Characterizing On-road Vehicular Emissions and Their Impacts on Near-roadway Air Pollution

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterizing On-road Vehicular Emissions and Their Impacts on Near-roadway Air Pollution by : Xing Wang

Download or read book Characterizing On-road Vehicular Emissions and Their Impacts on Near-roadway Air Pollution written by Xing Wang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic emission is a major source of urban air pollution. Vehicle is a significant contributor of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particle (UFP) on-road and near-roadways. People living and working near roadways are facing health risks due to the exposure of elevated pollutant concentration. In order to develop cost-efficient strategies to mitigate near-road air pollution for protecting public health and promoting sustainable growth, it is imperative to characterize on-road traffic emission and its impacts on near-road air quality. On-road chasing method was used in this study to investigate on-road vehicle emissions. This is the first application of this method in China. The method was developed and improved during a four-year field campaign and is an efficient approach to characterize emissions of a large number of on-road vehicles. Fleet average and individual emission factors (EF) are derived and reported. The large sample size significantly expands the database of real world Chinese vehicle emissions. Some of the results are reported for the first time in China: BC and UFP number EF of vehicles by type; EF of buses linked with emission standard; EF distribution based on large sample size; contribution of "heavy emitter" to entire onroad emission; spatial variance of UFP number concentration at on-road, roadside and ambient environments. My work suggests that diesel trucks are a major source of summertime BC in Beijing. Furthermore, "heavy emitter" accounts for a significant portion of BC emissions in Beijing and Chongqing. I also observed a clear downward trend of BC EF of diesel trucks in Beijing from 2008 to 2010, and of buses with more tighten emission standard. These observations indicate the effectiveness of traffic emission control measures (i.e. improvement of fuel quality in Beijing and enforcement of stringent emission standards) on BC EF reduction of diesel vehicles. However, comparison works between BC and NOx EF did not show NOx EF improvement as that of BC. The results and conclusions in this dissertation provide support for policy makers to evaluate and modify current traffic related air pollution control measures and propose future work.

Environmental Impacts of Road Vehicles

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Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782628924
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Impacts of Road Vehicles by : R M Harrison

Download or read book Environmental Impacts of Road Vehicles written by R M Harrison and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-06-16 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first concerns that come to mind in relation to pollution from road vehicles are direct emissions of carbon dioxide and toxic air pollutants. These are, of course, important but the impacts of road traffic are altogether more substantial. This volume of the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series takes a broader view of the effects on the environment and human health, excluding only injury due to road traffic accidents. By looking across the environmental media, air, water and soil, and taking account also of noise pollution, the volume addresses far more than the conventional atmospheric issues. More importantly, however, it examines present and future vehicle technologies, the implications of more extensive use of batteries in electric vehicles and the consequences of recycling vehicles at the end of use. Finally, examples of life-cycle analysis as applied to road vehicles are reviewed. This book is a comprehensive source of authoritative information for students studying pollution, and for policy-makers concerned with vehicle emissions and road traffic impacts more generally.

Air Quality Impacts of Vehicle Emissions on the Urban Environment

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Quality Impacts of Vehicle Emissions on the Urban Environment by : Jonathan M. Wang

Download or read book Air Quality Impacts of Vehicle Emissions on the Urban Environment written by Jonathan M. Wang and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human exposure to vehicle emissions and traffic-related air pollution is a major concern with the increasing population living near major roadways and in urban areas. Although there has been a growing interest in near-road measurements and deployment of near-road monitoring networks, isolating and quantifying vehicle emissions from these measurements have always been a challenge. Emission factors has proven to be a method that is invaluable in targeting vehicle emissions while normalizing for the effects of local dilution and dispersion. Algorithms were developed to automatically capture and calculate emission factors from exhaust plumes from vehicles. The individual plume emission factor method utilized high time resolution measurements and provided insight on inter-fleet emission dynamics and trends, providing mean emission factors for the downtown Toronto on-road fleet, co-emitted pollutants from various emitter groups, relative contributions from heavy emitters, and compared well with real-world emission factors from past studies. Additionally, discrepancies were observed between past laboratory and the measured real-world emission factors, with differences upwards of an order of magnitude for the more dynamic pollutants such as particle number concentration. Temporal variation in emission factors were also observed diurnally, weekday vs. weekend, and seasonally, where influences were found to be from changes in fleet make-up, fuel composition, and ambient conditions. A simplified daily-integrated emission factor method was subsequently applied to nearly two years of continuous measurements made at three near-road sites with varying site and fleet characteristics, as well as different meteorological conditions. Emission factors proved to be a useful metric in normalizing the site differences, and provided insight on inter- and intra- fleet emissions characteristics.

