Characterization of MS2 Bacteriophage by Integrated Virus Detection System (IVDS) Physical Counting Methodology

Download Characterization of MS2 Bacteriophage by Integrated Virus Detection System (IVDS) Physical Counting Methodology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Characterization of MS2 Bacteriophage by Integrated Virus Detection System (IVDS) Physical Counting Methodology by :

Download or read book Characterization of MS2 Bacteriophage by Integrated Virus Detection System (IVDS) Physical Counting Methodology written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new physically based methodology - The Integrated Virus Detection System (IVDS) - was used to characterize a high concentration, 10.2 mg protein/ml, sample preparation of MS2 Bacteriophage with a reported 10(exp 14) pfu/ml (DPM14) virus count in a common TNME buffer. Virus counts were made using the IVDS instrument following serial dilution. Results indicated virus counts of 1.5 x 10(exp 5) for the neat sample (DPM14), followed by 6.5 x 10(exp 4) viruses (DPM13), 1.2 x 10(exp 4) viruses (DPM12), 9.3 x 10(exp 2) viruses (DPM11), 88 viruses (DPM10), and 5 viruses (DPM9), respectively. Lower concentrations display a consistent multiplier and were consistent with target dilutions. Increases in virus concentration appear to decrease the multiplier. Variation is considered to be due to aggregation. Results demonstrate a consistent and simple-to-use methodology. Results further indicate that the IVDS instrument can be used for characterization of other virus preparations with equal ease and similar results.

Mass Spectrometry and Integrated Virus Detection System Characterization of MS2 Bacteriophage

Download Mass Spectrometry and Integrated Virus Detection System Characterization of MS2 Bacteriophage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (742 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometry and Integrated Virus Detection System Characterization of MS2 Bacteriophage by :

Download or read book Mass Spectrometry and Integrated Virus Detection System Characterization of MS2 Bacteriophage written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study demonstrates the characterization of the sample matrix composition of the MS2 virus using ESI-MS and IVDS detection systems. The MS2 samples were grown and purified using various techniques, which showed ESI-MS samples responding differently from IVDS samples. The LC-MS of the specific biomarker of the MS2 bacteriophage from an infected Escherichia coli (E. coli) sample was characterized in the presence of E. coli proteins. The significant impact of the sample matrix was observed upon the identification of MS2 using a database search. Escherichia coli infected with MS2 showed a different score from other uninfected scores. Only purified MS2, using CsCl and analyzed by LS-MS, showed a positive match in the database search. However, the variation in the MS2 sample matrix had no effect on the characterization of MS2.

Integrated Virus Detection

Download Integrated Virus Detection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482230054
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrated Virus Detection by : Charles H. Wick

Download or read book Integrated Virus Detection written by Charles H. Wick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple viruses can be detected concurrently using the Integrated Virus Detection System (IVDS). Integrated Virus Detection describes this technology and provides many examples of applications including a chapter on viruses found in honeybees with descriptions of seasonal and yearly variation. This straightforward technology can be used to detect known, unknown, and unsequenced viruses collected from environmental and other complex biological sources. This book summarizes more than ten US patents issued for the invention of the IVDS, which is the common name of the electrospray–differential mobility analyzer method. The IVDS is powering mankind’s ability to rapidly detect, measure, and monitor viruses as well as virus-like particles. Three facts make rapid detection possible: virus size, which ranges from 20 to 800 nm.; disparity in each virus species’ particle size thus allowing size data to be used for detection and preliminary identification; and the fact that virus particle density is distinct from other nanoparticles. The IVDS can ascertain the absence of virion particles, thus presenting compelling evidence of a true negative, which is useful in verifying decontamination and other processes. In addition, large numbers of samples may be processed in an automated fashion, providing an excellent means to prescreen them for judicious targeting of subsequent tests such as PCR or the discriminating method for identifying microbes, which is mass spectrometry proteomics.* The book is helpful to anyone interested in virus detection, especially in situations where many viral types may coexist. *Identifying Microbes by Mass Spectrometry Proteomics (CRC Press 2013)

