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Chinas Virtual Monopoly Of Rare Earth Elements
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Book Synopsis China's Virtual Monopoly of Rare Earth Elements by : Roland Howanietz
Download or read book China's Virtual Monopoly of Rare Earth Elements written by Roland Howanietz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rare Earth Elements are a group of 17 metals which have a central role in modern industry, increasingly used in the fields of green technologies, high technological consumer goods, industrial and medical appliances and modern weapons systems. Although deposits of Rare Earths are globally dispersed, over 90% of global demand has been provided by Chinese mines since the late 1990s, leading to a situation where China has a virtual monopoly. This book surveys the Rare Earths mining industry, discusses the extent to which Rare Earths really are scarce elsewhere in the world and assesses the economics of production, considering arguments for the rationing of supply, for higher pricing and for a total export embargo. This actually occurred in 2010, demonstrating the vulnerability of the rest of the world to China’s control of these increasingly vital resources.
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :88 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (318 download)
Book Synopsis China's Monopoly on Rare Earths by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific
Download or read book China's Monopoly on Rare Earths written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis China and the Geopolitics of Rare Earths by : Sophia Kalantzakos
Download or read book China and the Geopolitics of Rare Earths written by Sophia Kalantzakos and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resource competition, mineral scarcity, and economic statecraft -- What are rare earths? -- Salt and oil : strategic parallels -- How China came to dominate the rare earth industry
Book Synopsis Rare Earth Elements by : Charles J. Butler
Download or read book Rare Earth Elements written by Charles J. Butler and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Currently, the U.S. along with most of the industrialized world depends almost exclusively on Chinese imports of rare earth elements for this crucial resource in the manufacture of vital components found in both commercial and defense products. Subsequently, China's monopoly of the rare earths industry has ramifications for not only the U.S. commercial manufacturing base but also for its military. Recent history has shown that China is not averse to leveraging its advantage with regard to rare earths production and exports to hold a trading partner hostage against a political backdrop vis-à-vis Japan in 2010. This fact coupled with a growing internal appetite for rare earths to fuel its ever-growing economy has resulted in China cutting its export quotas significantly over the last several years. Due to these factors, the U.S. faces a situation where its own security may be at risk due to a lack of access to a strategic resource, especially one that is controlled by a potential adversary in the future. The U.S. must develop a strategic plan to address the issue either through the use of stockpiling, recycling, indigenous production, combining efforts with its closest allies, or a combination of the four to ensure the U.S. military never faces a shortage of critical weapons or systems required to win its nation's wars."--Abstract.
Book Synopsis Countering China's Dominance in the Rare Earth Element Market System by : Eric O. Estep
Download or read book Countering China's Dominance in the Rare Earth Element Market System written by Eric O. Estep and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper will discuss how the United States can exercise the economic element of national power to ensure access to rare earth elements (REE) in a China-dominated market system. Since the 1980's, China has gained a virtual monopoly in the mining and production of REE. Today, China produces over 95% of all REE used by the world. The United States, its allies, and trading partners become increasingly dependent on REE each day as the world evolves into a more information based high-technology driven society. REE are vital to the United States' high-technology economy, state of the art defense systems, and renewable and clean energy systems. China's virtual monopoly of REE allows Chinese control of prices, availability and production of high-technology products and materials to achieve Chinese political and economic ends. Since not all REEs can be produced in the United States, it is imperative that the U.S. creates a reliable, predictable, resilient, and cost effective REE global supply chain in addition to reestablishing a U.S. based production capability.
Book Synopsis China's Rare Earth Industry and Export Regime by : Wayne M. Morrison
Download or read book China's Rare Earth Industry and Export Regime written by Wayne M. Morrison and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few years, the Chinese government has implemented a number of policies to tighten its control over the production and export of "rare earths"-a unique group of 17 metal elements on the periodic table that exhibit a range of special properties, such as magnetism, luminescence, and strength. Rare earths are important to a number of high technology industries, including renewable energy and various defense systems.
Book Synopsis China's Rare Earth Metals Monopoly: Does It Undermine U.S. Security? by : Nora Gorne
Download or read book China's Rare Earth Metals Monopoly: Does It Undermine U.S. Security? written by Nora Gorne and published by . This book was released on 2013-08 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict Studies, Security, grade: A-, Utrecht University (Roosevelt Academy), course: Security in the Post-Cold War Era, language: English, abstract: Rare earth metals are chemical elements which are widely unknown to the general public but nevertheless can be found in everyday life. They are critical components of digital cameras, rechargeable batteries and magnets, of surgical lasers, polishing powders and military tanks. Even though their name suggests differently, they are not specifically rare but they often only exist in small deposits scattered over the globe which makes mining often fairly unprofitable. From 1986 onwards China established itself as the biggest producer of rare earth metals with by 2010 supplying 97% of world demand (Humphries, 2011, p. 13). In the past five years prices have been seen to increase tremendously and during the Senkaku boat collision incident, China imposed a trade embargo for rare earth metals against its opponent Japan. The question is to what extent China is going to use its dominant position in the future, specifically in regard to one of the biggest rare earth metal consumer, the United States. In the following the question whether China's monopoly is indeed a serious threat to U.S. security will be answered. Therefore, first a detailed definition of rare earth metals and their applications and a historical overview will be given. Thereupon, it will be shown that China's monopoly is indeed a security issue by a review of the relevant body of security literature, specifically the Copenhagen school approach. Afterwards the possible solutions will be examined.
