Christian Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History Volume 7 Central And Eastern Europe Asia Africa And South America 1500 1600

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Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 7 Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600)

Author : David Thomas
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004298487
Total Pages : 975 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 7 Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600) by : David Thomas

Download or read book Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 7 Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500-1600) written by David Thomas and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2015-08-17 with total page 975 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, volume 7 (CMR 7), covering Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America in the period 1500-1600, is a continuing volume in a general history of relations between the two faiths from the seventh century to the early 20th century. It comprises introductory essays and the main body of detailed entries which treat all the works, surviving or lost, that have been recorded. These entries provide biographical details of the authors, descriptions and assessments of the works themselves, and complete accounts of manuscripts, editions, translations and studies. The result of collaboration between numerous leading scholars, CMR 7, along with the other volumes in this series, is intended as a basic tool for research in Christian-Muslim relations. Section editors: Clinton Bennett, Luis F. Bernabe Pons, Lejla Demiri, Martha Frederiks, John-Paul Ghobrial, David Grafton, Alan Guenther, Abdulkadir Hashim, Şevket Küçükhüseyin, Emma Loghin, Gordon Nickel, Claire Norton, Peter Riddell, Umar Ryad, Davide Tacchini, Moussa Serge Hyacinthe Traore, Carsten Walbiner

Themelios, Volume 41, Issue 2

Author : D. A. Carson
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1532607660
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (326 download)

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Book Synopsis Themelios, Volume 41, Issue 2 by : D. A. Carson

Download or read book Themelios, Volume 41, Issue 2 written by D. A. Carson and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Themelios is an international, evangelical, peer-reviewed theological journal that expounds and defends the historic Christian faith. Themelios is published three times a year online at The Gospel Coalition (http://thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/) and in print by Wipf and Stock. Its primary audience is theological students and pastors, though scholars read it as well. Themelios began in 1975 and was operated by RTSF/UCCF in the UK, and it became a digital journal operated by The Gospel Coalition in 2008. The editorial team draws participants from across the globe as editors, essayists, and reviewers. General Editor: D. A. Carson, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School Managing Editor: Brian Tabb, Bethlehem College and Seminary Consulting Editor: Michael J. Ovey, Oak Hill Theological College Administrator: Andrew David Naselli, Bethlehem College and Seminary Book Review Editors: Jerry Hwang, Singapore Bible College; Alan Thompson, Sydney Missionary & Bible College; Nathan A. Finn, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary; Hans Madueme, Covenant College; Dane Ortlund, Crossway; Jason Sexton, Golden Gate Baptist Seminary Editorial Board: Gerald Bray, Beeson Divinity School Lee Gatiss, Wales Evangelical School of Theology Paul Helseth, University of Northwestern, St. Paul Paul House, Beeson Divinity School Ken Magnuson, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Jonathan Pennington, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary James Robson, Wycliffe Hall Mark D. Thompson, Moore Theological College Paul Williamson, Moore Theological College Stephen Witmer, Pepperell Christian Fellowship Robert Yarbrough, Covenant Seminary

Silent Teachers

Author : Nil Ö. Palabıyık
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000854264
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Silent Teachers by : Nil Ö. Palabıyık

Download or read book Silent Teachers written by Nil Ö. Palabıyık and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-03-17 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Silent Teachers considers for the first time the influence of Ottoman scholarly practices and reference tools on oriental learning in early modern Europe. Telling the story of oriental studies through the annotations, study notes, and correspondence of European scholars, it demonstrates the central but often overlooked role that Turkish-language manuscripts played in the achievements of early orientalists. Dispersing the myths and misunderstandings found in previous scholarship, this book offers a fresh history of Turkish studies in Europe and new insights into how Renaissance intellectuals studied Arabic and Persian through contemporaneous Turkish sources. This story hardly has any dull moments: the reader will encounter many larger-than-life figures, including an armchair expert who turned his alleged captivity under the Ottomans into bestselling books; a drunken dragoman who preferred enjoying the fruits of the vine to his duties at the Sublime Porte; and a curmudgeonly German physician whose pugnacious pamphlets led to the erasure of his name from history. Taking its title from the celebrated humanist Joseph Scaliger’s comment that books from the Muslim world are ‘silent teachers’ and need to be explained orally to be understood, this study gives voice to the many and varied Turkish-language books that circulated in early modern Europe and proposes a paradigm-shift in our understanding of early modern erudite culture.