Virus Detection

Download Virus Detection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000868303
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Virus Detection by : Charles H. Wick

Download or read book Virus Detection written by Charles H. Wick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-05-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses do not behave as other microbes; their life cycles require infecting healthy cells, commandeering their cellular apparatus, replicating and then killing the host cell. Methods for virus detection and identification have been developed only in the past few decades. These recently developed methods include molecular, physical, and proteomic techniques. All these approaches (Electron Microscopy, Molecular, Direct Counting, and Mass Spectrometry Proteomics) to detection and identification are reviewed in this succinct volume. It is written in approachable language with enough detail for trained professionals to follow and want to recommend to others. Key Features Covers common detection methods Reviews the history of detection from antiquity to the present Documents the strengths and weaknesses of various detection methods Describes how to detect newly discovered viruses Recommends specific applications for clinical, hospital, environmental, and public health uses

Integrated Virus Detection System Characterization of MS2 and TBSV After Pulsed Lamp Exposure

Download Integrated Virus Detection System Characterization of MS2 and TBSV After Pulsed Lamp Exposure PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 29 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (713 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrated Virus Detection System Characterization of MS2 and TBSV After Pulsed Lamp Exposure by :

Download or read book Integrated Virus Detection System Characterization of MS2 and TBSV After Pulsed Lamp Exposure written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to decontaminate microorganisms with a broad band pulsed light system has been demonstrated (ERDC-TR-456). This study will allow the effects of the pulsed lamp decontamination effects on MS2 bacteriophagc and tomato bushy stunt virus to be analyzed quickly without historical microbiological techniques. The Integrated Virus Detection System can analyze multiple samples quickly and allows rapid determination of pulsed lamp effects.

Single-stranded RNA phages

Download Single-stranded RNA phages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429671415
Total Pages : 1832 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Single-stranded RNA phages by : Paul Pumpens

Download or read book Single-stranded RNA phages written by Paul Pumpens and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-02-03 with total page 1832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive guide to single-stranded RNA phages (family Leviviridae), first discovered in 1961. These phages played a unique role in early studies of molecular biology, the genetic code, translation, replication, suppression of mutations. Special attention is devoted to modern applications of the RNA phages and their products in nanotechnology, vaccinology, gene discovery, evolutionary and environmental studies. Included is an overview of the generation of novel vaccines, gene therapy vectors, drug delivery, and diagnostic tools exploring the role of RNA phage-derived products in the revolutionary progress of the protein tethering and bioimaging protocols. Key Features Presents the first full guide to single-stranded RNA phages Reviews the history of molecular biology summarizing the role RNA phages in the development of the life sciences Demonstrates how RNA phage-derived products have resulted in nanotechnological applications Presents an up-to-date account of the role played by RNA phages in evolutionary and environmental studies

Microfluidic Chip-Capillary Electrophoresis Devices

Download Microfluidic Chip-Capillary Electrophoresis Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482251655
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microfluidic Chip-Capillary Electrophoresis Devices by : Ying Sing Fung

Download or read book Microfluidic Chip-Capillary Electrophoresis Devices written by Ying Sing Fung and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-08-18 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microfluidic chip (MC) devices are relatively mature technologies, but this book demonstrates how they can be integrated into a single, revolutionary device that can provide on-site analysis of samples when laboratory services are unavailable. By introducing the combination of CE and MC technology, Microfluidic Ch

Proteomics for Biological Discovery

Download Proteomics for Biological Discovery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119081726
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proteomics for Biological Discovery by : Timothy D. Veenstra

