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Characterization And Speciation Of Fine Particulate Matter Inside The Public Transport Buses Running On Bio Diesel
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Book Synopsis Characterization and Speciation of Fine Particulate Matter Inside the Public Transport Buses Running on Bio-diesel by : Ashok Kumar
Download or read book Characterization and Speciation of Fine Particulate Matter Inside the Public Transport Buses Running on Bio-diesel written by Ashok Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air pollution with respect to particulate matter was investigated in Toledo, Ohio, USA, a city of approximately 300,000, in 2009. Two study buses were selected to reflect typical exposure conditions of passengers while traveling in the bus. Monitoring inside the bus was done in the spring and summer seasons. Particulate matter levels found inside the bus were well below the USEPA standards. Scanning electron microscope analysis was used to identify the possible sources. Particle shape and size distribution analysis was conducted and aspect ratios were determined; the results will be used to find out the potential particle dynamics inside the bus. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed to determine potential carcinogenic matter exposure to passengers. The absence of carcinogens in all the samples suggests healthful air quality levels inside the bus. SEM methodology is a valuable tool for studying the distribution of particulate pollutants. These patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size distribution was generally multi-modal for the ULSD but uni-modal for the B20-fueled bus. The aspect ratio found for different filters collected inside the bus fueled by both the B20 blend and ULSD ranged 2.4-3.6 and 2.3- 2.9 in average value with standard deviation range 0.9-7.4 and 1-7.3 respectively. The square and oblong particles represented the morphology characteristics of the single inhalable particles in the air of a Toledo transit bus.
Book Synopsis Study of Particulate Number Concentrations in Buses Running with Bio Diesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel by : Dinesh Chandra Somuri
Download or read book Study of Particulate Number Concentrations in Buses Running with Bio Diesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel written by Dinesh Chandra Somuri and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of the air quality standards available today are mass based and confined to PM2.5 and PM10 fractions. Size of most particles released from combustion sources is of submicron range, which has minor contribution to mass concentration. Therefore it is essential to obtain inventories for particulate number concentrations in this range. The study was mainly focused on in-vehicle particulate number concentrations in public transport buses running on alternative fuels in the city of Toledo. The in-vehicle particulate number concentrations were collected over a period of one year from July 2008 to June 2009, in Biodiesel and Ultra low sulfur diesel fueled buses. The size of particulates found was in the range of 0.3 m and 20 m. Using the above measured particulate concentration data, the diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variations were studied. Various factors effecting in-vehicle particulate concentrations like number of passengers in the bus, vehicles moving near the bus, ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation were also analyzed using regression tree analysis. It was found that 65-70 % of particulates observed were in the size range of 0.3-0.4 micron. From this we were able to conclude that particulates emitted from diesel vehicles mostly consisted of fine particles. It was observed that particulate concentrations in biodiesel bus were slightly more when compared to ultra low sulfur diesel bus concentrations. From diurnal graphs, it was found that maximum particulate concentrations were obtained during the early mornings, when bus starts its run. From monthly and seasonal trends, it was obtained that maximum concentrations were found during the winter season, because of limited air exchange rate within the bus compartment. From the above trends it was clearly understood that in-vehicle particulate number concentrations were mainly influenced by peak hours, vehicular traffic, positioning of doors and windows, and passengers travelling. Regression analysis showed that in-vehicle particulate concentrations were influenced by meteorology. Wind speed and wind direction were found to have a significant impact on particulate concentrations. Various combinations of variables explained the pattern of monitored concentrations. The measured in-vehicle particulate number concentrations in B20 and ULSD buses were converted in to mass concentrations of PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10. These PM mass concentrations were compared with previously measured two years PM concentrations in the same buses. Using all the above data annual and seasonal PM trends were studied. It was observed that PM mass concentrations increased in the year 2009 compared to 2008 concentration levels. In all the three years, particulate matter concentrations were found to be more in winter season when compared to other seasons in both BD and ULSD buses. A screening mass balance model was developed for modeling of in-vehicle PM2.5 concentrations for buses. The model was tested over four different seasons during a one year period. The air exchange rate and, deposition loss rate were estimated from literature review and from the analysis of monitored concentrations when developing the mass balance model. The developed model predicts the in-vehicle PM2.5 levels inside buses for four seasons performed well up to 1:00 PM. It is suggested that a forecasting model should be used for ambient concentrations to improve the accuracy during afternoon hours.
