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Characterization Of Gas And Particle Phase Emissions From On Road Motor Vehicles
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Book Synopsis Characterization of Gas- and Particle-phase Emissions from On-road Motor Vehicles by : George Alexander Ban-Weiss
Download or read book Characterization of Gas- and Particle-phase Emissions from On-road Motor Vehicles written by George Alexander Ban-Weiss and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Colin T. (Colin Thomas) Welburn Publisher :National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada ISBN 13 :9780612668829 Total Pages :514 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (688 download)
Book Synopsis Characterisation of Particulate Matter Emissions from Motor Vehicles [microform] by : Colin T. (Colin Thomas) Welburn
Download or read book Characterisation of Particulate Matter Emissions from Motor Vehicles [microform] written by Colin T. (Colin Thomas) Welburn and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 2001 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Carbonyls from Motor Vehicles by : Chris A. Jakober
Download or read book Carbonyls from Motor Vehicles written by Chris A. Jakober and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The understanding of carbonyl emissions from motor vehicles was enhanced via new chemical analysis approaches in conjunction with alternative emissions sample collection methodologies and examination of solution photolysis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) chemical analysis with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) derivatization provides additional analytical utility for characterization of carbonyl emissions from motor vehicle combustion. This is especially true for compounds containing multiple carbonyl functional groups, e.g., quinones, which are typically hindered in gas-chromatography (GC) with ITMS analysis due to the large molecular weight and lower vapor pressure of their PFBHA oximes. Carbonyl emissions from gasoline powered light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles (HDDVs) operated on chassis dynamometers were measured using an annular denuder-quartz filter-polyurethane foam sampler, allowing for collection of both gas- and particle-phase emissions, in conjunction with PFBHA derivatization and chemical analysis by GC-ITMS and HPLC-APCI-ITMS. Gas- and particle-phase emissions for 39 aliphatic (C2-C14) and 20 aromatic carbonyls (C7-C13) ranged from 0.1 to 2000 [mu]g L−1 fuel consumed for LDVs and 1.8 to 27000 [mu]g L−1 fuel consumed for HDDVs. Carbonyls accounted for 19% of particulate organic carbon (POC) emissions from low-emission LDVs and 37% of POC emissions from three-way catalyst equipped LDVs, but only 3.3 to 3.9% for HDDVs. These measurements identify carbonyls as one of the largest classes of compounds in particulate matter emissions from LDVs operated on chassis dynamometers to date. Nine quinones were observed from C6 to C16. This research is the first to measure gas-phase quinone emissions from motor vehicles combustion, with emissions ranging from 2 to 28,000 [mu]g L−1 fuel consumed. Eight particle-phase quinones were observed between 2 to 1600 mug L -1. Select quinones were furthered examined to assess their photolytic stability in solution, a surrogate for particle-phase behavior. Calculated quinone atmospheric lifetimes, based on aqueous photolysis, ranged from 1.7 to 28 minutes under midday, summer solstice, clear sky conditions at Davis, CA (38.6 °N). These results indicate that motor vehicle emissions of carbonyls, especially quinones given their observed toxicological implications, must be properly considered for accurate public health risk assessments.
Book Synopsis Impact of Reformulated Fuels on Particle and Gas-phase Emissions from Motor Vehicles by : Thomas W. Kirchstetter
Download or read book Impact of Reformulated Fuels on Particle and Gas-phase Emissions from Motor Vehicles written by Thomas W. Kirchstetter and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Characterization of Gas-phase Emissions from Comparable Conventional and Hybrid Gasoline Vehicles During Real-world Operation by : Karen M. Sentoff
Download or read book Characterization of Gas-phase Emissions from Comparable Conventional and Hybrid Gasoline Vehicles During Real-world Operation written by Karen M. Sentoff and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tailpipe emissions data from hybrid and conventional model year 2010 Toyota Camry vehicles were collected during real-world driving on a single, 32-mile route over a period of 18 months. Samples from the tailpipe were transferred into the vehicles and analyzed for gas-phase pollutants in real-time by an MKS MultiGas 2030 Analyzer, a commercially available Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). Additional measurements including vehicle and engine operating parameters, tailpipe flow rate, GPS location, road grade, ambient temperature, and relative humidity were collected simultaneously, second-by-second.
