Chemical Mechanical Planarization For Microelectronics Applications

Download Chemical Mechanical Planarization For Microelectronics Applications full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Chemical Mechanical Planarization For Microelectronics Applications ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Microelectronic Applications of Chemical Mechanical Planarization

Author : Yuzhuo Li
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471719196
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (717 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Microelectronic Applications of Chemical Mechanical Planarization by : Yuzhuo Li

Download or read book Microelectronic Applications of Chemical Mechanical Planarization written by Yuzhuo Li and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-10-19 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative, systematic, and comprehensive description of current CMP technology Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) provides the greatest degree of planarization of any known technique. The current standard for integrated circuit (IC) planarization, CMP is playing an increasingly important role in other related applications such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and computer hard drive manufacturing. This reference focuses on the chemical aspects of the technology and includes contributions from the foremost experts on specific applications. After a detailed overview of the fundamentals and basic science of CMP, Microelectronic Applications of Chemical Mechanical Planarization: * Provides in-depth coverage of a wide range of state-of-the-art technologies and applications * Presents information on new designs, capabilities, and emerging technologies, including topics like CMP with nanomaterials and 3D chips * Discusses different types of CMP tools, pads for IC CMP, modeling, and the applicability of tribometrology to various aspects of CMP * Covers nanotopography, CMP performance and defect profiles, CMP waste treatment, and the chemistry and colloidal properties of the slurries used in CMP * Provides a perspective on the opportunities and challenges of the next fifteen years Complete with case studies, this is a valuable, hands-on resource for professionals, including process engineers, equipment engineers, formulation chemists, IC manufacturers, and others. With systematic organization and questions at the end of each chapter to facilitate learning, it is an ideal introduction to CMP and an excellent text for students in advanced graduate courses that cover CMP or related semiconductor manufacturing processes.

Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Microelectronic Materials

Author : Joseph M. Steigerwald
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527617752
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Microelectronic Materials by : Joseph M. Steigerwald

Download or read book Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Microelectronic Materials written by Joseph M. Steigerwald and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-26 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) plays an important role in today's microelectronics industry. With its ability to achieve global planarization, its universality (material insensitivity), its applicability to multimaterial surfaces, and its relative cost-effectiveness, CMP is the ideal planarizing medium for the interlayered dielectrics and metal films used in silicon integrated circuit fabrication. But although the past decade has seen unprecedented research and development into CMP, there has been no single-source reference to this rapidly emerging technology-until now. Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Microelectronic Materials provides engineers and scientists working in the microelectronics industry with unified coverage of both the fundamental mechanisms and engineering applications of CMP. Authors Steigerwald, Murarka, and Gutmann-all leading CMP pioneers-provide a historical overview of CMP, explain the various chemical and mechanical concepts involved, describe CMP materials and processes, review the latest scientific data on CMP worldwide, and offer examples of its uses in the microelectronics industry. They provide detailed coverage of the CMP of various materials used in the making of microcircuitry: tungsten, aluminum, copper, polysilicon, and various dielectric materials, including polymers. The concluding chapter describes post-CMP cleaning techniques, and most chapters feature problem sets to assist readers in developing a more practical understanding of CMP. The only comprehensive reference to one of the fastest growing integrated circuit manufacturing technologies, Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Microelectronic Materials is an important resource for research scientists and engineers working in the microelectronics industry. An indispensable resource for scientists and engineers working in the microelectronics industry Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Microelectronic Materials is the only comprehensive single-source reference to one of the fastest growing integrated circuit manufacturing technologies. It provides engineers and scientists who work in the microelectronics industry with unified coverage of both the fundamental mechanisms and engineering applications of CMP, including: * The history of CMP * Chemical and mechanical underpinnings of CMP * CMP materials and processes * Applications of CMP in the microelectronics industry * The CMP of tungsten, aluminum, copper, polysilicon, and various dielectrics, including polymers used in integrated circuit fabrication * Post-CMP cleaning techniques * Chapter-end problem sets are also included to assist readers in developing a practical understanding of CMP.