England's Asian Renaissance

Author : Su Fang Ng
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 1644532425
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (445 download)

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Book Synopsis England's Asian Renaissance by : Su Fang Ng

Download or read book England's Asian Renaissance written by Su Fang Ng and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2021-12-17 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: England's Asian Renaissance explores how Asian knowledges, narratives, and customs inflected early modern English literature. Just as Asian imports changed England's tastes and enriched the English language, Eastern themes, characters, and motifs helped shape the country's culture and contributed to its national identity. Questioning long-standing dichotomies between East and West and embracing a capacious understanding of translatio as geographic movement, linquistic transformation, and cultural grafting, the collection gives pride of place to convergence, approximation, and hybridity, thus underscoring the radical mobility of early modern culture. In so doing, England's Asian Renaissance also moves away from entrenched narratives of Western cultural sovereignty to think anew England's debts to Asia. Published by the University of Delaware Press. Distributed worldwide by Rutgers University Press.

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

Author : Mitri Raheb
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538124181
Total Pages : 711 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East by : Mitri Raheb

Download or read book The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East written by Mitri Raheb and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work represents the current and most relevant content on the studies of how Christianity has fared in the ancient home of its founder and birth. Much has been written about Christianity and how it has survived since its migration out of its homeland but this comprehensive reference work reassesses the geographic and demographic impact of the dramatic changes in this perennially combustible world region. The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East also spans the historical, socio-political and contemporary settings of the region and importantly describes the interactions that Christianity has had with other major/minor religions in the region.

India after the 1857 Revolt

Author : M. Christhu Doss
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000785114
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis India after the 1857 Revolt by : M. Christhu Doss

Download or read book India after the 1857 Revolt written by M. Christhu Doss and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-23 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weaving together the varied and complex strands of anti-colonial nationalism into one compact narrative, Christhu Doss takes an incisive look at the deeper and wider historical process of decolonization in India. In India after the 1857 Revolt, Doss brings together some of the most cutting-edge thoughts by challenging the cultural project of colonialism and critically examining the multi-dimensional aspects of decolonization during and after the 1857 revolt. He demonstrates that the deep-rooted popular discontent among the Indian masses followed by the revolt generated a distinctive form of decolonization movement—redemptive nationalism that challenged both the supremacy of the British Raj and the cultural imperatives of the controversial proselytizing missionary agencies. Doss argues that the quests for decolonization (of mind) that got triggered by the revolt were further intensified by the Indocentric national education; the historic Chicago discourse of Swami Vivekananda; the nonviolent anti-colonial struggles of Mahatma Gandhi; the seditious political activism displayed by the Western Gandhian missionary satyagrahis; and the de-Westernization endeavours of the sandwiched Indian Christian nationalists. A compelling read for historians, political scientists and sociologists, it is refreshingly an indispensable guide to all those who are interested in anticolonial struggles and decolonization movements worldwide.

The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits

Author : Ines G. Zupanov
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190924985
Total Pages : 1153 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits by : Ines G. Zupanov

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits written by Ines G. Zupanov and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-15 with total page 1153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through its missionary, pedagogical, and scientific accomplishments, the Society of Jesus-known as the Jesuits-became one of the first institutions with a truly "global" reach, in practice and intention. The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits offers a critical assessment of the Order, helping to chart new directions for research at a time when there is renewed interest in Jesuit studies. In particular, the Handbook examines their resilient dynamism and innovative spirit, grounded in Catholic theology and Christian spirituality, but also profoundly rooted in society and cultural institutions. It also explores Jesuit contributions to education, the arts, politics, and theology, among others. The volume is organized in seven major sections, totaling forty articles, on the Order's foundation and administration, the theological underpinnings of its activities, the Jesuit involvement with secular culture, missiology, the Order's contributions to the arts and sciences, the suppression the Order endured in the 18th century, and finally, the restoration. The volume also looks at the way the Jesuit Order is changing, including becoming more non-European and ethnically diverse, with its members increasingly interested in engaging society in addition to traditional pastoral duties.