Book Synopsis Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment of Particles Inside and from the Exhaust of Public Transit Buses Fueled with Alternative Fuels by : Kaushik K. Shandilya
Download or read book Characterization, Speciation, and Source Apportionment of Particles Inside and from the Exhaust of Public Transit Buses Fueled with Alternative Fuels written by Kaushik K. Shandilya and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The practical issue of Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDX) instrumentation compatibility for particle analysis is addressed. The physical and chemical characterization of fine particles is carried out inside a public transit bus fueled with biodiesel (BD) and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size and shape distribution results are compared to those obtained for a bus using ULSD and BD respectively. Only the reproducible results from repeated experiments on ESEM and size distribution obtained by the GRIMM dust monitor are used in this study. The collected filters are analyzed using a computer controlled SEM to obtain aerosol elemental compositions. Factor analysis suggested possible sources of indoor particle levels in public transit bus as motor vehicles, outdoor soil and secondary particle formation. The conclusion is that SEM methodology is a valuable tool for studying the distribution of particulates. A part of this study examines the toxic nature of these engine exhausts under different idling conditions. The results of the PM emission analysis showed that the PM mean value of emission is dependent on the engine operation conditions and fuel type. It is found that lubricant oil, PM ash content, and storage tanks are the major sources of elemental concentrations in the PM. Another part of this study looks at the change from ULSD to BD in different idling mode that is investigated with respect to organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) for public transit buses in Toledo, Ohio. The carbon source profile for both alternative fuels for eight carbon fractions is developed through real time experiments. The results indicated that the use of BD instead of ULSD is environmentally sustainable for human health and climate change. A new method for determining kinetic parameters of soot oxidation is applied for exhaust particles collected from public transit buses. The results indicate that the use of BD in public transit buses will result in lower particle formation from the engine. Particle morphology is clearly spherical carbon nano particles with chain-like agglomerates.
Book Synopsis Identification of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels and Determination of Infiltration of Ambient Contaminants in Public Transport Buses Operating on Biodiesel and ULSD Fuels by : Akhil Kadiyala
Download or read book Identification of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels and Determination of Infiltration of Ambient Contaminants in Public Transport Buses Operating on Biodiesel and ULSD Fuels written by Akhil Kadiyala and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This experimental project presents a comprehensive study of indoor pollutant behavior in the public transport buses in the city of Toledo running on alternative fuels and an understanding of the contribution of outdoor pollutant concentrations to in-vehicle pollutant levels. The indoor pollutants monitored are particulate matter, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Temperature and relative humidity are also measured inside the vehicle in addition to the in-vehicle pollutants. The various factors affecting indoor air quality are indoor sources of pollutants (people, furniture, etc.), ventilation, outdoor air quality, meteorology, pollutant decay, and vehicular traffic. The diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variations of the pollutants are studied. The pollutant level buildup within a bus compartment is due to a combination of different factors and not a result of variation due to a single variable. As the bus is in motion and factors influencing the indoor pollutant levels keep changing randomly, it is difficult to identify specific monthly and seasonal trends. However, pollutant concentration levels are found to be highly influenced by peak hours in the morning and evening and a discussion is provided on identifying the factors that could have influenced monthly and seasonal variations. Relatively higher pollutant concentrations are observed for majority of the pollutants in winter when there is not much air exchange in the bus compartment. The trend study revealed that the concentrations were mainly influenced by peak hours, ventilation settings, vehicular traffic, passenger ridership, and meteorology.The factors influencing pollutant levels with respect to month and season are identified. The regression tree analysis helped identify the various factors affecting in-vehicle pollutant levels and the relationships between independent variables and indoor pollutant concentrations. The meteorological effect study revealed wind direction to be the most significant meteorological variable for all the gaseous pollutants while particulate matter levels are found to be mainly influenced by ambient PM2.5 concentrations and visibility. Different combinations of variables were able to explain the trends of monitored indoor pollutants.The contribution of ambient concentration to the indoor concentration levels was determined by calculating infiltration factors using two different methods for both biodiesel and ULSD buses. The analysis revealed that the indoor air quality levels are better in a biodiesel bus as compared to the ULSD bus. It was also observed that nearly 50-70% of the pollutants found indoors are generated outdoors for all the pollutants except nitrogen dioxide.Exposure of passengers and drivers to the indoor pollutants monitored were determined using time weighted concentration and compared to available health standards. The study revealed that the drivers are safe from exposure to gaseous as well as particulate contaminants.It is hoped that this study and analysis of in-vehicle pollutant trends will provide crucial information to indoor air quality regulators and decision makers in understanding the IAQ in transit vehicles and to regulate the indoor air quality standards.