Book Synopsis Rare Earth Frontiers by : Julie Michelle Klinger
Download or read book Rare Earth Frontiers written by Julie Michelle Klinger and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-15 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Owing to their unique magnetic, phosphorescent, and catalytic properties, rare earths are the elements that make possible teverything from the miniaturization of electronics, to the enabling of green energy and medical technologies, to supporting essential telecommunications and defense systems. An iPhone uses eight rare earths for everything from its colored screen, to its speakers, to the miniaturization of the phone?s circuitry. On the periodic table rare earth elements comprise a set of seventeen chemical elements (the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium). There would be no Pokémon Go without rare earths. Rare Earth Frontiers is a work of human geography. Klinger looks historically and geographically at the ways rare earth elements in three discrete but representative and contested sites are given meaning.
Book Synopsis Rare Earth Elements and China's Dominance of the Global Market by : Anonym
Download or read book Rare Earth Elements and China's Dominance of the Global Market written by Anonym and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2013-08 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: -, -, language: English, abstract: Almost twenty years after Deng Xiaoping stated: 'There is oil in the Middle East, but there is rare earth in China, ' the country controls the REE global supply almost solely. Recent Chinese policies of raising taxes and cutting export quotas combined with its temporary ban on REE exports led not only to steadily increasing prices. Most notably it created uncertainty among companies producing outside Chine whether they will be able to get sufficient amounts of REE in the future and how much this is going to cost. Because it will take several years until Western mining capacities meet Western companies' demand, some manufacturers in need of REE have already started to relocate their factories to China. Beijing claims that their policies are dedicated to tackle environmental problems which have been caused by mining REE. However, taken into account that Beijing policies also require Chinese partners for foreign companies that operate within China, Western companies that relocate their facilities may risk handing over knowledge to future competitors. Aware of the consequences that Beijing's new fondness for environmental issues brings, governments and companies especially in Japan, the U.S. and Europe try to find ways to decrease their dependencies. This report examines factors that led to China's dominance on the REE market today and presents some counteractions which governments and companies in Japan, the U.S. and Europe have introduced to mitigate this situation. The two principal findings of this report are: first, because Western mining companies will need time to meet their companies' demand, the current situation is going to sustain for at least a few more years to come; and second, although China runs the risk of selling off its REE resources abroad which it needs for its own economy at home, it may benefit from the technology trans
Book Synopsis Rare Earths: Responding to China's Monopoly by :
Download or read book Rare Earths: Responding to China's Monopoly written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Rare Earth Elements and China’s Dominance of the Global Market by :
Download or read book Rare Earth Elements and China’s Dominance of the Global Market written by and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2012-01-03 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, , language: English, abstract: Almost twenty years after Deng Xiaoping stated: ‘There is oil in the Middle East, but there is rare earth in China,’ the country controls the REE global supply almost solely. Recent Chinese policies of raising taxes and cutting export quotas combined with its temporary ban on REE exports led not only to steadily increasing prices. Most notably it created uncertainty among companies producing outside Chine whether they will be able to get sufficient amounts of REE in the future and how much this is going to cost. Because it will take several years until Western mining capacities meet Western companies’ demand, some manufacturers in need of REE have already started to relocate their factories to China. Beijing claims that their policies are dedicated to tackle environmental problems which have been caused by mining REE. However, taken into account that Beijing policies also require Chinese partners for foreign companies that operate within China, Western companies that relocate their facilities may risk handing over knowledge to future competitors. Aware of the consequences that Beijing’s new fondness for environmental issues brings, governments and companies especially in Japan, the U.S. and Europe try to find ways to decrease their dependencies. This report examines factors that led to China’s dominance on the REE market today and presents some counteractions which governments and companies in Japan, the U.S. and Europe have introduced to mitigate this situation. The two principal findings of this report are: first, because Western mining companies will need time to meet their companies’ demand, the current situation is going to sustain for at least a few more years to come; and second, although China runs the risk of selling off its REE resources abroad which it needs for its own economy at home, it may benefit from the technology transfer in the long run.