Highway Pollution

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080875033
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Highway Pollution by : R.S. Hamilton

Download or read book Highway Pollution written by R.S. Hamilton and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1991-08-30 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long before "green" issues became a subject of widespread concern, both editors of the present book were heavily involved in research relating to pollutants in the highway environment. The result was the First International Symposium on Highway Pollution in 1983 with subsequent Second and Third Symposia held in London and Munich respectively. The proceedings of these three conferences were published respectively as Volumes 33, 59, and 93 of The Science of the Total Environment which provided individual insights into developing research projects. This book is an attempt at a more coherent overview of highway pollution in which leading international authorities were invited to contribute their works. This book covers all aspects of air, water and noise pollution in the vicinity of highways. Sources, transport and effects are reviewed and control by engineering and legal procedures are considered. The current state of knowledge is put into perspective in this unique work.

Traffic-Related Air Pollution

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128181230
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Traffic-Related Air Pollution by : Haneen Khreis

Download or read book Traffic-Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects

Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge

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Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264888853
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge by : OECD

Download or read book Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-07 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.

Non-Exhaust Emissions

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128117516
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Exhaust Emissions by : Fulvio Amato

Download or read book Non-Exhaust Emissions written by Fulvio Amato and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health comprehensively summarizes the most recent research in the field, also giving guidance on research gaps and future needs to evaluate the health impact and possible remediation of non-exhaust particle emissions. With contributions from some of the major experts and stakeholders in air quality, this book comprehensively defines the state-of-the-art of current knowledge, gaps and future needs for a better understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions, from non-exhaust sources of road traffic to improve public health. PM is a heterogeneous mix of chemical elements and sources, with road traffic being the major source in large cities. A significant part of these emissions come from non-exhaust processes, such as brake, tire, road wear, and road dust resuspension. While motor exhaust emissions have been successfully reduced by means of regulation, non-exhaust emissions are currently uncontrolled and their importance is destined to increase and become the dominant urban source of particle matter by 2020. Nevertheless, current knowledge on the non-exhaust emissions is still limited. This is an essential book to researchers and advanced students from a broad range of disciplines, such as public health, toxicology, atmospheric sciences, environmental sciences, atmospheric chemistry and physics, geochemistry, epidemiology, built environment, road and vehicle engineering, and city planning. In addition, European and local authorities responsible for air quality and those in the industrial sectors related to vehicle and brake manufacturing and technological remediation measures will also find the book valuable. Acts as the first book to explore the health impacts of non-exhaust emissions Authored by experts from several sectors, including academia, industry and policy Gathers the relevant body of literature and information, defining the current knowledge, gaps and future needs

Transportation Controls to Reduce Automobile Use and Improve Air Quality in Cities

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Transportation Controls to Reduce Automobile Use and Improve Air Quality in Cities by : Joel L. Horowitz

Download or read book Transportation Controls to Reduce Automobile Use and Improve Air Quality in Cities written by Joel L. Horowitz and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Air Pollution Calculations

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128149353
Total Pages : 571 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Pollution Calculations by : Daniel A. Vallero

Download or read book Air Pollution Calculations written by Daniel A. Vallero and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-05-03 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air Pollution Calculations introduces the equations and formulae that are most important to air pollution, but goes a step further. Most texts lack examples of how these equations and formulae apply to the quantification of real-world scenarios and conditions. The ample example calculations apply to current air quality problems, including emission inventories, risk estimations, biogeochemical cycling assessments, and efficiencies in air pollution control technologies. In addition, the book explains thermodynamics and fluid dynamics in step-by-step and understandable calculations using air quality and multimedia modeling, reliability engineering and engineering economics using practical examples likely to be encountered by scientists, engineers, managers and decision makers. The book touches on the environmental variables, constraints and drivers that can influence pollutant mass, volume and concentrations, which in turn determine toxicity and adverse outcomes caused by air pollution. How the pollutants form, move, partition, transform and find their fate are explained using the entire range of atmospheric phenomena. The control, prevention and mitigation of air pollution are explained based on physical, chemical and biological principles which is crucial to science-based policy and decision-making. Users will find this to be a comprehensive, single resource that will help them understand air pollution, quantify existing data, and help those whose work is impacted by air pollution. Explains air pollution in a comprehensive manner, enabling readers to understand how to measure and assess risks to human populations and ecosystems actually or potentially exposed to air pollutants Covers air pollution from a multivariate, systems approach, bringing in atmospheric processes, health impacts, environmental impacts, controls and prevention Facilitates an understanding of broad factors, like climate and transport, that influence patterns and change in pollutant concentrations, both spatially and over time

Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309037263
Total Pages : 703 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health by : Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute

Download or read book Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health written by Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.

