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Circulating Nucleic Acids In Early Diagnosis Prognosis And Treatment Monitoring
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Book Synopsis Circulating Nucleic Acids in Early Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment Monitoring by : Peter B. Gahan
Download or read book Circulating Nucleic Acids in Early Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment Monitoring written by Peter B. Gahan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-18 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA and RNA fractions can be isolated from a variety of body fluids including whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid from both patients and healthy individuals. Such isolates can be exploited in the early detection of clinical disorders, stratification of patients for treatment, treatment monitoring and clinical follow-up. In addition, the use in fetal medicine allows the early detection of fetal sex, Rh factor and aneuploid disorders as well as following both fetal and premature born infant development. This volume is intended as a primer for those who are interested in entering the field of circulating nucleic acids. The areas covered in this volume include: · Background and general biology of circulating nucleic acids · Methodology · Applications of circulating nucleic acids · Quality Assurance · Ethics
Book Synopsis Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum IV by : R. Swaminathan
Download or read book Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum IV written by R. Swaminathan and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2006-10-09 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accurate, inexpensive, and noninvasive method for the early diagnosis of cancer has been something of a holy grail among cancer researchers, but until recently a method meeting all three criteria has been elusive. Nucleic acids were first discovered in circulation in 1948, but it was not until the 1960s and 70s that patients with autoimmune disease and cancer were discovered to have higher levels of circulating DNA than were detected in in healthy persons. The focus in this volume is on three major applications of the circulating nucleic acids detection method: cancer, fetal medicine, and diseases such as diabetes, stroke, and myocardial infarction. In addition, there are reports on the biology and origins of circulating DNA and RNA and on improved methods for the detection of nucleic acids in plasma and serum. The circulating DNA found in cancer patients has many characteristics in common with their tumors, which made it an attractive candidate for use in the diagnosis and management of patients with malignancies. This method can also be applied to the assessment of the sublinical tumor burden in cancer patients, thus reducing the risk of unnecessary chemotherapy. Detection of nucleic acids circulating in maternal serum means that fetal diagnosis may be possible without resorting to the more dangerous and invasive methods now used (e.g., amniotic fluid and chorionic villus sampling). Detection of problems in the pregnancy such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation may also become possible through maternal blood samples. In diabetic patients, circulating nucleic acids can be used for the early detection of developments such as retinopathy. The benefits of using circulating nucleic acids in the diagnosis and management of cancer and chronic disease will be realized through earlier detection by means of this less expensive and less invasive testing technique and through its potential for closer monitoring of the disease. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member
Book Synopsis Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum by : Peter B. Gahan
Download or read book Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum written by Peter B. Gahan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-08 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA and RNA fractions have been isolated from the whole blood, serum, plasma, the surface of blood cells, urine, saliva and spinal fluid from both healthy individuals and clinical patients. Recent developments are presented concerning the isolation, quantification and analysis of these molecules and their use in the identification of specific nucleic acid fragments related to a variety of clinical disorders thereby permitting their early diagnosis and prognosis.
Book Synopsis Circulating Molecular Biomarkers: Next-Generation Tools for Monitoring Minimal Residual Disease in Cancer Patients by : Zohreh Amoozgar
Download or read book Circulating Molecular Biomarkers: Next-Generation Tools for Monitoring Minimal Residual Disease in Cancer Patients written by Zohreh Amoozgar and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-08-16 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional cancer diagnosis relies on tissue biopsy, blood testing as well as medical imaging. By the detection moment, in most cases the tumor size may reach several millimeters and the risk of distant metastasis is unavoidable. Even, following drug treatment, there is no accurate and timely way to follow up the success of treatment. New reliable tumor-specific biomarkers/tools that allow non-invasive early cancer detection as well as monitoring of anti-cancer therapeutic regime is highly demanded. To tackle limitations of traditional cancer management, liquid biopsy has emerged which screen bodily fluids using ultrasensitive biosensing systems capable of simultaneous capturing and studying horizontal gene transfer (HGT) materials including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, cell-free DNA, and apoptotic bodies. These are messengers and/or delivery systems by which tumor cells are communicating as well as transforming/sharing new phenotypes with each other resulting in drug resistance, distant metastatic outbreaks, and cancer recurrence. Acting as next-generation prognostic and therapeutic tools call for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which HGT works to tran
Book Synopsis Circulating Nucleic Acids in Serum and Plasma – CNAPS IX by : Peter B. Gahan
Download or read book Circulating Nucleic Acids in Serum and Plasma – CNAPS IX written by Peter B. Gahan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-17 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book will present the progress made since the last meeting in fall 2013 concerning the analysis of circulating extra-cellular nucleic acids. There are a modest number of laboratories involved in this field, nevertheless the number of papers published by researchers is extensive. The articles which will be published in this meeting report will be a valuable contribution for researchers and research students alike and will help them to stay on top of the developments in different research areas and to „cross borders“ between them.