Book Synopsis Biodiesel Properties and Characterization of Particulate Matter Emissions from TARTA Buses Fueled by B20 Biodiesel by : Sudheer Kumar Kuppili
Download or read book Biodiesel Properties and Characterization of Particulate Matter Emissions from TARTA Buses Fueled by B20 Biodiesel written by Sudheer Kumar Kuppili and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical properties (cloud point, kinematic viscosity, and flash point) of biodiesel blends of commercial biodiesel fuels were measured. Four different biodiesel blends (10, 20, 50, 100 %) based on three feedstocks (tallow oil, soybean, and waste cooking oil) were tested, and the results were compared with ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD). All the tests were conducted according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods. The test results were evaluated statistically. The tested properties showed strong dependence on blends, which means that the percentage of biodiesel in a biodiesel/ULSD mixture is an important factor that determines the biodiesel properties. It was also found that the type of feedstock is a controlling factor in the biodiesel properties. Contents of saturated fatty acids and triglycerides at higher percentages are thought to be the main determinant of the degree of the dependence, and also the cause of undesired variations in the cold flow properties, kinematic viscosity and flash point. These variations may be controlled through modifications in the transesterification process or by using additives, which is necessary for better engine performance with biodiesel blends. Particulate matter (PM) emissions from mobile sources are the major contributors of urban atmospheric particulate matter especially PM2.5. Particulate matter released from diesel engines contains various organic and inorganic compounds. It is necessary to measure the PM size distribution shape, elemental and organic carbon etc., released from vehicles in order to quantify the source contribution and understand the possible health impacts. Previous studies stated PM2.5 and PM10 to be highly toxic and roots for respiratory illnesses such as asthma and chronic bronchitis, lung inflammation and also increases cardiovascular related risk factors. Biodiesel is one of alternative fuels that are being increasingly used to reduce the release of PM emissions from mobile sources. The current literature shows that the release of PM from transit buses decreases by increasing the biodiesel blend percentage with regular diesel. In this study, the experiments were conducted on the Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority (TARTA) buses 701 and 802, which run on B20 soybean biodiesel (20 vol% biodiesel + 80 vol% ultra-low sulfur diesel). PM emissions were collected on quartz filter papers and were further analyzed for PM characterization. A new approach of measuring particulate matter has been developed based on the dynamic light scattering and electric double layer of PM particles using a NICOMP 380 ZLS Zeta potential particle size analyzer and sonication process to suspend the PM into a liquid. Regardless of the bus number, average mean diameter was more for emissions from hot idling than cold. Also, 701 has PM of larger diameter than 802 in both idling modes. Tests results were also analyzed for Elemental Carbon (EC) and Organic Carbon (OC). Elemental carbon was formed from fuel rich engine locations at high combustion temperatures, whereas organic carbon was formed from primary fuel combustion and atmospheric chemical reactions at low vapor pressure. EC concentration has reduced to nearly 10% of TC from 701 to 802 during idle modes, whereas in the same situation OC concentration has increase to 89%. Hot idling has been the main source for EC emissions, and to control EC and PM emissions hot idling must be avoided. From all these finding in this study biodiesel fuel with NOx emission controlling equipment's are better than the conventional diesel fuels and are suitable for the diesel engines. This will help in improving the sustainability of the fuel and also moderate the emissions.