Jesuits in Africa

Author : Festo Mkenda SJ
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004512853
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Jesuits in Africa by : Festo Mkenda SJ

Download or read book Jesuits in Africa written by Festo Mkenda SJ and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-05-02 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jesuits have been in Africa since the founding of their order, yet their history there remains poorly researched. Although scholars have begun to focus on specific regions such as Congo, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe, a comprehensive picture of the entire Jesuit experience on the continent has hitherto been lacking. In a condensed yet accessible way, Jesuits in Africa fills that lacuna. Narrating the story century by century from the time of St. Ignatius of Loyola (c.1491–1556), founder of the Jesuits, to that of Pedro Arrupe (1907–91, in office 1965–83), twenty-eighth superior general of the Society, this book makes Jesuit history in Africa available to a general readership while offering scholars a broad view in which specialized topics can be conceived and deepened.

Latin Literatures of Medieval and Early Modern Times in Europe and Beyond

Author : Francesco Stella
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027247293
Total Pages : 726 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis Latin Literatures of Medieval and Early Modern Times in Europe and Beyond by : Francesco Stella

Download or read book Latin Literatures of Medieval and Early Modern Times in Europe and Beyond written by Francesco Stella and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2024-07-15 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The textual heritage of Medieval Latin is one of the greatest reservoirs of human culture. Repertories list more than 16,000 authors from about 20 modern countries. Until now, there has been no introduction to this world in its full geographical extension. Forty contributors fill this gap by adopting a new perspective, making available to specialists (but also to the interested public) new materials and insights. The project presents an overview of Medieval (and post-medieval) Latin Literatures as a global phenomenon including both Europe and extra-European regions. It serves as an introduction to medieval Latin's complex and multi-layered culture, whose attraction has been underestimated until now. Traditional overviews mostly flatten specificities, yet in many countries medieval Latin literature is still studied with reference to the local history. Thus the first section presents 20 regional surveys, including chapters on authors and works of Latin Literature in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas. Subsequent chapters highlight shared patterns of circulation, adaptation, and exchange, and underline the appeal of medieval intermediality, as evidenced in manuscripts, maps, scientific treatises and iconotexts, and its performativity in narrations, theatre, sermons and music. The last section deals with literary “interfaces,” that is motifs or characters that exemplify the double-sided or the long-term transformations of medieval Latin mythologemes in vernacular culture, both early modern and modern, such as the legends about King Arthur, Faust, and Hamlet.

Street Naming and the Politics of Greek-Cypriot Identity

Author : Stella Theocharous
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031544153
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Street Naming and the Politics of Greek-Cypriot Identity by : Stella Theocharous

Download or read book Street Naming and the Politics of Greek-Cypriot Identity written by Stella Theocharous and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Bichara

Author : Isaac Donoso
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811908214
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Bichara by : Isaac Donoso

Download or read book Bichara written by Isaac Donoso and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-03-02 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the written heritage of Muslims in the Philippines, the historical constitution of chancelleries within the Islamic sultanates, and the production of official letters to conduct local and international diplomacy. The standard narrative on Muslims in the Philippines is one that centres political and armed struggles within the region. However, two important aspects remain unattended: the cultural and intellectual production of the sultanates, and the Moro involvement in Southeast Asian Islamic civilization. This book connects the development and personality of the Philippine sultanates into the regional context of local communities that adopted an international faith. Political alliances and religious missions altered different ethnolinguistic groups and furnished them with the Word, the Qur’anic message, and the Arabic script. Indeed, customary orality and Adab shaped a way of being and acting modelled after what was called the Bichara. Particularly, the book studies the Moro Letter as cultural craft with political meaning, and Jawi heritage in the Philippines. A general catalogue of Jawi manuscripts from the National Archives of the Philippines is provided as appendix.