Download or read book Proteomics for Biological Discovery written by Timothy D. Veenstra and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An update to the popular guide to proteomics technology applications in biomedical research Building on the strength of the original edition, this book presents the state of the art in the field of proteomics and offers students and scientists new tools and techniques to advance their own research. Written by leading experts in the field, it provides readers with an understanding of new and emerging directions for proteomics research and applications. Proteomics for Biological Discovery begins by discussing the emergence of proteomics technologies and summarizing the potential insights to be gained from proteome-level research. The tools of proteomics, from conventional to novel techniques, are thoroughly covered, from underlying concepts to limitations and future directions. Later chapters provide an overview of the current developments in post-translational modification studies, structural proteomics, biochemical proteomics, applied proteomics, and bioinformatics relevant to proteomics. Chapters cover: Quantitative Proteomics for Differential Protein Expression Profiling; Protein Microarrays; Protein Biomarker Discovery; Biomarker Discovery using Mass Spectrometry Imaging; Protein-Protein Interactions; Mass Spectrometry Of Intact Protein Complexes; Crosslinking Applications in Structural Proteomics; Functional Proteomics; High Resolution Interrogation of Biological Systems via Mass Cytometry; Characterization of Drug-Protein Interactions by Chemoproteomics; Phosphorylation; Large-Scale Phosphoproteomics; and Probing Glycoforms of Individual Proteins Using Antibody-Lectin Sandwich Arrays. Presents a comprehensive and coherent review of the major issues in proteomic technology development, bioinformatics, strategic approaches, and applications Chapters offer a rigorous overview with summary of limitations, emerging approaches, questions, and realistic future industry and basic science applications Features new coverage of mass spectrometry for high throughput proteomic measurements, and novel quantitation strategies such as spectral counting and stable isotope labeling Discusses higher level integrative aspects, including technical challenges and applications for drug discovery Offers new chapters on biomarker discovery, global phosphorylation analysis, proteomic profiling using antibodies, and single cell mass spectrometry Proteomics for Biological Discovery is an excellent advanced resource for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and scientists across all the major fields of biomedical science.

Proteomics for Biological Discovery

Download Proteomics for Biological Discovery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470007737
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proteomics for Biological Discovery by : Timothy D. Veenstra

Download or read book Proteomics for Biological Discovery written by Timothy D. Veenstra and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-06-12 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by recognized experts in the study of proteins, Proteomics for Biological Discovery begins by discussing the emergence of proteomics from genome sequencing projects and a summary of potential answers to be gained from proteome-level research. The tools of proteomics, from conventional to novel techniques, are then dealt with in terms of underlying concepts, limitations and future directions. An invaluable source of information, this title also provides a thorough overview of the current developments in post-translational modification studies, structural proteomics, biochemical proteomics, microfabrication, applied proteomics, and bioinformatics relevant to proteomics. Presents a comprehensive and coherent review of the major issues faced in terms of technology development, bioinformatics, strategic approaches, and applications Chapters offer a rigorous overview with summary of limitations, emerging approaches, questions, and realistic future industry and basic science applications Discusses higher level integrative aspects, including technical challenges and applications for drug discovery Accessible to the novice while providing experienced investigators essential information Proteomics for Biological Discovery is an essential resource for students, postdoctoral fellows, and researchers across all fields of biomedical research, including biochemistry, protein chemistry, molecular genetics, cell/developmental biology, and bioinformatics.

Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration

Download Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351431501
Total Pages : 654 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration by : Zeman

Download or read book Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration written by Zeman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrates knowledge on microfiltration and ultrification, membrane chemistry, and characterization methods with the engineering and economic aspects of device performance, device and module design, processes, and applications. The text provides a discussion of membrane fundamentals and an analytical framework for designing and developing new filtrations systems for a broad range of technologically important functions. It offers information on membrane liquid precursors, fractal and stochastic pore space analysis, novel and advanced module designs, and original process design calculations.