Book Synopsis Bioassay Analysis of Particulate Matter from a Diesel Bus Engine Using Various Biodiesel Feedstock Fuels by : Norman Y. Kado
Download or read book Bioassay Analysis of Particulate Matter from a Diesel Bus Engine Using Various Biodiesel Feedstock Fuels written by Norman Y. Kado and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Analysis of NOx and PM Emissions in Idling and Moving Conditions of Buses with EGR and Non-EGR Engines Running on Biodiesel by : Manideep Yarlagadda
Download or read book An Analysis of NOx and PM Emissions in Idling and Moving Conditions of Buses with EGR and Non-EGR Engines Running on Biodiesel written by Manideep Yarlagadda and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel is an alternate to diesel for transit buses due to its environmental benefits. However, NOx and particulate matter emissions may be an issue in the use of biodiesel. The major objective of this experimental thesis was to study tail pipe emissions from transit buses during daily routine operations. This thesis focuses on the trends of NOx and particulate matter emissions collected from buses with EGR and NON-EGR engines during their total run times. To further categorize and elaborate our findings, the run time was divided into both idling and running conditions. In order to achieve comprehensive results, the idling and running conditions were further segregated into two different cases, i.e., cold idling and hot idling conditions. The running conditions were divided into acceleration, deceleration, motion in variable speeds and partial idle modes. The NOx emission values were collected and analyzed for all the conditions and modes described above. The particulate matter emissions were collected and analyzed in idle conditions. It was learned that hotter engines produced lower emissions when compared to cold engine conditions. The experiments and analysis of NOx emissions concluded that maximum emissions were found in the acceleration condition. A Mexa-720 Horiba NOx analyzer was used to measure NOx emissions and Cummins in-site 6 equipment and software program were used for engine data collection during the field study. The experiments were carried out on both transit buses with EGR and NON-EGR engines. The particulate matter emissions collection was carried out with quartz filter papers and a CATCH CAN instrument. An EDS X-Max 50mm2 / FEI Quanta 3D FEG Dual Beam Electron Microscope was used for the EDS analysis of PM emissions and the ICP-MS was carried out using Xseries 2. The transit buses are used by Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority (TARTA). Both the buses were fueled with B5 grade biodiesel without making any engine modifications and the study was conducted during the summer and fall of 2015. The emission values were collected along with the consideration of various engine parameters such as engine temperature, exhaust gas pressure, fuel flow rate command, diesel oxidation catalyst intake temperature and the diesel particulate filter intake temperature. The collected NOx emission values were analyzed, as a function of time, with the help of three different regression techniques and obtained the best results with the Random Forest Regression algorithm. A NOx emission prediction model was established as a function of the engine parameters using the field data and regression results. Elemental analysis was performed on the particulate matter emissions and it was concluded that trace metal and carbon concentrations were higher in the NON-EGR engine buses in comparison to the EGR engine buses.