Book Synopsis Nucleic Acids as Molecular Diagnostics by : Andreas Keller
Download or read book Nucleic Acids as Molecular Diagnostics written by Andreas Keller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-09-10 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By integrating technology, supporting infrastructure and efficient application, the all-in-one guide presents molecular diagnostics as an essential component of modern, personalized clinical practice. It considers all important aspects, from the hardware and software needed, to recent improvements in blood- and non-blood-based biomarker tests. Chapters on ethical challenges and a look at current trends and the latest innovations are also included. Bridging the gap between industry and academia, this is a highly useful resource for practitioners as well as for developers of modern, DNA- and RNA-based molecular diagnostics.
Book Synopsis Circulating Tumor Cells by : Richard J. Cote
Download or read book Circulating Tumor Cells written by Richard J. Cote and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-01 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well recognized that blood could be the optimal site for evaluating cancer, allowing easy and repeated access for determining prognosis, establishing molecular targets, evaluating the efficacy of therapy, detecting the earliest signs of recurrence, and even detecting cancer at its earliest and most curable stages. The analysis of cancer through blood samples is now known as the liquid biopsy and has been a rich source of research and clinical application. There has been an explosion of interest and progress in liquid biopsy technologies since the first edition of this book. The second edition will expand its focus to now include not only circulating tumor cells (CTC), but also other emerging aspects of the liquid biopsy, including circulating tumor DNA and methylated DNA (ctDNA, ct meDNA), ctRNA, ct miRNA, circulating tumor proteins (and other) biomarkers and circulating tumor derived exosomes (ctExosomes). CTC play a central role in tumor dissemination and metastasis, and have been established as an important evaluative and research tool in advanced cancer, and potentially important in early stage disease. CTC defines tumor cells circulating in blood, while Disseminated Tumor Cells (DTC) refers to tumor cells identified in bone marrow. CTC/DTC are extremely rare events, even in late stage cancer, and their detection has presented enormous technical challenges, with the emergence of multiple technologies developed to address these challenges, including enrichment, identification and sophisticated analytical techniques to evaluate CTC and other cells in circulation that may also be important in the biology of metastasis. As foundational as CTC/DTC has been, the field of liquid biopsy has expanded well beyond these analytes. The relevance of circulating nucleic acids derived from tumor cells has quickly progressed from research to the clinic. There are now well established clinical applications for using ctDNA/RNA to determine therapeutic targets, follow disease progression and detect cancer recurrence long before routine clinical methods. One of the most exciting new areas of work is the possibility of using these circulating tumor derived nucleic acids to detect cancer at its earliest and potentially most curable stages. Another new and burgeoning area is the detection and analysis of ctExosomes. These highly abundant particles which are actively secreted from tumor (and indeed all) cells represent a novel way to detect and define multiple analytes of importance, including proteins, DNA and meDNA, RNA, miRNA, and other cell components that are protected and preserved in these compact structures. This second edition of Circulating Tumor Cells: Advances in Liquid Biopsy Technologies is entirely new and brings together leaders and innovators in the field of liquid biopsy, including basic and molecular biologists, chemists, engineers, statisticians, experts in tumor banking, test developers, research administrators and clinicians. A special feature of this book is that it includes chapters from the members of the US National Cancer Institute Liquid Biopsy Consortium. This edition also includes many of the participants of the latest international meeting on the Advances in Circulating Tumor Cells (ACTC) which is held in Greece every two years and gathers the most important liquid biopsy investigators from around the world. Thus, this edition represents the most comprehensive and up-to-date resource for those who want to further explore the exciting field of CTC and other liquid biopsy technologies. The new edition will be useful to a wide audience including scientists studying metastasis, cancer researchers, translational scientists, oncologic surgeons, medical oncologists, members of the biopharmaceutical industry, and graduate and undergraduate students studying cancer biology.