Book Synopsis Crs Report for Congress by : Wayne M. Morrison
Download or read book Crs Report for Congress written by Wayne M. Morrison and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few years, the Chinese government has implemented a number of policies to tighten its control over the production and export of "rare earths"--a unique group of 17 metal elements on the periodic table that exhibit a range of special properties, such as magnetism, luminescence, and strength. Rare earths are important to a number of high technology industries, including renewable energy and various defense systems. China's position as the world's dominant producer and supplier of rare earths (97% of total output) and its policies to limit exports have raised concerns among many in Congress, especially given the importance of rare earths to a variety of U.S. commercial industries (e.g., hybrid and conventional autos, oil and gas, energy-efficient lighting, advanced electronics, chemicals, and medical equipment), as well as to U.S. defense industries that produce various weapon systems. Many are concerned that rising rare earth prices could undermine the global competitiveness of many U.S. firms (lowering their production and employment), impede technological innovation, and raise prices for U.S. consumers. Others are concerned that China's virtual monopoly over rare earths could be used as leverage against major rare earth importers, such as the United States, Japan, and the European Union (EU). ...
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :80 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (19 download)
Book Synopsis China's Monopoly on Rare Earths by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific
Download or read book China's Monopoly on Rare Earths written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Rare Metals War by : Guillaume Pitron
Download or read book The Rare Metals War written by Guillaume Pitron and published by Scribe Publications. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The resources race is on. Powering our digital lives and green technologies are some of the Earth’s most precious metals — but they are running out. And what will happen when they do? The green-tech revolution has been lauded as the silver bullet to a new world. One that is at last free of oil, pollution, shortages, and cross-border tensions. Drawing on six years of research across a dozen countries, this book cuts across conventional green thinking to probe the hidden, dark side of green technology. By breaking free of fossil fuels, we are in fact setting ourselves up for a new dependence — on rare metals such as cobalt, gold, and palladium. They are essential to electric vehicles, wind turbines, solar panels, our smartphones, computers, tablets, and other everyday connected objects. China has captured the lion’s share of the rare metals industry, but consumers know very little about how they are mined and traded, or their environmental, economic, and geopolitical costs. The Rare Metals War is a vital exposé of the ticking time-bomb that lies beneath our new technological order. It uncovers the reality of our lavish and ambitious environmental quest that involves risks as formidable as those it seeks to resolve.
Book Synopsis Critical Materials Strategy by : Steven Chu
Download or read book Critical Materials Strategy written by Steven Chu and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines the role of rare earth metals and other materials in the clean energy economy. It was prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) based on data collected and research performed during 2010. In the report, DoE describes plans to: (1) develop its first integrated research agenda addressing critical materials, building on three technical workshops convened by the DoE during November and December 2010; (2) strengthen its capacity for information-gathering on this topic; and (3) work closely with international partners, including Japan and Europe, to reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions and address critical material needs. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand report.
Book Synopsis Navigating East Asian Maritime Conflicts by : Paul Midford
Download or read book Navigating East Asian Maritime Conflicts written by Paul Midford and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This volume brings together leading experts to examine the potentials for maritime conflict and cooperation in a region where geopolitical rivalries are intensifying. I highly recommend it to scholars, practitioners, and students alike.” —Miranda A. Schreurs, Professor, Technical University of Munich. “With an original approach to maritime conflicts that focuses on the effects of technological and environmental change, this is a must-read for anyone interested in East Asian peace and security!” — Stein Tønnesson, Research Professor Emeritus, Peace Research Institute Oslo “A crucial read for anyone interested in understanding the complexities of maritime conflicts in East Asia and their broader global implications.” —Yurika Ishii, Associate Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan “The volume offers multi-disciplinary perspectives that reach across disciplinary boundaries and connect perspectivesfrom natural sciences and engineering to social sciences and policy.” —Clive Schofield, Professor, University of Wollongong, Australia As technological development and diffusion have greatly increased the resources states can recover from maritime space, the stakes of these conflicts have grown. Nowhere is this clearer than in East Asia. This book examines how technological change and diffusion impact East Asian maritime conflicts, and approaches for conflict management and resolution. Paul Midford is Professor of Political Science, Meiji Gakuin University, Japan. Jennifer L. Bailey is Professor of Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Katja Levy is Associate Professor of Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Espen Moe is Professor of Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway.
Book Synopsis Mineralogy And Geology of Rare Earths in China by : Zhang Peishan
Download or read book Mineralogy And Geology of Rare Earths in China written by Zhang Peishan and published by VSP. This book was released on 1996-06-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to present recent achievements of in rare earth elements geology and mineralogy studies in China. The authors systematically describe all rare earth minerals and rare earth ore deposits discovered in China and their geological features. These rare earth minerals include huanghoite and baotite from China, as well as rare earth minerals from other parts of the world and new species and varieties discovered in China. For each mineral a systematic description of classification is given, such as chemical composition, crystallography and crystal structure, physical properties, X-ray powder data.