Book Synopsis An Analysis on Vehicular Exhaust Emissions from Transit Buses Running on Biodiesel Blends by : Vinay Kumar V. Nerella
Download or read book An Analysis on Vehicular Exhaust Emissions from Transit Buses Running on Biodiesel Blends written by Vinay Kumar V. Nerella and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This experimental study presents a comprehensive analysis of exhaust emission variation from the public transit buses in the city of Toledo running on alternative fuels. The pollutants from the exhaust that are monitored in this study are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2, and NOX), and carbon dioxide. The performance of engine variables are also measured simultaneously with exhaust emission data. The engine variables affecting the pollutant levels in the exhaust are acceleration, engine load, engine speed, vehicle speed, fuel flow rate, coolant temperature, output torque, and boost pressure. The on-road and idle-engine variation of pollutant levels in the exhaust are studied. The pollutant level variation in the exhaust of a bus is different for different operation modes. The pollutant levels are found to decrease when the vehicle is on-road, with the increase in biodiesel concentration in the base fuel. On contrast, the pollutant levels are observed to increase with biodiesel concentration, when the bus is in idle-engine mode. Furthermore, when the bus is in motion, the pollutant levels in the exhaust are less as compared to the idle-engine mode. This observation helps to understand that vehicles in motion deliver the appropriate amount of fuel into the cylinder for a more complete combustion. Also, an engine in idle mode does not run at its optimum temperature and conditions that lead to incomplete combustion. The engine initial temperature, accessory load on the engine, and engine speed are found to affect the emission levels significantly. The engines at low temperatures are found to emit pollutants of higher levels because of the initial warm-up phase of an engine. Furthermore, with the increase in load and speed, the engine has to produce higher work requiring a higher fueling rate and thereby resulting in higher emission levels in the exhaust. During the engine start, transient emissions of the monitored pollutants are significantly higher because the air-fuel ratio cannot be maintained at stoichiometric mixture during start and stop operations. Furthermore, during the engine start-up, the heat necessary in the reaction chamber is not maintained that results in incomplete combustion. Hence, more transient emissions are emitted during the engine start-up. The parameters influencing pollutant levels for on-road and idle-engine conditions are identified, using regression analysis, for different biodiesel blends. Using regression analysis, the correlation and the amount of impact associated with the engine variables on pollutant levels are identified. The regression analysis helped to identify the parameters affecting pollutant levels and the relationships between different monitored parameters and pollutants in the exhaust. This study and analysis of exhaust emission variation of biodiesel blends will assist the operators of biodiesel fleets and regulators of air pollution in selecting the appropriate operating variables for emission control strategies in their area.
Book Synopsis Characterization and Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter Sources in Metropolitan Areas by : Davyda McKinney Hammond
Download or read book Characterization and Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter Sources in Metropolitan Areas written by Davyda McKinney Hammond and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Combustion Chemistry of Biodiesel for the Use in Urban Transport Buses by : Hamid Omidvarborna
Download or read book Combustion Chemistry of Biodiesel for the Use in Urban Transport Buses written by Hamid Omidvarborna and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels, such as biodiesel, offer benefits as a possible alternative to conventional fuels due to their fuel source sustainability and their reduced environmental impact. Before they can be used, it is essential to understand their combustion chemistry and emission characterizations due to a number of issues associated with them (e.g., high emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), lower heating value than diesel, etc.). During this study, emission characterizations of different biodiesel blends (B0, B20, B50, and B100) were measured on three different feedstocks (soybean methyl ester (SME), tallow oil (TO), and waste cooking oil (WCO)) with various characteristics, while an ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was used as base fuel at low-temperature combustion (LTC). A laboratory combustion chamber was used to analyze soot formation, NOx emissions, while real engine emissions were measured for further investigation on PM and NOx emissions. For further study, carbon emissions (CO, CO2, and CH4) were also measured to understand their relations with feedstocks' type. The emissions were correlated with fuel's characteristics, especially unsaturation degree (number of double bonds in methyl esters) and chain length (oxygen-to-carbon ratio). The experimental results obtained from laboratory experiments were confirmed by field experiments (real engines) collected from Toledo area regional transit authority (TARTA) buses. Combustion analysis results showed that the neat biodiesel fuels had longer ignition delays and lower ignition temperatures compared to ULSD at the tested condition. The results showed that biodiesel containing more unsaturated fatty acids emitted higher levels of NOx compared to biodiesel with more saturated fatty acids. A paired t-test on fuels showed that neat biodiesel fuels had significant reduction in the formation of NOx compared with ULSD. In another part of this study, biodiesel fuel with a high degree of unsaturation and high portion of long chains of methyl esters (SME) produced more CO and less CO2 emissions than those with low degrees of unsaturation and short chain lengths (WCO and TO, respectively). In addition, biodiesel fuels with long and unsaturated chains released more CH4 than the ones with shorter and less unsaturated chains. Experimental results on soot particles showed a significant reduction in soot emissions when using biodiesel compared to ULSD. For neat biodiesel, no soot particles were observed from the combustion regardless of their feedstock origins. The overall morphology of soot particles showed that the average diameter of ULSD soot particles was greater than the average soot particle from biodiesel blends. Eight elements were detected as the marker metals in biodiesel soot particles. The conclusion suggests that selected characterization methods are valuable for studying the structure and distribution of particulates. Experiments on both PM and NOx emissions were conducted on real engines in parallel with laboratory study. Field experiments using TARTA buses were performed on buses equipped with/without post-treatment technologies. The performance of the bus that ran on blended biodiesel was found to be very similar to ULSD. As a part of this study, the toxic nature of engine exhausts under different idling conditions was studied. The results of the PM emission analysis showed that the PM mean value of emission is dependent on the engine operation conditions and fuel type. Besides, different idling modes were investigated with respect to organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and elemental analysis of the PMs collected from public transit buses in Toledo, Ohio. In the modeling portion of this work, a simplified model was developed by using artificial neural network (ANN) to predict NOx emissions from TARTA buses via engine parameters. ANN results showed that the developed ANN model was capable of predicting the NOx emissions of the tested engines with excellent correlation coefficients, while root mean square errors (RMSEs) were in acceptable ranges. The ANN study confirmed that ANN can provide an accurate and simple approach in the analysis of complex and multivariate problems, especially for idle engine NOx emissions. Finally, in the last part of the modeling study, a biodiesel surrogate has been proposed and main pathways have been derived to present a simple model for NOx formation in biodiesel combustion via stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). The main reaction pathways are obtained by simplifying the previously derived skeletal mechanisms, including saturated methyl decenoate (MD), unsaturated methyl 5-decanoate (MD5D), and n-decane (ND). ND is added to match the energy content and the C/H/O ratio of actual biodiesel fuel. The predicted results are in good agreement with a limited number of experimental data at LTC conditions for three different biodiesel fuels consisting of various ratios of unsaturated and saturated methyl esters. The SSA model shows the potential to predict NOx emission concentrations, when the peak combustion temperature increases through the addition of ULSD to biodiesel. The SSA method demonstrates the possibility of reducing the computational complexity in biodiesel emissions modeling. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that both alternative renewable fuels (biodiesel blends) as well as the LTC condition are suitable choices for existing diesel engines to improve the sustainability of fuel and to reduce environmental emissions.
Book Synopsis Characterization of the Gaseous Pollutant Behavior Over a Period of Three Years Inside a Public Transit Bus by : Srikar Velagapudi
Download or read book Characterization of the Gaseous Pollutant Behavior Over a Period of Three Years Inside a Public Transit Bus written by Srikar Velagapudi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents a comprehensive three year trend analysis of the indoor gaseous pollutants in public transit buses running on bio-diesel (B20) and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) in the city of Toledo. Additionally, mass balance modeling of carbon dioxide pollutant inside the public transport buses has been conducted. The pollutants monitored in this study are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Two comfort level parameters of the passengers: temperature and relative humidity are also measured inside the buses. Yearly variations of the five gaseous pollutants are studied and the accumulation of pollutant concentrations inside the bus was observed to be a result of variation in different parameters and not due to variation of a single parameter. The in-vehicle pollutant concentration trends are observed to be highly influenced by heavy traffic on the road. Over the three study period, relatively higher pollutant levels are observed for all the pollutants during winter season. Regression analysis has been used to identify the various factors that influence pollutant concentrations inside the bus. It was found that the pollutant levels are affected mainly by ventilation conditions of the bus, passenger activity inside the bus, vehicular traffic around the bus, and ambient meteorological conditions. The study identifies the important variables that affect in-vehicle pollutants in each season across different years. For example, ambient temperature, wind speed, passengers, trucks, and run/close are identified as influential factors affecting the in-vehicle CO2 concentrations in winter 2009. A mass balance approach was used in modeling the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) inside buses running on B20 and ULSD fuels. The model was tested over different seasons for one year period. The mixing factors for the model were calculated for both B20 and ULSD buses using a reverse approach on a seasonal basis. The infiltration rate, outdoor concentrations, and source emission rate were estimated from the literature review when developing the mass balance model. The model evaluation showed that the proposed mass balance model is capable of predicting the CO2 levels in both B20 and ULSD fueled buses in all the seasons with limited accuracy. The predictions of the proposed model heavily depend on the accurate knowledge of ambient CO2 levels.
Book Synopsis Organic Chemical Characterization Of Primary And Secondary Biodiesel Exhaust Particulate Matter by : John Kasumba
Download or read book Organic Chemical Characterization Of Primary And Secondary Biodiesel Exhaust Particulate Matter written by John Kasumba and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel use and production has significantly increased in the United States and in other parts of the world in the past decade. This change is driven by energy security and global climate legislation mandating reductions in the use of petroleum-based diesel. Recent air quality research has shown that emission of some pollutants such as CO, particulate matter (PM), SO2, hydrocarbons, and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is greatly reduced with biodiesel. However, studies have also shown that some unregulated emissions, such as gas-phase carbonyls, are increased with biodiesel combustion. Very limited research has been done to investigate the particle-phase carbonyl and quinone emissions from biodiesel combustion. Also, very limited studies have investigated the ozone oxidation of biodiesel exhaust PM. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are found in high abundance in biodiesel exhaust PM. The presence of these FAMEs in biodiesel exhaust PM can potentially alter the kinetics of the reactions between ozone and particle-phase PAHs. In this study, an Armfield CM-12 automotive light-duty diesel engine operated on a transient drive cycle was used to generate PM from various waste vegetable oil (WVO) and soybean biodiesel blends (containing 0%, (B00), 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 50% (B50), and 100% (B100) biodiesel by volume). The primary PM emissions were sampled using Teflon-coated fiberfilm filters. Laboratory PAHs, FAMEs, and B20 exhaust PM were exposed to ~0.4 ppm ozone for time periods ranging from 0-24 hours in order to study the effect of FAMEs and biodiesel exhaust PM on the ozonolysis of PAHs. Organic chemical analysis of samples was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). PAHs, carbonyls, FAMEs, and n-alkanes were quantified in the exhaust PM of petrodiesel, WVO and soybean fuel blends. The emission rates of the total PAHs in B10, B20, B50, and B100 exhaust PM decreased by 0.006-0.071 ng/μg (5-51%) compared to B00, while the emission rates for the FAMEs increased with increasing biodiesel content in the fuel. The emission rates of the total n-alkanes in B10, B20, B50, and B100 exhaust PM decreased by 0.5-21.3 ng/μg (4-86%) compared to B00 exhaust PM. The total emission rates of the aliphatic aldehydes in biodiesel exhaust PM (B10, B20, B50, and B100) increased by 0.019-2.485 ng/μg (36-4800%) compared to petrodiesel. The emission rates of the total aromatic aldehydes, total aromatic ketones, and total quinones all generally decreased with increasing biodiesel content in the fuel. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the pseudo-first order ozone reaction rate constants of all the PAHs decreased by 1.2-8 times in the presence of the FAMEs. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were the only PAHs detected in the B20 exhaust PM, and their ozone reaction rate constants were about 4 times lower than those obtained when the PAHs alone were exposed to ozone. The findings of this study indicate that there are both positive and negative effects to emissions associated with biodiesel use in light-duty diesel engines operating on transient drive cycle.
Book Synopsis Characterizing Mobile Source Fine Particulate Matter Emissions-to-exposure Relationships by : Susan Lavinia Greco
Download or read book Characterizing Mobile Source Fine Particulate Matter Emissions-to-exposure Relationships written by Susan Lavinia Greco and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Examination of Fine Particulate Matter Inside Farm Houses Located Near Biosolids Applied Fields by : Srikar Velagapudi
Download or read book Examination of Fine Particulate Matter Inside Farm Houses Located Near Biosolids Applied Fields written by Srikar Velagapudi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present research comprehensively examined the morphology and elemental composition of fine particulate matter (PM) and identified potential sources of these elements in six farm houses located in Ohio. Also, an integrated predictive model was developed and evaluated for estimating the deposition of particulate matter in the farm houses as a result of the spread of biosolids on nearby farm fields. In order to study the particulate matter inside the farmhouse, two field studies were carried out during the summers of 2010 and 2011. These field studies were done at six different houses located in the proximate range of agricultural fields out of which three were study houses and the remaining three were control houses. The particulate concentrations were monitored both inside and outside the house simultaneously using Grimm Dustmonitor and DustTrak instruments. In this process, the particles were also collected on the filter paper placed in the Dustmonitor for detailed characterization of PM. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the particles deposited on the filter paper. The analysis helped in characterizing PM collected outside and inside the house and in understanding the effect of the distance between field and house along with examining the relationship between characteristics of PM indoors and outdoors. The morphological properties of particles such as diameter, area, perimeter, aspect ratio, and shape factor of particles were determined using Image J software for the images captured using SEM. It was observed that there were a majority of particles in the range of 2.5 to 5 μm on all filter papers except two. The average PM2.5 (particulate matter with less than 2.5 μm diameter) over eight filters was observed to be about 32%, while for the ranges of 2.5 to 5.0 μm and 5.0 to 10.0 μm the averages were about 38% and 20%, respectively. The PM2.5 averages for smoking, nonsmoking, control houses, and study houses were observed to be 40.63%, 28.86%, 33.37% and 31.28% respectively. The shape factor distribution and shape distribution results indicate that there was a higher percentage of agglomerates, which was followed by spherical and pentagonal shaped particles. It was estimated, that on an average, 37.79% of overall PM collected on all the eight filters were agglomerates, while 28.28% were spherical in shape. Additionally, the source contributions were evaluated using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) tool developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Initially, filter papers collected inside and outside houses were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for estimating the concentrations of the elements. The US EPA-regulated elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and titanium (Ti) were observed to be at higher levels near study houses relatively when compared to control houses. The contributions of these US EPA regulated elements were affected when the average concentrations were estimated by fusing both study and control houses. It was discovered that the key sources contributing were industrial, soil/dust, biosolids, and ambient/background sources outside houses, while an additional indoor source was identified when executing the PMF tool with samples from inside houses. Industrial and soil/dust sources were recognized to be major contributors for most of the elements. The study uncovered that the elemental concentrations inside and outside houses does not have a significant impact due to biosolids. Soil/dust in combination with ventilation settings played a key role in contributing to the higher concentrations of the elements inside houses. The study developed an integrated predictive model by amalgamating an area source model for predicting ambient concentrations outside the house, a single compartment mass balance model for estimating indoor concentrations, and a new analytical particle deposition model. An integrated predictive model was applied to estimate the deposition of particles inside the house for various stability classes increased for varying emission rates representing different spread rates of biosolids on the farm field. The study found that the deposition of particles for ambient stable conditions was approximately 70% of ambient unstable atmospheric conditions. The single compartment mass balance model evaluation gives rise to the reasoning that predicted concentrations inside the house were relatively close to observed concentrations for lower (0.23 to 0.9 μm) and higher size (>7.5 μm) particles. It was concluded from the model evaluation results that the predicted concentrations of particulate matter in the range of 0.9 to 7.5 μm were not in agreement with the observed concentrations. The significant interpretation made about the model is that the predominant factor impacting predicted concentrations is the ambient concentration at the start of the day (time, t=0).
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