Book Synopsis Quantifying Diesel and Gasoline Powered Motor Vehicle Emissions in California Through Ambient and Source-based Emissions Measurements by : Toshihiro Kuwayama
Download or read book Quantifying Diesel and Gasoline Powered Motor Vehicle Emissions in California Through Ambient and Source-based Emissions Measurements written by Toshihiro Kuwayama and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diesel and gasoline powered motor vehicle emissions were quantified through both ambient measurements and source-based emissions measurements. Ambient ultrafine particulate matter was measured and chemically speciated for a source apportionment analysis to identify the vehicular contributions at an urban city in California. The efforts of the Emissions Reduction Plan for Ports and Goods Movement in California have been realized through the comparison of ultrafine particulate matter contributions from old-technology diesel engines during different phases of the regulation implementation between years 2009 and 2010. Volatility of primary organic aerosols from gasoline powered motor vehicles was investigated using a series of thermodenuder experiments and particle evaporation modeling. The behaviors and the compositions of gas- and particle-phase motor vehicle emissions under atmospherically relevant conditions were also examined. These analyses will aid scientists and regulators in properly assessing the current state of vehicular emissions regulations, aid in particulate matter exposure studies, improve the understanding of the characteristics of vehicular emissions, and determine the effects of atmospheric parameters on the production and the partitioning of organic pollutants.
Book Synopsis Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines by : Jerzy Merkisz
Download or read book Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines written by Jerzy Merkisz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter (PM) and Secondary PM Precursor Gases in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area by :
Download or read book Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter (PM) and Secondary PM Precursor Gases in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project was one of three collaborating grants funded by DOE/ASP to characterize the fine particulate matter (PM) and secondary PM precursors in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during the MILAGRO Campaign. The overall effort of MCMA-2006, one of the four components, focused on i) examination of the primary emissions of fine particles and precursor gases leading to photochemical production of atmospheric oxidants and secondary aerosol particles; ii) measurement and analysis of secondary oxidants and secondary fine PM production, with particular emphasis on secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and iii) evaluation of the photochemical and meteorological processes characteristic of the Mexico City Basin. The collaborative teams pursued the goals through three main tasks: i) analyses of fine PM and secondary PM precursor gaseous species data taken during the MCMA-2002/2003 campaigns and preparation of publications; ii) planning of the MILAGRO Campaign and deployment of the instrument around the MCMA; and iii) analysis of MCMA-2006 data and publication preparation. The measurement phase of the MILAGRO Campaign was successfully completed in March 2006 with excellent participation from the international scientific community and outstanding cooperation from the Mexican government agencies and institutions. The project reported here was led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Molina Center for Energy and the Environment (MIT/MCE2) team and coordinated with DOE/ASP-funded collaborators at Aerodyne Research Inc., University of Colorado at Boulder and Montana State University. Currently 24 papers documenting the findings from this project have been published. The results from the project have improved significantly our understanding of the meteorological and photochemical processes contributing to the formation of ozone, secondary aerosols and other pollutants. Key findings from the MCMA-2003 include a vastly improved speciated emissions inventory from on-road vehicles: the MCMA motor vehicles produce abundant amounts of primary PM, elemental carbon, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and a wide range of air toxics; the feasibility of using eddy covariance techniques to measure fluxes of volatile organic compounds in an urban core and a valuable tool for validating local emissions inventory; a much better understanding of the sources and atmospheric loadings of volatile organic compounds; the first spectroscopic detection of glyoxal in the atmosphere; a unique analysis of the high fraction of ambient formaldehyde from primary emission sources; characterization of ozone formation and its sensitivity to VOCs and NOx; a much more extensive knowledge of the composition, size distribution and atmospheric mass loadings of both primary and secondary fine PM, including the fact that the rate of MCMA SOA production greatly exceeded that predicted by current atmospheric models; evaluations of significant errors that can arise from standard air quality monitors for O3 and NO2; and the implementation of an innovative Markov Chain Monte Carlo method for inorganic aerosol modeling as a powerful tool to analyze aerosol data and predict gas phase concentrations where these are unavailable. During the MILAGRO Campaign the collaborative team utilized a combination of central fixed sites and a mobile laboratory deployed throughout the MCMA to representative urban and boundary sites