Microelectronic Applications of Chemical Mechanical Planarization

Author : Yuzhuo Li
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470180891
Total Pages : 760 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Microelectronic Applications of Chemical Mechanical Planarization by : Yuzhuo Li

Download or read book Microelectronic Applications of Chemical Mechanical Planarization written by Yuzhuo Li and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-12-04 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative, systematic, and comprehensive description of current CMP technology Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) provides the greatest degree of planarization of any known technique. The current standard for integrated circuit (IC) planarization, CMP is playing an increasingly important role in other related applications such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and computer hard drive manufacturing. This reference focuses on the chemical aspects of the technology and includes contributions from the foremost experts on specific applications. After a detailed overview of the fundamentals and basic science of CMP, Microelectronic Applications of Chemical Mechanical Planarization: * Provides in-depth coverage of a wide range of state-of-the-art technologies and applications * Presents information on new designs, capabilities, and emerging technologies, including topics like CMP with nanomaterials and 3D chips * Discusses different types of CMP tools, pads for IC CMP, modeling, and the applicability of tribometrology to various aspects of CMP * Covers nanotopography, CMP performance and defect profiles, CMP waste treatment, and the chemistry and colloidal properties of the slurries used in CMP * Provides a perspective on the opportunities and challenges of the next fifteen years Complete with case studies, this is a valuable, hands-on resource for professionals, including process engineers, equipment engineers, formulation chemists, IC manufacturers, and others. With systematic organization and questions at the end of each chapter to facilitate learning, it is an ideal introduction to CMP and an excellent text for students in advanced graduate courses that cover CMP or related semiconductor manufacturing processes.

Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Microelectronics Applications

Author : Parshuram B. Zantye
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (177 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Microelectronics Applications by : Parshuram B. Zantye

Download or read book Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Microelectronics Applications written by Parshuram B. Zantye and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advances in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP)

Author : Babu Suryadevara
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128218193
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) by : Babu Suryadevara

Download or read book Advances in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) written by Babu Suryadevara and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-09-10 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP), Second Edition provides the latest information on a mainstream process that is critical for high-volume, high-yield semiconductor manufacturing, and even more so as device dimensions continue to shrink. The second edition includes the recent advances of CMP and its emerging materials, methods, and applications, including coverage of post-CMP cleaning challenges and tribology of CMP. This important book offers a systematic review of fundamentals and advances in the area. Part one covers CMP of dielectric and metal films, with chapters focusing on the use of current and emerging techniques and processes and on CMP of various materials, including ultra low-k materials and high-mobility channel materials, and ending with a chapter reviewing the environmental impacts of CMP processes. New content addressed includes CMP challenges with tungsten, cobalt, and ruthenium as interconnect and barrier films, consumables for ultralow topography and CMP for memory devices. Part two addresses consumables and process control for improved CMP and includes chapters on CMP pads, diamond disc pad conditioning, the use of FTIR spectroscopy for characterization of surface processes and approaches for defection characterization, mitigation, and reduction. Advances in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP), Second Edition is an invaluable resource and key reference for materials scientists and engineers in academia and R&D. Reviews the most relevant techniques and processes for CMP of dielectric and metal films Includes chapters devoted to CMP for current and emerging materials Addresses consumables and process control for improved CMP, including post-CMP

Integrated Modeling of Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Sub-Micron IC Fabrication

Author : Jianfeng Luo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662079283
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Integrated Modeling of Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Sub-Micron IC Fabrication by : Jianfeng Luo