PCR for Clinical Microbiology

Download PCR for Clinical Microbiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048190398
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis PCR for Clinical Microbiology by : Ian W.J. Carter

Download or read book PCR for Clinical Microbiology written by Ian W.J. Carter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-03 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not another textbook, but a valuable tool for doctors and microbiologists wanting to know how to set up a PCR diagnostic microbiology laboratory according to current regulatory standards and perform assays supplied with patient clinical diagnostic criteria and easy to follow protocols. Whether laboratories are using commercial kits or in-house methods developed in their own laboratories or adopted from published methods, all clinical microbiology laboratories need to be able to understand, critically evaluate, perform and interpret these tests according to rigorous and clinically appropriate standards and international guidelines. The cost and effort of development and evaluation of in-house tests is considerable and many laboratories do not have the resources to do so. This compendium is a vehicle to improve and maintain the clinical relevance and high quality of diagnostic PCR. It is a unique collection of; guidelines for PCR laboratory set up and quality control, test selection criteria, methods and detailed step by step protocols for a diagnostic assays in the field of molecular microbiology. The structure of the book provides the PCR fundamentals and describes the clinical aspects and diagnosis of infectious disease. This is followed by protocols divided into; bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites, and susceptibility screens. The inclusion of medical criteria and interpretation adds value to the compendium and benefits clinicians, scientists, researchers and students of clinical diagnostic microbiology

Bacteriophage

Download Bacteriophage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Caister Academic Press Limited
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bacteriophage by : Stephen Mc Grath

Download or read book Bacteriophage written by Stephen Mc Grath and published by Caister Academic Press Limited. This book was released on 2007 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by eminent international researchers actively involved in the disparate areas of bacteriophage research this book focuses on the current rapid developments in this exciting field.

CRC Handbook of Viruses

Download CRC Handbook of Viruses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780849326257
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (262 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CRC Handbook of Viruses by : Horace M. Mazzone

Download or read book CRC Handbook of Viruses written by Horace M. Mazzone and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-05-13 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a distinct class of macromolecules, viruses are continually being studied in order to determine their properties. Following a knowledge of host-range infectivity, the particle mass-molecular weight of the virus and related properties - including size, shape, sedimentation, and diffusion coefficients - are also important characterizations. In the literature, these values have been determined for many viruses, and a variety of techniques are available by which such properties may be analyzed. Until now, there has been no single source for such information that the interested investigator may consult, and no databases provided this kind of information. CRC Handbook of Viruses: Mass-Molecular Weight Values and Related Properties corrects this deficiency by presenting such data for all classes of viruses; centering on viruses, their molecular weight, and their related properties; and acquainting the investigator to many methods for obtaining the mass-molecular weight value of viruses. This singular study explains the variety of methods available to the researcher as well as provides examples of each method. Molecular weight values are accessed directly from the book, saving the investigator a tedious search through the range of literature. Chapters discuss: Viruses as infectious agents and their role in establishing the relatively new discipline of molecular biology Essential components of viruses, protein, and nucleic acid - considering their discovery, nature, structural organization, and the forming of viruses from nucleoproteins Basic aspects of virus purification, preparative centrifuge, and various purification methods Basic aspects of crystallography, including procedures, x-ray analysis of the viral protein component, the arranging of subunits, and the composition of the intact virus Sedimentation experiments and studies used to obtain molecular weight Sedimentation and diffusion coefficients integral to the basic Svedberg equation Sedimentation equilibrium procedures The new Beckman Optima series of analytical ultracentrifuges Scattering studies, including small angle x-ray, small angle neutron, classical light scattering, and electron microscopy The renaissance of instrumentation in classical light scattering techniques Cold neutron facilities currently being set into operation by government laboratories Sizing and solvation of viruses in solution - their "natural environment" Critical modeling experiments Facilities and instrumentation for molecular weight studies - including the high voltage transmission electron microscope for obtaining mass values of viral inclusion bodies CRC Handbook of Viruses serves the: Researcher seeking values of virus molecular weight and related parameters Investigator getting started in virology and seeking information on physical chemical procedures Student interested in viruses as infectious agents

TECHNEAU

Download TECHNEAU PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843392755
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis TECHNEAU by : Christian Kazner