Book Synopsis Epigenetic Biomarkers and Diagnostics by : Jose Luis Garcia-Gimenez
Download or read book Epigenetic Biomarkers and Diagnostics written by Jose Luis Garcia-Gimenez and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetic Biomarkers and Diagnostics comprises 31 chapters contributed by leading active researchers in basic and clinical epigenetics. The book begins with the basis of epigenetic mechanisms and descriptions of epigenetic biomarkers that can be used in clinical diagnostics and prognostics. It goes on to discuss classical methods and next generation sequencing-based technologies to discover and analyze epigenetic biomarkers. The book concludes with an account of DNA methylation, post-translational modifications and noncoding RNAs as the most promising biomarkers for cancer (i.e. breast, lung, colon, etc.), metabolic disorders (i.e. diabetes and obesity), autoimmune diseases, infertility, allergy, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. The book describes the challenging aspects of research in epigenetics, and current findings regarding new epigenetic elements and modifiers, providing guidance for researchers interested in the most advanced technologies and tested biomarkers to be used in the clinical diagnosis or prognosis of disease. - Focuses on recent progress in several areas of epigenetics, general concepts regarding epigenetics, and the future prospects of this discipline in clinical diagnostics and prognostics - Describes the importance of the quality of samples and clinical associated data, and also the ethical issues for epigenetic diagnostics - Discusses the advances in epigenomics technologies, including next-generation sequencing based tools and applications - Expounds on the utility of epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of several diseases, highlighting the study of these biomarkers in cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, infertility, and infectious diseases - Includes a special section that discusses the relevance of biobanks in the maintenance of high quality biosamples and clinical-associated data, and the relevance of the ethical aspects in epigenetic studies
Book Synopsis Investigating the Use of Circulating Tumor DNA for Cancer Surveillance and Early Detection in (pediatric) Sarcomas and Li-Fraumeni Syndrome by : Sangeetha Paramathas
Download or read book Investigating the Use of Circulating Tumor DNA for Cancer Surveillance and Early Detection in (pediatric) Sarcomas and Li-Fraumeni Syndrome written by Sangeetha Paramathas and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a biomarker that has been shown to be valuable in a variety of contexts in clinical oncology such as determining prognosis, monitoring treatment and predicting recurrence. Early detection using ctDNA may be invaluable for patients with a genetic risk to develop cancers. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a cancer predisposition syndrome caused by inherited mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, TP53. LFS is characterized by early onset of a wide spectrum of tumors and an 83-fold lifetime risk of multiple cancers. The 'Toronto Protocol' is a multi-modality clinical surveillance protocol that was developed to facilitate early cancer detection in this population. The protocol utilizes a combination of MRI scans, ultrasounds, biochemical tests, and physical examinations. Though it has been shown to be effective in reducing tumor related mortality and treatment related morbidity, reduced sensitivity and specificity make clinical surveillance challenging to implement. To address these challenges, we are using a combination of xenograft and spontaneous tumor forming animal models to study the dynamics of ctDNA in relation to tumor burden and to resolve the feasibility of capturing the development of tumors at their earliest stages. Our work using a rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft model demonstrated that there is a strong relationship between tumor burden and ctDNA concentration in the blood. Furthermore, we detected ctDNA during the development of small, early lesions using simulated metastasis models. In a follow-up study, we used a Trp53R172H/+ pre-clinical model of LFS to assess the use of ctDNA as a surveillance tool for early detection of spontaneously developing tumors. We were able to identify ctDNA in blood samples collected before and at the onset of tumor formation as confirmed by radiological imaging and subsequently used ctDNA to monitor cancer progression. Our studies provide the first evidence demonstrating the capacity of circulating tumor DNA for early cancer detection in pediatric sarcomas, specifically arising from a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome. Given the spontaneous nature of tumor formation in LFS, the benefits of early cancer detection and subsequent diagnosis are unparalleled in this patient population by accelerating introduction of early treatment intervention and improving disease prognosis. This work illustrates the capacity for ctDNA detection to complement and enhance cancer surveillance protocols in LFS patients. Furthermore, the outcomes of this study will support the validation and implementation of ctDNA analysis for cancer surveillance in the clinic.
