Chemicals From Fermentation

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Industrialization of Biology

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309316553
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Industrialization of Biology by : National Research Council

Download or read book Industrialization of Biology written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-06-29 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The tremendous progress in biology over the last half century - from Watson and Crick's elucidation of the structure of DNA to today's astonishing, rapid progress in the field of synthetic biology - has positioned us for significant innovation in chemical production. New bio-based chemicals, improved public health through improved drugs and diagnostics, and biofuels that reduce our dependency on oil are all results of research and innovation in the biological sciences. In the past decade, we have witnessed major advances made possible by biotechnology in areas such as rapid, low-cost DNA sequencing, metabolic engineering, and high-throughput screening. The manufacturing of chemicals using biological synthesis and engineering could expand even faster. A proactive strategy - implemented through the development of a technical roadmap similar to those that enabled sustained growth in the semiconductor industry and our explorations of space - is needed if we are to realize the widespread benefits of accelerating the industrialization of biology. Industrialization of Biology presents such a roadmap to achieve key technical milestones for chemical manufacturing through biological routes. This report examines the technical, economic, and societal factors that limit the adoption of bioprocessing in the chemical industry today and which, if surmounted, would markedly accelerate the advanced manufacturing of chemicals via industrial biotechnology. Working at the interface of synthetic chemistry, metabolic engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology, Industrialization of Biology identifies key technical goals for next-generation chemical manufacturing, then identifies the gaps in knowledge, tools, techniques, and systems required to meet those goals, and targets and timelines for achieving them. This report also considers the skills necessary to accomplish the roadmap goals, and what training opportunities are required to produce the cadre of skilled scientists and engineers needed.

Applications of Biotechnology in Traditional Fermented Foods

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309046858
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Applications of Biotechnology in Traditional Fermented Foods by : National Research Council

Download or read book Applications of Biotechnology in Traditional Fermented Foods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-02-01 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In developing countries, traditional fermentation serves many purposes. It can improve the taste of an otherwise bland food, enhance the digestibility of a food that is difficult to assimilate, preserve food from degradation by noxious organisms, and increase nutritional value through the synthesis of essential amino acids and vitamins. Although "fermented food" has a vaguely distasteful ring, bread, wine, cheese, and yogurt are all familiar fermented foods. Less familiar are gari, ogi, idli, ugba, and other relatively unstudied but important foods in some African and Asian countries. This book reports on current research to improve the safety and nutrition of these foods through an elucidation of the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in their production. Also included are recommendations for needed research.

Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook

Author : Henry C. Vogel
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0815517130
Total Pages : 831 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook by : Henry C. Vogel

Download or read book Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook written by Henry C. Vogel and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 1996-12-31 with total page 831 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a well-rounded handbook of fermentation and biochemical engineering presenting techniques for the commercial production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals via fermentation. Emphasis is given to unit operations fermentation, separation, purification, and recovery. Principles, process design, and equipment are detailed. Environment aspects are covered. The practical aspects of development, design, and operation are stressed. Theory is included to provide the necessary insight for a particular operation. Problems addressed are the collection of pilot data, choice of scale-up parameters, selection of the right piece of equipment, pinpointing of likely trouble spots, and methods of troubleshooting. The text, written from a practical and operating viewpoint, will assist development, design, engineering and production personnel in the fermentation industry. Contributors were selected based on their industrial background and orientation. The book is illustrated with numerous figures, photographs and schematic diagrams.

Fermentation Biotechnology

Author : Badal C. Saha
Publisher : American Chemical Society
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Fermentation Biotechnology by : Badal C. Saha

Download or read book Fermentation Biotechnology written by Badal C. Saha and published by American Chemical Society. This book was released on 2003-10-09 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Saha (fermentation biotechnology research, U.S. Department of Agriculture) presents a compilation of seven papers from an August 2002 American Chemical Society symposium and eight solicited manuscripts, all covering advances in fermentation biotechnology research. The papers are organized into sections covering production of specialty chemicals, production of pharmaceuticals, environmental bioremediation, metabolic engineering, and process validation. Distributed by Oxford U. Press. Annotation : 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).

Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies

Author : Avinash P. Ingle
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111956882X
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies by : Avinash P. Ingle

Download or read book Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies written by Avinash P. Ingle and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-13 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A text to the advances and development of novel technologies in the production of high-value products from economically viable raw materials Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologiesis an essential guide to the most recent advances and developments of novel technologies in the production of various high-value products from economically viable raw materials. Written by a team of experts on the topic, the book covers important topics specifically on production of economical and sustainable products such as various biofuels, organic acids, enzymes, biopigments, biosurfactants, etc. The book highlights the important aspects of lignocellulosic biorefining including structure, function, and chemical composition of the plant cell wall and reviews the details about the various components present in the lignocellulosic biomass and their characterizations. The authors explore the various approaches available for processing lignocellulosic biomass into second generation sugars and focus on the possibilities of utilization of lignocellulosic feedstocks for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. Each chapter includes a range of clear, informative tables and figures, and contains relevant references of published articles. This important text: Provides cutting-edge information on the recent developments in lignocellulose biorefinery Reviews production of various economically important and sustainable products, such as biofuels, organic acids, biopigments, and biosurfactants Highlights several broad-ranging areas of recent advances in the utilization of a variety of lignocellulosic feedstocks Provides a valuable, authoritative reference for anyone interested in the topic Written for post-graduate students and researchers in disciplines such as biotechnology, bioengineering, forestry, agriculture, and chemical industry, Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies is an authoritative and updated guide to the knowledge about various biorefining technologies.

Principles and Applications of Fermentation Technology

Author : Arindam Kuila
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119460484
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles and Applications of Fermentation Technology by : Arindam Kuila

Download or read book Principles and Applications of Fermentation Technology written by Arindam Kuila and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-07-30 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers all aspects of fermentation technology such as principles, reaction kinetics, scaling up of processes, and applications. The 20 chapters written by subject matter experts are divided into two parts: Principles and Applications. In the first part subjects covered include: Modelling and kinetics of fermentation technology Sterilization techniques used in fermentation processes Design and types of bioreactors used in fermentation technology Recent advances and future prospect of fermentation technology The second part subjects covered include: Lactic acid and ethanol production using fermentation technology Various industrial value-added product biosynthesis using fermentation technology Microbial cyp450 production and its industrial application Polyunsaturated fatty acid production through solid state fermentation Application of oleaginous yeast for lignocellulosic biomass based single cell oil production Utilization of micro-algal biomass for bioethanol production Poly-lactide production from lactic acid through fermentation technology Bacterial cellulose and its potential impact on industrial applications

Production of Platform Chemicals from Sustainable Resources

Author : Zhen Fang
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811041725
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Production of Platform Chemicals from Sustainable Resources by : Zhen Fang

Download or read book Production of Platform Chemicals from Sustainable Resources written by Zhen Fang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-14 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides state-of-the-art reviews, the latest research, prospects and challenges of the production of platform chemicals such as C6 sugars, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, gamma-valerolactone, xylitol, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, levulinic acid, ethanol and others from sustainable biomass resources using processes that include heterogeneous catalysis, ionic liquids, hydrothermal/solvothermal, electrochemical and fermentation methods. It also discusses the application of these chemicals and their derivatives for synthesizing commodity chemicals via various routes. Intended as a reference resource for researchers, academicians and industrialists in the area of energy, chemical engineering and biomass conversion, it provides a wealth of information essential for assessing the production and application of various biomass-derived platform chemicals using biological, chemical and electrochemical techniques.

Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals

Author : R. Navanietha Krishnaraj
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119771927
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals by : R. Navanietha Krishnaraj

Download or read book Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals written by R. Navanietha Krishnaraj and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-12-09 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover biomolecular engineering technologies for the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, organic and amino acids, vitamins, biopolymers, surfactants, detergents, and enzymes In Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals, distinguished researchers and editors Drs. R. Navanietha Krishnaraj and Rajesh K. Sani deliver a collection of insightful resources on advanced technologies in the synthesis and purification of value-added compounds. Readers will discover new technologies that assist in the commercialization of the production of value-added products. The editors also include resources that offer strategies for overcoming current limitations in biochemical synthesis, including purification. The articles within cover topics like the rewiring of anaerobic microbial processes for methane and hythane production, the extremophilic bioprocessing of wastes to biofuels, reverse methanogenesis of methane to biopolymers and value-added products, and more. The book presents advanced concepts and biomolecular engineering technologies for the production of high-value, low-volume products, like therapeutic molecules, and describes methods for improving microbes and enzymes using protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and systems biology approaches for converting wastes. Readers will also discover: A thorough introduction to engineered microorganisms for the production of biocommodities and microbial production of vanillin from ferulic acid Explorations of antibiotic trends in microbial therapy, including current approaches and future prospects, as well as fermentation strategies in the food and beverage industry Practical discussions of bioactive oligosaccharides, including their production, characterization, and applications In-depth treatments of biopolymers, including a retrospective analysis in the facets of biomedical engineering Perfect for researchers and practicing professionals in the areas of environmental and industrial biotechnology, biomedicine, and the biological sciences, Biomolecular Engineering Solutions for Renewable Specialty Chemicals is also an invaluable resource for students taking courses involving biorefineries, biovalorization, industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology.

Fermentation Processes: Emerging and Conventional Technologies

Author : Mohamed Koubaa
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119505836
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Fermentation Processes: Emerging and Conventional Technologies by : Mohamed Koubaa

Download or read book Fermentation Processes: Emerging and Conventional Technologies written by Mohamed Koubaa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the use of conventional and novel technologies to enhance fermentation processes Fermentation Processes reviews the application of both conventional and emerging technologies for enhancing fermentation conditions, examining the principles and mechanisms of fermentation processes, the microorganisms used in bioprocesses, their implementation in industrial fermentation, and more. Designed for scientists and industry professionals alike, this authoritative and up-to-date volume describes how non-conventional technologies can be used to increase accessibly and bioavailability of substrates by microorganisms during fermentation, which in turn promotes microbial growth and can improve processes and productivity across the agri-food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and beverage industries. The text begins by covering the conventional fermentation process, discussing cell division and growth kinetics, current technologies and developments in industrial fermentation processes, the parameters and modes of fermentation, various culture media, and the impact of culture conditions on fermentation processes. Subsequent chapters provide in-depth examination of the use of emerging technologies—such as pulsed electric fields, ultrasound, high-hydrostatic pressure, and microwave irradiation—for biomass fractionation and microbial stimulation. This authoritative resource: Explores emerging technologies that shorten fermentation time, accelerate substrate consumption, and increase microbial biomass Describes enhancing fermentation at conventional conditions by changing oxygenation, agitation, temperature, and other medium conditions Highlights the advantages of new technologies, such as reduced energy consumption and increased efficiency Discusses the integration and implementation of conventional and emerging technologies to meet consumer and industry demand Offers perspectives on the future direction of fermentation technologies and applications Fermentation Processes: Emerging and Conventional Technologies is ideal for microbiologists and bioprocess technologists in need of an up-to-date overview of the subject, and for instructors and students in courses such as bioprocess technology, microbiology, new product development, fermentation, food processing, biotechnology, and bioprocess engineering.

Chemicals from Biomass

Author : Debalina Sengupta
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439878153
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemicals from Biomass by : Debalina Sengupta

Download or read book Chemicals from Biomass written by Debalina Sengupta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-07-05 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemicals from Biomass: Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable Development helps engineers optimize the development of new chemical and polymer plants that use renewable resources to replace the output of goods and services from existing plants. It also discusses the conversion of those existing plants into faci

Biobased Industrial Products

Author : Committee on Biobased Industrial Products
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309521858
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Biobased Industrial Products by : Committee on Biobased Industrial Products