to measure trace gases and fine particles. Analysis of the extensive 2006 data sets has confirmed the key findings from MCMA-2002/2003; additionally MCMA-2006 provided more detailed gas and aerosol chemistry and wider regional scale coverage. Key results include an updated 2006 emissions inventory; extension of the flux system to measure fluxes of fine particles; better understanding of the sources and apportionment of aerosols, including contribution from biomass burning and industrial sources; a comprehensive evaluation of metal containing particles in a complex urban environment; identification of a close correlation between the rate of production of SOA and "Odd Oxygen" (O3 + NO3) and primary organic PM with CO in the urban plume; a more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between ozone formation and ozone precursors: while ozone production in the urban area is VOC-limited, the response is mostly NOx-limited in the surrounding mountain. Comparison of the findings from 2003 and 2006 also confirm that the VOC levels have decreased during the three-year period, while NOx levels remain the same. The results from the 2002/2003 and 2006 have been presented at international conferences and communicated to Mexican government officials. In addition, a large number of graduate students and post-doctoral associates were involved in the project. All data sets and publications are available to the scientific community.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Particulate Emissions from Gasoline-fueled Vehicles by : Joseph M. Norbeck
Download or read book Characterization of Particulate Emissions from Gasoline-fueled Vehicles written by Joseph M. Norbeck and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Characterization of Particulate Emissions from In-use Gasoline-fueled Motor Vehicles by :
Download or read book Characterization of Particulate Emissions from In-use Gasoline-fueled Motor Vehicles written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optical and Physical Properties from Primary On-Road Vehicle ParticleEmissions And Their Implications for Climate Change by :
Download or read book Optical and Physical Properties from Primary On-Road Vehicle ParticleEmissions And Their Implications for Climate Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the summers of 2004 and 2006, extinction and scattering coefficients of particle emissions inside a San Francisco Bay Area roadway tunnel were measured using a combined cavity ring-down and nephelometer instrument. Particle size distributions and humidification were also measured, as well as several gas phase species. Vehicles in the tunnel traveled up a 4% grade at a speed of approximately 60 km h−1. The traffic situation in the tunnel allows the apportionment of emission factors between light duty gasoline vehicles and diesel trucks. Cross-section emission factors for optical properties were determined for the apportioned vehicles to be consistent with gas phase and particulate matter emission factors. The absorption emission factor (the absorption cross-section per mass of fuel burned) for diesel trucks (4.4 ± 0.79 m2 kg−1) was 22 times larger than for light-duty gasoline vehicles (0.20 ± 0.05 m2 kg−1). The single scattering albedo of particles - which represents the fraction of incident light that is scattered as opposed to absorbed - was 0.2 for diesel trucks and 0.3 for light duty gasoline vehicles. These facts indicate that particulate matter from motor vehicles exerts a positive (i.e., warming) radiative climate forcing. Average particulate mass absorption efficiencies for diesel trucks and light duty gasoline vehicles were 3.14 ± 0.88 m2 g{sub PM}−1 and 2.9 ± 1.07 m2 g{sub PM}−1, respectively. Particle size distributions and optical properties were insensitive to increases in relative humidity to values in excess of 90%, reinforcing previous findings that freshly emitted motor vehicle particulate matter is hydrophobic.
Book Synopsis Carbonyl Emissions from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicles by :
Download or read book Carbonyl Emissions from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicles written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbonyls from gasoline powered light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles (HDDVs) operated on chassis dynamometers were measured using an annular denuder-quartz filter-polyurethane foam sampler with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine derivatization and chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Two internal standards were utilized based on carbonyl recovery, 4-fluorobenzaldehyde forC8 carbonyls and 6-fluoro-4-chromanone for_C8 compounds. Gas- and particle-phase emissions for 39 aliphatic and 20 aromatic carbonyls ranged from 0.1? 2000?g/L fuel for LDVs and 1.8 - 27000 mu g/L fuel for HDDVs. Gas-phase species accounted for 81-95percent of the total carbonyls from LDVs and 86-88percent from HDDVs. Particulate carbonyls emitted from a HDDV under realistic driving conditions were similar to concentrations measured in a diesel particulate matter (PM) standard reference material. Carbonyls accounted for 19percent of particulate organic carbon (POC) emissions from low-emission LDVs and 37percent of POC emissions from three-way catalyst equipped LDVs. This identifies carbonyls as one of the largest classes of compounds in LDV PM emissions. The carbonyl fraction of HDDV POC was lower, 3.3-3.9percent depending upon operational conditions. Partitioning analysis indicates the carbonyls had not achieved equilibrium between the gas- and particle-phase under the dilution factors of 126-584 used in the current study.