Book Synopsis Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum V by : Peter Gahan
Download or read book Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum V written by Peter Gahan and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2008-10-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA and RNA fractions have been isolated from whole blood, serum, plasma, the surface of blood cells, and urine from both healthy persons and patients. Specific fragments have been identified as being related to particular disorders, for example, diabetes, cancer, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The ability to isolate these fractions and assess their relationship to specific diseases makes early noninvasive diagnosis possible. This volume reports on the most recent progress in this field, including chapters on developing protocols for nucleic acid extraction, determining the origin of the circulating nucleic acids, the capacity of these nucleic acids to enter cells and exhibit biological activity, isolating and testing fetal cells from maternal blood, and discussing the clinical implications of these discoveries and developing the techniques that will bring them into clinical application. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member
Book Synopsis Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma Or Serum II by : Y. M. Dennis Lo
Download or read book Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma Or Serum II written by Y. M. Dennis Lo and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The biology and diagnostic applications of circulating nucleic acids have gained research momentum in the last few years before the publication of this study. In particular, tumour-derived DNA in the plasma or serum of cancer patients has shown promise for the diagnosis and monitoring of many types of cancer, and the discovery of foetal DNA in maternal plasma or serum opens up new possibilities for non-invasive prenatal genetic analysis. This volume reviews and summarizes research regarding the origin, release, clearance and possible functionality of circulating nucleic acids, and points toward future developments in the field.
Book Synopsis Precision Medicine in Oncology by : Bulent Aydogan
Download or read book Precision Medicine in Oncology written by Bulent Aydogan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-02 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A FRESH EXAMINATION OF PRECISION MEDICINE'S INCREASINGLY PROMINENT ROLE IN THE FIELD OF ONCOLOGY Precision medicine takes into account each patient's specific characteristics and requirements to arrive at treatment plans that are optimized towards the best possible outcome. As the field of oncology continues to advance, this tailored approach is becoming more and more prevalent, channelling data on genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and other areas into new and innovative methods of practice. Precision Medicine in Oncology draws together the essential research driving the field forward, providing oncology clinicians and trainees alike with an illuminating overview of the technology and thinking behind the breakthroughs currently being made. Topics covered include: Biologically-guided radiation therapy Informatics for precision medicine Molecular imaging Biomarkers for treatment assessment Big data Nanoplatforms Casting a spotlight on this emerging knowledge base and its impact upon the management of tumors, Precision Medicine in Oncology opens up new possibilities and ways of working – not only for oncologists, but also for molecular biologists, radiologists, medical geneticists, and others.
Book Synopsis Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma/serum III and Serum Proteomics by : Dave S. B. Hoon
Download or read book Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma/serum III and Serum Proteomics written by Dave S. B. Hoon and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous questions remain regarding the origin, release, clearance, clinical utility, and possible functionality of circulating nucleic acids. Serum proteomics is introduced as a new topic to CNAPS and is expected to provide yet another platform for breakthrough discoveries. Serum proteomics topics will address both cancer and early pregnancy.
Book Synopsis Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma Or Serum by : Philippe Anker
Download or read book Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma Or Serum written by Philippe Anker and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Free DNA present in both healthy and diseased human plasma has been found to express specific point mutations that may serve as diagnostic signposts - perhaps to reliable, non-invasive tests for breast and lung cancer, haematopoetic malignancies, colorectal or pancreatic carcinoma, and other tumours. In another research area, foetal DNA has been detected in maternal serum which presents an early-horizon alternative in utero test for gender. A parallel discovery of rearranged immunoglobin heavy-chain DNA in the plasma of patients wit Hodgkin's disease or acute B cell leukaemia has also emerged. These fast-emerging indicators suggest that it is time to standardize research techniques and develop protocols that can take a measure of circulating DNA's usefulness as a diagnostic tool. This volume, taken from the proceedings of a conference in August 1999, discusses such issues.