Download or read book Integrated Modeling of Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Sub-Micron IC Fabrication written by Jianfeng Luo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical mechanical planarization, or chemical mechanical polishing as it is simultaneously referred to, has emerged as one of the critical processes in semiconductor manufacturing and in the production of other related products and devices, MEMS for example. Since its introduction some 15+ years ago CMP, as it is commonly called, has moved steadily into new and challenging areas of semiconductor fabrication. Demands on it for consistent, efficient and cost-effective processing have been steady. This has continued in the face of steadily decreasing feature sizes, impressive increases in wafer size and a continuing array of new materials used in devices today. There are a number of excellent existing references and monographs on CMP in circulation and we defer to them for detailed background information. They are cited in the text. Our focus here is on the important area of process mod els which have not kept pace with the tremendous expansion of applications of CMP. Preston's equation is a valuable start but represents none of the subtleties of the process. Specifically, we refer to the development of models with sufficient detail to allow the evaluation and tradeoff of process inputs and parameters to assess impact on quality or quantity of production. We call that an "integrated model" and, more specifically, we include the important role of the mechanical elements of the process.

Integrated Modeling of Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Sub-Micron IC Fabrication

Author : Jianfeng Luo
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783662079294
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (792 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Integrated Modeling of Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Sub-Micron IC Fabrication by : Jianfeng Luo

Download or read book Integrated Modeling of Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Sub-Micron IC Fabrication written by Jianfeng Luo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-03-12 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical mechanical planarization, or chemical mechanical polishing as it is simultaneously referred to, has emerged as one of the critical processes in semiconductor manufacturing and in the production of other related products and devices, MEMS for example. Since its introduction some 15+ years ago CMP, as it is commonly called, has moved steadily into new and challenging areas of semiconductor fabrication. Demands on it for consistent, efficient and cost-effective processing have been steady. This has continued in the face of steadily decreasing feature sizes, impressive increases in wafer size and a continuing array of new materials used in devices today. There are a number of excellent existing references and monographs on CMP in circulation and we defer to them for detailed background information. They are cited in the text. Our focus here is on the important area of process mod els which have not kept pace with the tremendous expansion of applications of CMP. Preston's equation is a valuable start but represents none of the subtleties of the process. Specifically, we refer to the development of models with sufficient detail to allow the evaluation and tradeoff of process inputs and parameters to assess impact on quality or quantity of production. We call that an "integrated model" and, more specifically, we include the important role of the mechanical elements of the process.

Chemical-Mechanical Planarization: Volume 767

Author : Duane S. Boning
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Chemical-Mechanical Planarization: Volume 767 by : Duane S. Boning

Download or read book Chemical-Mechanical Planarization: Volume 767 written by Duane S. Boning and published by . This book was released on 2003-08-27 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) has emerged as a critical fabrication technology for advanced integrated circuits. Even as the applications of CMP have diversified and we have begun to understand aspects of the physics and chemistry of the process, a new generation of CMP innovations is unfolding. New slurries and consumables are under development. New applications to novel devices continue to appear. This book, the most recent in a successful series on CMP, offers a review of the advances to date and provides a comprehensive discussion of the future challenges that must be overcome. Presentations from academia, government labs and industry are featured. Topics include; CMP modeling; CMP science; CMP slurries and particles for planarization of copper, oxide, and other materials; planarization applications including shallow trench isolation (STI), copper damascene, and novel devices and CMP integration.

Introduction to Microfabrication

Author : Sami Franssila
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470020563
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Microfabrication by : Sami Franssila

Download or read book Introduction to Microfabrication written by Sami Franssila and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-01-28 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microfabrication is the key technology behind integrated circuits,microsensors, photonic crystals, ink jet printers, solar cells andflat panel displays. Microsystems can be complex, but the basicmicrostructures and processes of microfabrication are fairlysimple. Introduction to Microfabrication shows how the commonmicrofabrication concepts can be applied over and over again tocreate devices with a wide variety of structures andfunctions. Featuring: * A comprehensive presentation of basic fabrication processes * An emphasis on materials and microstructures, rather than devicephysics * In-depth discussion on process integration showing how processes,materials and devices interact * A wealth of examples of both conceptual and real devices Introduction to Microfabrication includes 250 homework problems forstudents to familiarise themselves with micro-scale materials,dimensions, measurements, costs and scaling trends. Both researchand manufacturing topics are covered, with an emphasis on silicon,which is the workhorse of microfabrication. This book will serve as an excellent first text for electricalengineers, chemists, physicists and materials scientists who wishto learn about microstructures and microfabrication techniques,whether in MEMS, microelectronics or emerging applications.