Manuscript Albums and Their Cultural Contexts

Author : Janine Droese
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111321460
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Manuscript Albums and Their Cultural Contexts by : Janine Droese

Download or read book Manuscript Albums and Their Cultural Contexts written by Janine Droese and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-12-04 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Manuscript albums are oftentimes contradictory objects: ephemeral yet monumental, coherent yet inviting change. Collecting items made by others, owners form their albums as representations of their selves, their worlds, and their traditions. The volume's contributors - who come from musicology, European history, English literary studies, and Islamic art history - explore a set of these challenging manuscripts while addressing questions of manuscript studies through their respective disciplinary lenses. The albums under investigation range from Early Modern Stammbücher, or alba amicorum, to albums assembled jointly by nineteenth-century cultural elites, and from muraqqaʿs of the Persianate world to English and North American friendship albums, including some kept by women. This book is the first contribution to the comparative study of manuscript albums, focusing on their materiality and analysing the practices of all those involved in making and using them. Moreover, the collection introduces this hard-to-grasp type of written artefact to the field of cross-disciplinary manuscript studies and suggests albums as a touchstone for manuscriptological theories and terminologies.

The Qur’an in Rome

Author : Federico Stella
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111096920
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis The Qur’an in Rome by : Federico Stella

Download or read book The Qur’an in Rome written by Federico Stella and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-03-04 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite its relevance to the subsequent development of Western Islamic studies, the intellectual contribution of early modern Catholicism is still an under-researched area. The aim of this volume is to fill this gap, offering a series of essays dealing with the study of the Qur’an and Arabic language in early modern Catholic Europe. Focusing on the circulation of manuscripts, translations and printed books, the essays highlight how Catholic Orientalism contributed to the birth and spread of Western Islamic studies, although sometimes it was still directed towards religious polemics. Among the protagonists of this period of Islamic studies, the volume will focus on Catholic priests, missionaries, religious orders (Jesuits, Franciscans, Carmelites) Eastern Christians, converts, and other prominent figures in the Catholic culture of the time. Special attention will be given to the work of Ludovico Marracci, author of a fundamental edition of the Arabic text and Latin translation of the Qur’an with an introduction, notes, refutations and religious and linguistic insights. The volume is of interest to an audience of specialists and non-specialists interested both in Islamic and Qur'anic studies and in the history of modern Catholicism, missions, and Orientalism

The Dragoman Renaissance

Author : E. Natalie Rothman
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501758489
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dragoman Renaissance by : E. Natalie Rothman

Download or read book The Dragoman Renaissance written by E. Natalie Rothman and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Dragoman Renaissance, E. Natalie Rothman traces how Istanbul-based diplomatic translator-interpreters, known as the dragomans, systematically engaged Ottoman elites in the study of the Ottoman Empire—eventually coalescing in the discipline of Orientalism—throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Rothman challenges Eurocentric assumptions still pervasive in Renaissance studies by showing the centrality of Ottoman imperial culture to the articulation of European knowledge about the Ottomans. To do so, she draws on a dazzling array of new material from a variety of archives. By studying the sustained interactions between dragomans and Ottoman courtiers in this period, Rothman disrupts common ideas about a singular moment of "cultural encounter," as well as about a "docile" and "static" Orient, simply acted upon by extraneous imperial powers. The Dragoman Renaissance creatively uncovers how dragomans mediated Ottoman ethno-linguistic, political, and religious categories to European diplomats and scholars. Further, it shows how dragomans did not simply circulate fixed knowledge. Rather, their engagement of Ottoman imperial modes of inquiry and social reproduction shaped the discipline of Orientalism for centuries to come. Thanks to generous funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, through The Sustainable History Monograph Pilot, the ebook editions of this book are available as Open Access volumes from Cornell Open (cornellpress.cornell.edu/cornell-open) and other repositories.