Book Synopsis Physical Characterization of Exhaust Particle Emissions from Late Technology Gasoline Vehicles by : Athanasios Mamakos
Download or read book Physical Characterization of Exhaust Particle Emissions from Late Technology Gasoline Vehicles written by Athanasios Mamakos and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study assesses the feasibility of introducing the regulated particle number measurement procedure for the regulation of gasoline vehicles, focusing on the established cut-off size of 23 nm. A range of late technology gasoline vehicles were tested under regulated and unregulated test conditions. The results indicated a distinct emission behavior of Direct Injection Gasolines (G-DI), Port Fuel Injection gasolines (PFI) and Diesels equipped with Particulate Filters (DPF), that differed both in terms of the absolute levels but also with respect to the fraction of undetected nano-sized non-volatile particles. The latter was found to be around 20% (based on comparisons with a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) having a 50% cut-off size at 4.5 nm) for three G-DI vehicles tested, but ranged between 40 and 70% for the two PFIs measured. Interestingly, a relatively large fraction of undetected nanosized was also observed for two late technology DPFs, ranging between 30 and 50%.^To a large extent these differences originate from differences in the size distributions and the relatively blunt shape of the counting efficiency curve of PMP compliant CPCs. Under conditions favouring nucleation mode formation in the dilution tunnel, excessive particle concentrations were detected by the low cut-off size CPCs, and especially the one with a d50 at 4.5 nm, that could exceed those of the PMP compliant CPC by up to one order of magnitude. However, the concentration of these nano-sized particles was found to decrease with increasing the dilution ratio in the first stage of the Volatile Particle Remover (VPR), indicating that this is rather a volatile artifact possibly originating from re-nucleation of evaporated material downstream of the VPR. The study also investigated the potential offered by a range of available approaches to effectively control particle emissions from G-DIs.^These included the use of a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF), the introduction of ethanol in the fuel but also an advanced engine concept combining port and direct fuel injection. The GPF system was found to very efficient in controlling particle number emissions under all driving conditions, having no visible impact on carbon dioxide emissions. The use of fuel with hi-ethanol content (75-85%) was also found to be beneficial especially at high engine loads (up to 97% reduction of nonvolatile particle numbers ) and during cold start operation (up to 70% reduction). The tests with the "hybrid" G-DI-PFI vehicle indicated that there exists the potential for significant reduction of PM formation through engine measures. The non-volatile particle number emissions of this vehicle remained below the diesel limit over all hot start tests.
Book Synopsis GC-MS Analysis of Trace Organic Species in Motor Vehicle Emissions for Ultrafine Particle Source Apportionment by : Sarah Gladys Riddle
Download or read book GC-MS Analysis of Trace Organic Species in Motor Vehicle Emissions for Ultrafine Particle Source Apportionment written by Sarah Gladys Riddle and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Particulate Measurements and Emissions Characterization of Alternative Fuel Vehicle Exhaust by : Thomas D. Durbin
Download or read book Particulate Measurements and Emissions Characterization of Alternative Fuel Vehicle Exhaust written by Thomas D. Durbin and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Improved Characterization of Vehicle Fuels and Emissions for Particulate Matter Estimations by : William Max Lichtenberg
Download or read book Improved Characterization of Vehicle Fuels and Emissions for Particulate Matter Estimations written by William Max Lichtenberg and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vehicle emissions are a major source of precursors for SOA, thus estimating the potential for SOA formation from vehicle emissions is desirable. Colleagues at CE-CERT conducted concurrent studies to measure the SOA formed from the eight fuels. A strong trend between the PMI and the SOA formed was observed. However, this trend was not sufficiently robust to use PMI alone as a predictor for SOA formation. A modification of the PMI was developed, the secondary PMI, by weighting the PMI factor for each of the compound classes based on the contribution of each class to potential SOA formation vs. PMI. Application of this secondary PMI demonstrated the potential for SOA formation to be estimated as a function of fuel composition. Future studies will be needed to refine development and define applicability limits of the secondary PMI.
Book Synopsis Non-Exhaust Emissions by : Fulvio Amato
Download or read book Non-Exhaust Emissions written by Fulvio Amato and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health comprehensively summarizes the most recent research in the field, also giving guidance on research gaps and future needs to evaluate the health impact and possible remediation of non-exhaust particle emissions. With contributions from some of the major experts and stakeholders in air quality, this book comprehensively defines the state-of-the-art of current knowledge, gaps and future needs for a better understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions, from non-exhaust sources of road traffic to improve public health. PM is a heterogeneous mix of chemical elements and sources, with road traffic being the major source in large cities. A significant part of these emissions come from non-exhaust processes, such as brake, tire, road wear, and road dust resuspension. While motor exhaust emissions have been successfully reduced by means of regulation, non-exhaust emissions are currently uncontrolled and their importance is destined to increase and become the dominant urban source of particle matter by 2020. Nevertheless, current knowledge on the non-exhaust emissions is still limited. This is an essential book to researchers and advanced students from a broad range of disciplines, such as public health, toxicology, atmospheric sciences, environmental sciences, atmospheric chemistry and physics, geochemistry, epidemiology, built environment, road and vehicle engineering, and city planning. In addition, European and local authorities responsible for air quality and those in the industrial sectors related to vehicle and brake manufacturing and technological remediation measures will also find the book valuable. Acts as the first book to explore the health impacts of non-exhaust emissions Authored by experts from several sectors, including academia, industry and policy Gathers the relevant body of literature and information, defining the current knowledge, gaps and future needs
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