High Dielectric Constant Materials

Author : Howard Huff
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540210818
Total Pages : 740 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis High Dielectric Constant Materials by : Howard Huff

Download or read book High Dielectric Constant Materials written by Howard Huff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues relating to the high-K gate dielectric are among the greatest challenges for the evolving International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). More than just an historical overview, this book will assess previous and present approaches related to scaling the gate dielectric and their impact, along with the creative directions and forthcoming challenges that will define the future of gate dielectric scaling technology. Topics include: an extensive review of Moore's Law, the classical regime for SiO2 gate dielectrics; the transition to silicon oxynitride gate dielectrics; the transition to high-K gate dielectrics (including the drive towards equivalent oxide thickness in the single-digit nanometer regime); and future directions and issues for ultimate technology generation scaling. The vision, wisdom, and experience of the team of authors will make this book a timely, relevant, and interesting, resource focusing on fundamentals of the 45 nm Technology Generation and beyond.

Nanoparticle Engineering for Chemical-Mechanical Planarization

Author : Ungyu Paik
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000023362
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nanoparticle Engineering for Chemical-Mechanical Planarization by : Ungyu Paik

Download or read book Nanoparticle Engineering for Chemical-Mechanical Planarization written by Ungyu Paik and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-04-15 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the development of next-generation nanoscale devices, higher speed and lower power operation is the name of the game. Increasing reliance on mobile computers, mobile phone, and other electronic devices demands a greater degree of speed and power. As chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) progressively becomes perceived less as black art and more as a cutting-edge technology, it is emerging as the technology for achieving higher performance devices. Nanoparticle Engineering for Chemical-Mechanical Planarization explains the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles according to each step in the CMP process, including dielectric CMP, shallow trend isolation CMP, metal CMP, poly isolation CMP, and noble metal CMP. The authors provide a detailed guide to nanoparticle engineering of novel CMP slurry for next-generation nanoscale devices below the 60nm design rule. They present design techniques using polymeric additives to improve CMP performance. The final chapter focuses on novel CMP slurry for the application to memory devices beyond 50nm technology. Most books published on CMP focus on the polishing process, equipment, and cleaning. Even though some of these books may touch on CMP slurries, the methods they cover are confined to conventional slurries and none cover them with the detail required for the development of next-generation devices. With its coverage of fundamental concepts and novel technologies, this book delivers expert insight into CMP for all current and next-generation systems.

Chemical-Mechanical Planarization of Semiconductor Materials

Author : M.R. Oliver
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540431817
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Chemical-Mechanical Planarization of Semiconductor Materials by : M.R. Oliver

Download or read book Chemical-Mechanical Planarization of Semiconductor Materials written by M.R. Oliver and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-01-26 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains a comprehensive review of CMP (Chemical-Mechanical Planarization) technology, one of the most exciting areas in the field of semiconductor technology. It contains detailed discussions of all aspects of the technology, for both dielectrics and metals. The state of polishing models and their relation to experimental results are covered. Polishing tools and consumables are also covered. The leading edge issues of damascene and new dielectrics as well as slurryless technology are discussed.