Download or read book Biobased Industrial Products written by Committee on Biobased Industrial Products and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-03-01 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Petroleum-based industrial products have gradually replaced products derived from biological materials. However, biologically based products are making a comeback--because of a threefold increase in farm productivity and new technologies. Biobased Industrial Products envisions a biobased industrial future, where starch will be used to make biopolymers and vegetable oils will become a routine component in lubricants and detergents. Biobased Industrial Products overviews the U.S. land resources available for agricultural production, summarizes plant materials currently produced, and describes prospects for increasing varieties and yields. The committee discusses the concept of the biorefinery and outlines proven and potential thermal, mechanical, and chemical technologies for conversion of natural resources to industrial applications. The committee also illustrates the developmental dynamics of biobased products through existing examples, as well as products still on the drawing board, and it identifies priorities for research and development.

Fermentation as Metaphor

Author : Sandor Ellix Katz
Publisher : Chelsea Green Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1645020223
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Fermentation as Metaphor by : Sandor Ellix Katz

Download or read book Fermentation as Metaphor written by Sandor Ellix Katz and published by Chelsea Green Publishing. This book was released on 2020-10-15 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Los Angeles Times Best Cookbooks 2020 Saveur Magazine "Favorite Cookbook to Gift" Esquire Magazine Best Cookbooks of 2020 "The book weaves in reflections on art, religion, culture, music, and more, so even if you’re not an epicure, there’s something for everyone."—Men's Journal Bestselling author Sandor Katz—an “unlikely rock star of the American food scene” (New York Times), with over 500,000 books sold—gets personal about the deeper meanings of fermentation. In 2012, Sandor Ellix Katz published The Art of Fermentation, which quickly became the bible for foodies around the world, a runaway bestseller, and a James Beard Book Award winner. Since then his work has gone on to inspire countless professionals and home cooks worldwide, bringing fermentation into the mainstream. In Fermentation as Metaphor, stemming from his personal obsession with all things fermented, Katz meditates on his art and work, drawing connections between microbial communities and aspects of human culture: politics, religion, social and cultural movements, art, music, sexuality, identity, and even our individual thoughts and feelings. He informs his arguments with his vast knowledge of the fermentation process, which he describes as a slow, gentle, steady, yet unstoppable force for change. Throughout this truly one-of-a-kind book, Katz showcases fifty mesmerizing, original images of otherworldly beings from an unseen universe—images of fermented foods and beverages that he has photographed using both a stereoscope and electron microscope—exalting microbial life from the level of “germs” to that of high art. When you see the raw beauty and complexity of microbial structures, Katz says, they will take you “far from absolute boundaries and rigid categories. They force us to reconceptualize. They make us ferment.” Fermentation as Metaphor broadens and redefines our relationship with food and fermentation. It’s the perfect gift for serious foodies, fans of fermentation, and non-fiction readers alike. "It will reshape how you see the world."—Esquire

Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry

Author : Carlos Ricardo Soccol
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439887683
Total Pages : 491 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry by : Carlos Ricardo Soccol

Download or read book Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry written by Carlos Ricardo Soccol and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-03-27 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the advent of modern tools of molecular biology and genetic engineering and new skills in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, fermentation technology for industrial applications has developed enormously in recent years. Reflecting these advances, Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry explores the state of the art of

Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass

Author : Badal C. Saha
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass by : Badal C. Saha

Download or read book Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass written by Badal C. Saha and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written for a wide variety of biotechnologists, this book provides a major review of the state-of-the-art in bioethanol production technologies, enzymatic biomass conversion, and biodiesel. It also provides a detailed explanation of a breakthrough in photosynthetic water splitting which could result in a doubling of the efficiency of solar energy conversion by green plants. The book covers production of lactic acid, succinic acid, 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, and polyhydroxybutyrate and xylitol. It also includes a chapter on synthesis-gas fermentation.