Book Synopsis Researches on New Generation Tumor Markers by : Yildiz Dincer, Ph.d.
Download or read book Researches on New Generation Tumor Markers written by Yildiz Dincer, Ph.d. and published by . This book was released on 2019-02-22 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many cancers are associated with the abnormal production of some molecules which can be measured in plasma/urine or can be detected on the surface of resected tumor tissue. These molecules are known as tumor markers. The potential uses of tumor markers are screening in the general population, differential diagnoses of symptomatic patients, clinical staging of cancer, estimating tumor volume, indicating prognosis, monitoring treatment and detecting recurrences. In order to obtain maximum clinical benefit, a tumor marker should have some characteristics. A tumor marker should be tissue-specific. The plasma level of the tumor marker should be in proportion to the size and activity of the tumor. A tumor marker should be present in plasma at a detectable level, even though tumor size is very small. A tumor marker should reflect the altered tumor characteristic as a response to therapy. Unfortunately, currently used tumor markers do not meet all of these criteria. A majority of them are present in normal, benign and tumor tissues, and unfortunately, they are not specific enough to be used for cancer screening in the general population. In addition, conventional tumor markers are poor in reflecting altered tumor behavior in response to anticancer therapy. They are of most value during follow-up appointments. Recent developments in molecular biology have led to the identification of numerous new tumor biomarkers. Firstly, the detection of DNA and RNA freely circulating in blood has provided a new perspective for the early diagnosis of cancer, patient follow-up, and assessment of therapy efficacy. Circulating free nucleic acids can originate from both malignant and non-malignant tissues. Discrimination of tumor cells is based on the presence of tumor-specific genetic and epigenetic alterations. This circulating nucleic acid-based approach is termed a liquid biopsy. Due to its non-invasive and repeatable features, liquid biopsy is a promising tool for cancer patients. It is particularly helpful in cancers where solid tissue biopsies are not feasible, and in the metastatic patients when multiple distinct tumor masses are simultaneously present. As another advantage, liquid biopsy shows the current tumor dynamics during anticancer therapy and drug sensitivities that conventional examinations fail to reflect. Secondly, self-renewable stem cells have the potential to cause cancer. If stem cells are genetically or epienetically changed, their differentiation potential becomes impaired and their proliferative capacity becomes uncontrolled. Current anticancer therapies mostly fail to eradicate cancer stem cells and instead favor expansion of the cancer stem cell pool and/or select for resistant stem cells. Thirdly, microRNAs, non-coding RNAs and transfer RNA fragments found in the bloodstream are candidate markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of different types of cancer. This book provides an overview of these new molecular tumor markers.
Book Synopsis Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum V by : Peter Gahan
Download or read book Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum V written by Peter Gahan and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2008-10-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA and RNA fractions have been isolated from whole blood, serum, plasma, the surface of blood cells, and urine from both healthy persons and patients. Specific fragments have been identified as being related to particular disorders, for example, diabetes, cancer, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The ability to isolate these fractions and assess their relationship to specific diseases makes early noninvasive diagnosis possible. This volume reports on the most recent progress in this field, including chapters on developing protocols for nucleic acid extraction, determining the origin of the circulating nucleic acids, the capacity of these nucleic acids to enter cells and exhibit biological activity, isolating and testing fetal cells from maternal blood, and discussing the clinical implications of these discoveries and developing the techniques that will bring them into clinical application. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member
Book Synopsis Minimal Residual Disease and Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer by : Michail Ignatiadis
Download or read book Minimal Residual Disease and Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer written by Michail Ignatiadis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important book provides up-to-date information on a series of topical issues relating to the approach to minimal residual disease in breast cancer patients. It first explains how the study of minimal residual disease and circulating and disseminated tumor cells (CTCs/DTCs) can assist in the understanding of breast cancer metastasis. A series of chapters then discuss the various technologies available for the detection and characterization of CTCs and DTCs, pinpointing their merits and limitations. Detailed consideration is given to the relevance of CTCs and DTCs, and their detection, to clinical research and practice. The role of other blood-based biomarkers is also addressed, and the closing chapters debate the challenges facing drug and biomarker co-development and the use of CTCs for companion diagnostic development. This book will be of interest and assistance to all who are engaged in the modern management of breast cancer.