Chemical-Mechanical Planarization: Volume 867

Author : A. Kumar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Chemical-Mechanical Planarization: Volume 867 by : A. Kumar

Download or read book Chemical-Mechanical Planarization: Volume 867 written by A. Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2005-07-19 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technology requirements associated with the progressive scaling of devices for future technology nodes, coupled with the aggressive introduction of new materials, places tremendous demands on chemical-mechanical polishing. The goal of this 2005 book, which is part of a popular series from MRS, is to bring together experts from a broad spectrum of research and technology groups currently working on CMP, to review advances made, and to offer a comprehensive discussion of future challenges that must be overcome. The book shows trends in the development of consumables, process modules, tool designs, process integration, modeling, defect characterization, and metrology. Topics include: planarization processes and applications; consumables -CMP pads and slurries; CMP equipment and metrology; and CMP modeling and simulation.

Tribology In Chemical-Mechanical Planarization

Author : Hong Liang
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420028391
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Tribology In Chemical-Mechanical Planarization by : Hong Liang

Download or read book Tribology In Chemical-Mechanical Planarization written by Hong Liang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-03-01 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrating their intersecting role in manufacturing and technological development, this book examines tribological principles and their applications in CMP, including integrated circuits, basic concepts in surfaces of contacts, and common defects as well as friction, lubrication fundamentals, and the basics of wear. The book concludes its focus with mechanical aspects of CMP, pad materials, elastic modulus, and cell buckling. As the first source to integrate CMP and tribology, Tribology in Chemical-Mechanical Planarization provides applied scientists and engineers in the fields of semiconductors and microelectronics with clear foresight to the future of this technology.

Atomic Layer Deposition for Semiconductors

Author : Cheol Seong Hwang
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146148054X
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Atomic Layer Deposition for Semiconductors by : Cheol Seong Hwang

Download or read book Atomic Layer Deposition for Semiconductors written by Cheol Seong Hwang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering thorough coverage of atomic layer deposition (ALD), this book moves from basic chemistry of ALD and modeling of processes to examine ALD in memory, logic devices and machines. Reviews history, operating principles and ALD processes for each device.

MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook

Author : Reza Ghodssi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387473181
Total Pages : 1211 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (874 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook by : Reza Ghodssi

Download or read book MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook written by Reza Ghodssi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-18 with total page 1211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MEMs Materials and Processes Handbook" is a comprehensive reference for researchers searching for new materials, properties of known materials, or specific processes available for MEMS fabrication. The content is separated into distinct sections on "Materials" and "Processes". The extensive Material Selection Guide" and a "Material Database" guides the reader through the selection of appropriate materials for the required task at hand. The "Processes" section of the book is organized as a catalog of various microfabrication processes, each with a brief introduction to the technology, as well as examples of common uses in MEMs.

Microelectronic Packaging

Author : M. Datta
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 020347368X
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Microelectronic Packaging by : M. Datta

Download or read book Microelectronic Packaging written by M. Datta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-12-20 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microelectronic Packaging analyzes the massive impact of electrochemical technologies on various levels of microelectronic packaging. Traditionally, interconnections within a chip were considered outside the realm of packaging technologies, but this book emphasizes the importance of chip wiring as a key aspect of microelectronic packaging, and focuses on electrochemical processing as an enabler of advanced chip metallization. Divided into five parts, the book begins by outlining the basics of electrochemical processing, defining the microelectronic packaging hierarchy, and emphasizing the impact of electrochemical technology on packaging. The second part discusses chip metallization topics including the development of robust barrier layers and alternative metallization materials. Part III explores key aspects of chip-package interconnect technologies, followed by Part IV's analysis of packages, boards, and connectors which covers materials development, technology trends in ceramic packages and multi-chip modules, and electroplated contact materials. Illustrating the importance of processing tools in enabling technology development, the book concludes with chapters on chemical mechanical planarization, electroplating, and wet etching/cleaning tools. Experts from industry, universities, and national laboratories submitted reviews on each of these subjects, capturing the technological advances made in each area. A detailed examination of how packaging responds to the challenges of Moore's law, this book serves as a timely and valuable reference for microelectronic packaging and processing professionals and other industrial technologists.