Enological Chemistry

Author : Juan Moreno
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012388439X
Total Pages : 443 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Enological Chemistry by : Juan Moreno

Download or read book Enological Chemistry written by Juan Moreno and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-05-30 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enological Chemistry is written for the professional enologist tasked with finding the right balance of compounds to create or improve wine products. Related titles lack the appropriate focus for this audience, according to reviewers, failing either to be as comprehensive on the topic of chemistry, to include chemistry as part of the broader science of wine, or targeting a less scientific audience and including social and historical information not directly pertinent to the understanding of the role of chemistry in successful wine production. The topics in the book have been sequenced identically with the steps of the winemaking process. Thus, the book describes the most salient compounds involved in each vinification process, their properties and their balance; also, theoretical knowledge is matched with its practical application. The primary aim is to enable the reader to identify the specific compounds behind enological properties and processes, their chemical balance and their influence on the analytical and sensory quality of wine, as well as the physical, chemical and microbiological factors that affect their evolution during the winemaking process. - Organized according to the winemaking process, guiding reader clearly to application of knowledge - Describes the most salient compounds involved in each step enabling readers to identify the specific compounds behind properties and processes and effectively work with them - Provides both theoretical knowledge and practical application providing a strong starting point for further research and development

Biotechnology for Zero Waste

Author : Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527348980
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Biotechnology for Zero Waste by : Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Download or read book Biotechnology for Zero Waste written by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotechnology for Zero Waste The use of biotechnology to minimize waste and maximize resource valorization In Biotechnology for Zero Waste: Emerging Waste Management Techniques, accomplished environmental researchers Drs. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari deliver a robust exploration of the role of biotechnology in reducing waste and creating a zero-waste environment. The editors provide resources covering perspectives in waste management like anaerobic co-digestion, integrated biosystems, immobilized enzymes, zero waste biorefineries, microbial fuel cell technology, membrane bioreactors, nano biomaterials, and more. Ideal for sustainability professionals, this book comprehensively sums up the state-of-the-art biotechnologies powering the latest advances in zero-waste strategies. The renowned contributors address topics like bioconversion and biotransformation and detail the concept of the circular economy. Biotechnology for Zero Waste effectively guides readers on the path to creating sustainable products from waste. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to modern perspectives on zero waste drives, including anaerobic co-digestion as a smart approach for enhancing biogas production Comprehensive explorations of bioremediation for zero waste, biological degradation systems, and bioleaching and biosorption of waste Practical discussions of bioreactors for zero waste and waste2energy with biotechnology An in-depth examination of emerging technologies, including nanobiotechnology for zero waste and the economics and commercialization of zero waste biotechnologies Perfect for process engineers, natural products, environmental, soil, and inorganic chemists, Biotechnology for Zero Waste: Emerging Waste Management Techniques will also earn a place in the libraries of food technologists, biotechnologists, agricultural scientists, and microbiologists.

Reactive Extraction

Author : Hans-Jörg Bart
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 366204403X
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Reactive Extraction by : Hans-Jörg Bart

Download or read book Reactive Extraction written by Hans-Jörg Bart and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This booklet is designed to bridge the gap between handbooks and technical literature and aims at graduate students or experienced readers. Commercial flow sheeting simulation software is increasingly available and is used in the early steps of process design in industry. As to this, more sophisticated and precise models based on activities instead of concentrations should be used. After an introductory chapter there is in Chapter 2 an intensive discussion of reactive phase equilibria of ionic and non-ionic solutes based on chemical potentials. Chapter 3 introduces to multicomponent diffusion and mass transfer. However, the main focus is on the reactive mass transfer on rigid and mobile surfaces where the interfacial reaction, molecular diffusion and adsorption layers are decisive. The respective extraction of zinc with a cation exchanger and of acetic acid with an anion exchanger is discussed as case studies. Since adsorption layers and surfactants have a major impact on liquid-liquid extraction efficiency, the final chapter reviews several tech niques which make use of polymeric species in an extractive process. A short review is also given on extraction apparatus and the hydrodynamics (hydraulic design, droplet populance balances) of columns. Much of the booklet is based on the PhD works of C. Czapla (2000), G. Modes (2000), H. Klocker (1996), T. Kronberger (1995), M. Marters (2000), M. Roos (2000), M. Traving (2000) and B. Wachter (1996) who I wish to thank for their fruitful contributions.