaches of deep winter storm clouds that are found at these levels. Exceptions are thunderstorm anvil clouds where 10 mm particles and TIPM's of at least 1 g/m(exp 3) can be found up to at least 30,000 ft (9 km). Anvil clouds and stratiform clouds associated with warm season mesoscale convective systems have provided some of the largest TIPM's, the greatest particle concentrations, and the largest particle sizes at high and mid altitudes, respectively. In contrast to supercooled cloud droplets where the largest liquid water (mass) concentrations are confined to short distances of 3 nm or less in convective clouds, the largest average TIPM's in glaciated clouds have been found in layer clouds over distances up to 30 nm.
Book Synopsis Microphysical Properties of a Large Scale Cloud System, 1-3 March 1978 by : Donald J. Varley
Download or read book Microphysical Properties of a Large Scale Cloud System, 1-3 March 1978 written by Donald J. Varley and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes the microphysical properties observed by a specially-instrumented C-130 while flying in portions of a large cloud system on 3 successive days in March 1978. Each of the flights was made slightly east of an upper level trough as it moved across the U.S. Horizontal sampling passes of 50 to 100 nm (93 to 186 km) in length were made at various levels from approximately 2 to 9 km above ground in portions of the cloud system that were relatively homogeneous horizontally and vertically. Particle spectra data from PMS 1-D spectrometers were averaged for consecutive 20-sec periods. On each of the 3 days the particles having the smallest mean size were observed at the highest levels flown and had median diameters near 100 micrometers. The calculated equivalent liquid water content from 7 to 9 km was near 0.0 1 g cu m. The total particle count was between 8,000 and 18,000 cu m over Arkansas and coastal Delaware, but was near 25,000 cu m over the mountains of New Mexico. Values of mass and particle size increased with particle distance fallen, by indicating growth by collective means. The largest equivalent liquid water content values were near 1 g cu m and were recorded in the large snow just above the freezing level. The form factor, a mathematical parameter, was found useful in studying particle spectra. Certain maxima and minima observed in several plotted spectra, especially those from 7-km altitude data, are suggested as being due to an aggregation mechanism. (Author).
Book Synopsis The Conversion of Aircraft Ice Crystal Measurements Into Terms of Liquid Water Using Simulated Data by : Robert O. Berthel
Download or read book The Conversion of Aircraft Ice Crystal Measurements Into Terms of Liquid Water Using Simulated Data written by Robert O. Berthel and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This investigation presents simulated environments of ice crystals to computer analysis as a means of imitating particle measurements made by electro-optical devices such as the Particle Measuring System's 1-D instrument. A mathematical model is developed so that single crystals of known geometric form can be processed by considering each crystal's spatial relationship to the assumed measuring instrument. Crystal orientation is defined using a random number technique. The results of the assumed measurements are converted into mass of equivalent liquid water by different methods and are compared with the known mass of the simulated environment. Relationships are derived for the conversion of several forms of single ice crystals into terms of equivalent melted diameters of liquid water and a comparison is made between the mass calculated from the derived equations with the conversion equations relating measured length to equivalent melted diameter currently in use.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environments by : U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory
Download or read book Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environments written by U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 1066 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monthly Weather Review written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