The Holy Crown and the Hungarian Estates

Author : Kees Teszelszky
Publisher : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
ISBN 13 : 3647573442
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis The Holy Crown and the Hungarian Estates by : Kees Teszelszky

Download or read book The Holy Crown and the Hungarian Estates written by Kees Teszelszky and published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. This book was released on 2023-04-17 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about one of the most important elements of the political narratives in the history of Hungary in past and present: the Holy Crown of Hungary. This object is one of the most widely used symbols of modern Hungarian nationalism in our times and has been in use for ages in political culture. Surprisingly less is known how the meaning of the crown has changed over the centuries and how this influenced the development of national identity in the early modern period. Starting point is that the "medieval doctrine of the holy crown" is a modern invention. Teszelszky's research concentrates on the relation between the change in the meaning of this crown and the construction of an early modern national identity between 1572 and 1665. Using a constructivist method of research the author shows how the Habsburg ruler and the Hungarian estates legitimised their political program through an image of the crown and the Hungarian political community. In a short period between the end of 1604 and 1613 during a rebellion in Hungary, a war with the Ottomans and a strive between Emperor Rudolf II and his brother Archduke Matthias, the medieval tradition of the holy crown was revived and redeveloped by Hungarian and foreign historiographers into an ideology which is still present today.

Dictionary of Italian-Turkish Language (1641) by Giovanni Molino

Author : Elżbieta Święcicka
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110685035
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Dictionary of Italian-Turkish Language (1641) by Giovanni Molino by : Elżbieta Święcicka

Download or read book Dictionary of Italian-Turkish Language (1641) by Giovanni Molino written by Elżbieta Święcicka and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-01-20 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Giovanni Molino’s Dittionario Della Lingua Italiana, Turchesca (1641), is the first extensive Turkish dictionary of its kind, with nearly 8000 lexical head entries excerpted, not from the Ottoman literature, but the everyday Turkish language, the vernacular for at least a part of the population of 17th century Constantinople. Molino, born Armenus Turcicus Yovhannēs of Ankara, was exposed to the Turkish language from childhood, unlike other authors of the known ‘texts in transcription”. In Armenian cultural history, he is remembered as a man of letters, a publisher and the translator of religious texts, whose services to the history of the Turkish language and the corresponding contribution to Ottoman Turkish culture were to this date unknown. The editor has reversed and reorganised the material of the lexicon from Italian-Turkish to Turkish-Italian. The lexical entries of Molino’s dictionary are presented according to morphological and phonological principles, with their orthographic variants side by side, revealing information on the morpho-phonological patterns of Ottoman-Turkish at that time. The language Molino recorded sounds almost like contemporary Turkish and can be considered a bridge to the modern Turkish language.

City, Court, Academy

Author : Eva Del Soldato
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351380311
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis City, Court, Academy by : Eva Del Soldato

Download or read book City, Court, Academy written by Eva Del Soldato and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on early modern Italy and some of its key multilingual zones: Venice, Florence, and Rome. It offers a novel insight into the interplay and dynamic exchange of languages in the Italian peninsula, from the early fifteenth to the early seventeenth centuries. In particular, it examines the flexible linguistic practices of both the social and intellectual elite, and the men and women from the street. The point of departure of this project is the realization that most of the early modern speakers and authors demonstrate strong self-awareness as multilingual communicators. From the foul-mouthed gondolier to the learned humanist, language choice and use were carefully performed, and often justified, in order to overcome (or affirm) linguistic and social differences. The urban social spaces, the princely court, and the elite centres of learning such as universities and academies all shared similar concerns about the value, effectiveness, and impact of languages. As the contributions in this book demonstrate, early modern communicators — including gondoliers, preachers, humanists, architects, doctors of medicine, translators, and teachers—made explicit and argued choices about their use of language. The textual and oral performance of languages—and self-aware discussions on languages—consolidated the identity of early modern Italian multilingual communities.