Download or read book TECHNEAU written by Christian Kazner and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2009-06-14 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The best papers from the three-day conference on Safe Drinking Water from Source to Tap June 2009 in Maastricht are published in this book covering the themes of challenges of the water sector and adaptive strategies, treatment, distribution, risk assessment and risk management, sensors and monitoring, small scale systems, simulation, alternative water supply & sources, consumer involvement, and future drinking water. Worldwide, the water supply sector is facing tremendous challenges. Every new emerging contaminants and pathogens and aging infrastructures that are vulnerable for deliberate contamination pose a threat to the quality of water supplies. Shortage of good quality and readily treatable resources is increasing due to global warming, urbanisation and pollution from agriculture and industry. Regulators and consumers are becoming more demanding. Techneau - the largest European project on drinking water - addresses these challenges by developing adaptive supply system options and new and improved treatment and monitoring technologies. Future system options to be studied are flexible, small scale and multi-source supplies, utilising non conventional resources like brackish ground water, treated wastewater and urban groundwater.

Modern Clinical Molecular Techniques

Download Modern Clinical Molecular Techniques PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461421705
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Clinical Molecular Techniques by : Peter Hu

Download or read book Modern Clinical Molecular Techniques written by Peter Hu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-05-11 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book covers the need to know clinical practices for all those involved in molecular laboratory science. The field of molecular medicine is evolving at an astounding speed. Propelled by the new insights and technologies, advances are being made at an unprecedented rate. With dual measure given to today’s breakthroughs, this book is a collection of the most current practices relevant to the clinical molecular laboratorian. It begins with an introductory section on techniques and procedure. It then presents four separate sections on infectious disease, oncology, pre/post-natal, and identity testing, with specific chapters clearly outlining clinical protocols used in daily practice. Modern Clinical Molecular Techniques cuts to the heart of what is essential for the practicing molecular laboratory scientist. It is an outstanding resource for those operating within or looking to set up a clinical molecular laboratory.

Soil pollution: a hidden reality

Download Soil pollution: a hidden reality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251305056
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Soil pollution: a hidden reality by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Soil pollution: a hidden reality written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-04-30 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presents key messages and the state-of-the-art of soil pollution, its implications on food safety and human health. It aims to set the basis for further discussion during the forthcoming Global Symposium on Soil Pollution (GSOP18), to be held at FAO HQ from May 2nd to 4th 2018. The publication has been reviewed by the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soil (ITPS) and contributing authors. It addresses scientific evidences on soil pollution and highlights the need to assess the extent of soil pollution globally in order to achieve food safety and sustainable development. This is linked to FAO’s strategic objectives, especially SO1, SO2, SO4 and SO5 because of the crucial role of soils to ensure effective nutrient cycling to produce nutritious and safe food, reduce atmospheric CO2 and N2O concentrations and thus mitigate climate change, develop sustainable soil management practices that enhance agricultural resilience to extreme climate events by reducing soil degradation processes. This document will be a reference material for those interested in learning more about sources and effects of soil pollution.

RNA Methodologies

Download RNA Methodologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080454763
Total Pages : 794 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis RNA Methodologies by : Robert E. Farrell Jr.

Download or read book RNA Methodologies written by Robert E. Farrell Jr. and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-07-22 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This laboratory guide represents a growing collection of tried, tested and optimized laboratory protocols for the isolation and characterization of eukaryotic RNA, with lesser emphasis on the characterization of prokaryotic transcripts. Collectively the chapters work together to embellish the RNA story, each presenting clear take-home lessons, liberally incorporating flow charts, tables and graphs to facilitate learning and assist in the planning and implementation phases of a project.RNA Methodologies, 3rd edition includes approximately 30% new material, including chapters on the more recent technologies of RNA interference including: RNAi; Microarrays; Bioinformatics. It also includes new sections on: new and improved RT-PCR techniques; innovative 5' and 3' RACE techniques; subtractive PCR methods; methods for improving cDNA synthesis.* Author is a well-recognized expert in the field of RNA experimentation and founded Exon-Intron, a well-known biotechnology educational workshop center * Includes classic and contemporary techniques * Incorporates flow charts, tables, and graphs to facilitate learning and assist in the planning phases of projects