Individual and Environmental Determinants of Traffic Emissions and Near-road Air Quality

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Individual and Environmental Determinants of Traffic Emissions and Near-road Air Quality by : Junshi Xu

Download or read book Individual and Environmental Determinants of Traffic Emissions and Near-road Air Quality written by Junshi Xu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On-road motor vehicles are responsible for a considerable proportion of near-road air pollution. While background levels of air pollutants are continuously tracked by regional monitoring networks, assessing near-road air quality remains a challenge in urban areas with complex built environments, traffic composition, and meteorological variation, leading to significant spatiotemporal variability in air pollution. This research addresses current gaps in the literature on local traffic emissions and near-road air quality. This thesis first investigates the effect of traffic volume and speed data on the simulation of vehicle emissions and hotspot analysis. Traffic emissions are estimated using radar data as well as simulated traffic based on various speed aggregation methods. It provides recommendations for project-level analysis and particulate matter (PM) hotspot analysis. We further compare fleet averaged emission factors (EFs) derived from a traffic emission model, the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES), with EFs using plume-based measurements. This second module stresses the need to collect local traffic information for a better understanding of on-road traffic emissions. Besides, we validate default drive cycles in MOVES against representative drive cycles derived based on real-world GPS data. The validation results are helpful for transportation planners to quantify uncertainties in emission estimation and employ appropriate methods to improve the estimation of on-road emission inventories. The third module develops eco-score models and evaluates the effect of various factors such as driver and trip characteristics on emission intensities. The results shed light on the impact of driving style on emissions and identify the most important factors affecting the amount of emissions generated by every individual driver. The fourth module focuses on the impact of traffic emissions on near-road air quality and presents the results of two different experiments. First, it explores the effect of various factors on near-road ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations based on short-term fixed monitoring, which stresses the significance of using local traffic characteristics to improve near-road air quality prediction. In addition, it captures the distribution of truck movements in urban environments and investigates the impacts of land-use variables and detailed traffic information on near-road Black Carbon (BC) concentrations.

Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015

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Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241565063
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2015-12-17 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Global status report on road safety 2015, reflecting information from 180 countries, indicates that worldwide the total number of road traffic deaths has plateaued at 1.25 million per year, with the highest road traffic fatality rates in low-income countries. In the last three years, 17 countries have aligned at least one of their laws with best practice on seat-belts, drink-driving, speed, motorcycle helmets or child restraints. While there has been progress towards improving road safety legislation and in making vehicles safer, the report shows that the pace of change is too slow. Urgent action is needed to achieve the ambitious target for road safety reflected in the newly adopted 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: halving the global number of deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes by 2020. Made possible through funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies, this report is the third in the series, and provides a snapshot of the road safety situation globally, highlighting the gaps and the measures needed to best drive progress."--Publisher's description.

Case Studies of Transit Energy and Air Pollution Impacts

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Case Studies of Transit Energy and Air Pollution Impacts by : James P. Curry

Download or read book Case Studies of Transit Energy and Air Pollution Impacts written by James P. Curry and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Urban Transportation and Air Pollution

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128115076
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Urban Transportation and Air Pollution by : Akula Venkatram

Download or read book Urban Transportation and Air Pollution written by Akula Venkatram and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban Transportation and Air Pollution synthesizes state-of-the-art methods on estimating near-road concentrations of roadway emissions. The book provides the information needed to make estimates using methods based on a minimal set of model inputs that can be applied by a wide range of users in many situations. Discussions include methods to estimate traffic emission under numerous urban driving conditions, the uncertainty of emission models, and the effects of road configurations, such as near-road solid barriers. Final sections present dispersion models that link traffic emissions with near road concentrations in urban environments. Addressing transportation-related environmental issues is extremely important as urban areas are constantly searching for ways to mitigate impacts from transportation sources. This book helps to explain dispersion models, a critical tool for estimating the impact of roadway emissions in cities. Compiles and synthesizes the state-of-the-science methods for estimating roadway emissions Demonstrates, with clear examples, how modeling methods reduce uncertainties in real-world problems Emphasizes how local-scale, semi-empirical, steady-state modeling can be applied using only a small set of inputs Offers an overview of the meteorology that governs air pollution dispersion in cities

Clearing the Air

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Publisher : Chinese University Press
ISBN 13 : 9789622016576
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis Clearing the Air by : Frank W. Rusco

Download or read book Clearing the Air written by Frank W. Rusco and published by Chinese University Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main source of particulates and nitrogen oxides in Hong Kong is attributable to goods vehicles and to a lesser extent buses; taxis and private cars contribute only a small fraction of these pollutants, even in densely populated areas or urban canyons. The growing volume of vehicle traffic between Hong Kong and China contributes to increasing the level of vehicle emissions found in the territory. These findings have important implications for both environmental and transport policies.

Air Pollution

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Air Pollution by : United States. General Accounting Office

Download or read book Air Pollution written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Motor Vehicle Emissions

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Motor Vehicle Emissions by : United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Technical Reference Division

Download or read book Motor Vehicle Emissions written by United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Technical Reference Division and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: