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Cfd Analysis And Design Of Wind Turbine Ice Protection Systems
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Book Synopsis CFD Analysis and Design of Wind Turbine Ice Protection Systems by : David Switchenko
Download or read book CFD Analysis and Design of Wind Turbine Ice Protection Systems written by David Switchenko and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Cold climate regions have a high potential for wind energy production, but can also be characterized by frequent atmospheric icing events, which can significantly reduce the annual power production of a wind farm. Ice that accretes on turbine blades degrades their aerodynamic performance and reduces their power output. Thus, there is a need for more accurate assessment of the effect of atmospheric icing on wind turbines and for strategies to protect turbine blades from icing.The present work uses CFD analysis to focus on two important engineering issues related to wind turbine blade icing: the wind turbine performance loss due to blade icing, and the design of blade heating systems to prevent ice accretion. All CFD simulations are performed using the FENSAP-ICE simulation system.First, CFD simulations are used to predict the impact atmospheric icing has on wind turbine power production. Fully 3D simulations are performed considering the rotor geometry of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment (UAE) Phase VI rotor. Four representative icing conditions are simulated. The resulting '1-hour' ice shapes are shown to reduce rotor torque, and therefore resulting power output, by up to 60%. Furthermore, at high wind speeds the NREL turbine blade is regulated by intentional blade stall to prevent very high torque and overproduction. CFD simulations showed that at these wind speeds, ice accretion could increase the wind turbine rotor torque significantly, potentially damaging the turbine due to overproduction and creating possible safety concerns. Next, the FENSAP-ICE system is used to predict the power required and effective coverage region needed for an anti-icing system to prevent ice accretion on the NREL UAE Phase VI rotor. In all cases the power required to keep the rotor ice-free was less than the rated power of the turbine.Lastly, a CFD simulation of a real-world, long-term, 17-hour icing event that took place at a wind farm in the Gaspé Peninsula of Québec was performed. Results of power loss successfully matched that which occurred on site. Moreover, it was determined that an anti-icing system used during a similar icing event could protect against icing in a self-sufficient manner." --
Book Synopsis Wind Turbines in Cold Climates by : Lorenzo Battisti
Download or read book Wind Turbines in Cold Climates written by Lorenzo Battisti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-02-16 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the key concerns regarding the operation of wind turbines in cold climates and focuses in particular on the analysis of icing and methods for its mitigation. Topics covered include the implications of cold climates for wind turbine design and operation, the relevance of icing for wind turbines, the icing process itself, ice prevention systems and thermal anti-icing system design. In each chapter, care is taken to build systematically on the basic knowledge, providing the reader with the level of detail required for a thorough understanding. An important feature is the inclusion of several original analytical and numerical models for ready computation of icing impacts and design assessment. The breadth of the coverage and the in-depth scientific analysis, with calculations and worked examples relating to both fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, ensure that the book will serve not only as a textbook but also as a practical manual for general design tasks.
Book Synopsis Design, Modeling and Testing of an Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Wind Turbines by : David Getz
Download or read book Design, Modeling and Testing of an Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Wind Turbines written by David Getz and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been a substantial growth in the total installed wind energy capacity worldwide, especially in China and the United States. Icing difficulties have been encountered depending on the location of the wind farms. Wind turbines are adapting rotor ice protection approaches used in rotorcraft applications to reduce aerodynamic performance degradation related to ice formation. Electro-thermal heating is one of the main technologies used to protect rotors from ice accretion and it is one of the main technologies being considered to protect wind turbines. In this research, an anti-icing configuration using electro-thermal heating was explored to find optimum power density requirements to keep the rotor blade free of ice at all times. The objective of these experiments were to identify the feasibility of the power requirements from the stake holders and determine an initial power density for the de-icing approach. The electro-thermal heater system located on the spinning wind turbine representative blade sections were powered through a slip-ring. The wind turbine sections were scale models of the 80% span region of a generic 1.5 MW wind turbine blade. The icing cloud impact velocity was matched with a 1.5 MW wind turbine at full production. Three icing conditions were selected for this research: Light, Medium and Severe. Light icing conditions were created using clouds at -8C with a 0.2 g/m3 liquid water content (LWC) and water droplets of 20 m median volumetric diameter (MVD). Medium icing condition clouds had a LWC of 0.4 g/m3 and 20 m MVD, also at -8C. Severe icing conditions had an LWC of 0.9 g/m3 and 35 m MVD at -8C. Experimental anti-icing results were compared with LEWICE, a NASA developed analytical heat transfer software. The average output temperature discrepancy between the suction and pressure sides of the airfoil were 39.5% and 11.1%, respectively. The correlation coefficient of the pressure-side output temperature and power density showed a positive correlation of 0.9516. The anti-icing configuration with the allocated power requirements was deemed unfeasible. This thesis then discusses the design process required to develop a de-icing ice protection system (ice is allowed to accrete to then be removed) for wind turbines and a design procedure was developed. Initially, ice accretion thickness gradients along the span of the rotor blade for light, medium and severe icing conditions were collected. Ice accretion rates along the span of the representative full-scale turbine blade in the severe icing condition ranged from 1.125 mm/min to 1.85 mm/min. Given the maximum power available for the de-icing system (100 kW), heating zones were determined along the span and the chord of the blade. The maximum available power density for each span-wise heater section was 0.385 W/cm2. The heating sequence started at the tip of the blade, to allow de-bonded ice to shed off along the span of the rotor blade due to centrifugal forces. Given the continuity of the accreted ice, heating a zone could de-bond the ice over that specific zone, but the ice formation could not detach from the blade as it would be cohesively connected to the ice over its adjacent inboard zone. The research determined the critical minimum ice thickness required to shed the accreted ice mass with a given amount of power availability by not only melting the ice interface over the zone, but also creating sufficient tensile forces to break the cohesive ice forces between two adjacent heating zones. The quantified minimum ice thickness to overcome ice cohesive forces were obtained for all identified icing conditions. The minimum ice thicknesses required for effective shedding at 26.7%, 44.4% and 62.2% of the span were 7.2mm, 5mm and 4mm, respectively. The digitized ice areas of these thicknesses were used to calculate the centrifugal force at each heater section. The experiment data was critical in the design of a time sequence controller that allows consecutive de-icing of heating zones along the span of the wind turbine blade with the allocated power.
Book Synopsis Wind Turbines in Cold Climates by : Lorenzo Battisti
Download or read book Wind Turbines in Cold Climates written by Lorenzo Battisti and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the key concerns regarding the operation of wind turbines in cold climates, and focuses in particular on the analysis of icing and methods for its mitigation. Topics covered include the implications of cold climates for wind turbine design and operation, the relevance of icing for wind turbines, the icing process itself, ice prevention systems, and thermal anti-icing system design. In each chapter, care is taken to build systematically on the basic knowledge, providing the reader with the level of detail required for a thorough understanding. An important feature is the inclusion of several original analytical and numerical models for ready computation of icing impacts and design assessment. The breadth of the coverage and the in-depth scientific analysis, with calculations and worked examples relating to both fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, ensure that the book will serve not only as a textbook but also as a practical manual for general design tasks.
Book Synopsis Wind Turbine Icing Physics and Anti-/De-Icing Technology by : Hui Hu
Download or read book Wind Turbine Icing Physics and Anti-/De-Icing Technology written by Hui Hu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-08-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind Turbine Icing Physics and Anti-/De-Icing Technology gives a comprehensive update of research on the underlying physics pertinent to wind turbine icing and the development of various effective and robust anti-/de-icing technology for wind turbine icing mitigation. The book introduces the most recent research results derived from both laboratory studies and field experiments. Specifically, the research results based on field measurement campaigns to quantify the characteristics of the ice structures accreted over the blades surfaces of utility-scale wind turbines by using a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and an Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle (UAV) equipped with a high-resolution digital camera are also introduced. In addition, comprehensive lab experimental studies are explored, along with a suite of advanced flow diagnostic techniques, a detailed overview of the improvements, and the advantages and disadvantages of state-of-the-art ice mitigation strategies. This new addition to the Wind Energy Engineering series will be useful to all researchers and industry professionals who address icing issues through testing, research and industrial innovation. Covers detailed improvements and the advantages/disadvantages of state-of-the-art ice mitigation strategies Includes condition monitoring contents for lab-scale experiments and field tests Presents the potential of various bio-inspired icephobic coatings of wind turbine blades
Book Synopsis Computational Methodology for Bleed Air Ice Protection System Parametric Analysis by : Rodrigo Hoffmann-Domingos
Download or read book Computational Methodology for Bleed Air Ice Protection System Parametric Analysis written by Rodrigo Hoffmann-Domingos and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aircraft in-flight icing is a major safety issue for civil aviation, having already caused hundreds of accidents and incidents related to aerodynamic degradation due to post takeoff ice accretion. Airplane makers have to protect the airframe critical surfaces against ice build up in order to ensure continued safe flight. Ice protection is typically performed by mechanical, chemical, or thermal systems. One of the most traditional and still used techniques is the one known as hot-air anti-icing, which heats the interior of the affected surfaces with an array of small hot-air jets generated by a piccolo tube. In some cases, the thermal energy provided by hot-air ice protection systems is high enough to fully evaporate the impinging supercooled droplets (fully evaporative systems), while in other cases, it is only sufficient to maintain most of the protected region free of ice (running wet systems). In the latter case, runback ice formations are often observed downstream of the wing leading edge depending on hot-air, icing, and flight conditions. The design process of hot-air anti-icing systems is traditionally based on icing wind tunnel experiments, which can be very costly. The experimental effort can be significantly reduced with the use of accurate three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation tools. Nevertheless, such type of simulation requires extensive CPU time for exploring all the design variables. This thesis deals with the development of an efficient hot-air anti-icing system simulation tool that can reduce the computational time to identify the critical design parameters by at least two orders of magnitude, as compared to 3-d CFD tools, therefore narrowing down the use of more sophisticated tools to just a small subset of the entire design space. The hot-air anti-icing simulation tool is based on a combination of available CFD software and a thermodynamic model developed in the present work. The computation of the external flow properties is performed with FLUENT (in a 2-d domain) by assuming an isothermal condition to the airfoil external wall. The internal skin heat transfer is computed with the use of local Nusselt number correlations developed through calibrations with CFD data. The internal and external flow properties on the airfoil skin are provided as inputs to a steady state thermodynamic model, which is composed of a 2-d heat diffusion model and a 1-d uniform film model for the runback water flow. The performance of the numerical tool was tested against 3-d CFD simulation and experimental data obtained for a wing equipped with a representative piccolo tube anti-icing system. The results demonstrate that the simplifications do not affect significantly the fidelity of the predictions, suggesting that the numerical tool can be used to support parametric and optimization studies during the development of hot-air anti-icing systems.
Download or read book Wind Turbine Icing written by Yan Li and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-11-29 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes six chapters on wind turbine icing. For wind turbines operating in cold regions, icing often occurs on blade surfaces in winter. This ice accretion can change the aerodynamic shape of the blade airfoil, causing performance degradation and loss of power generation, even leading to operational accidents. This book focuses on the recent research progress on wind turbine icing. Chapters address such topics as the effect of icing conditions on the icing distribution characteristics of a blade airfoil for vertical-axis wind turbines, power loss estimation in wind turbines due to icing, wind turbine icing prediction methods, especially those using machine learning, the icing process of a single water droplet on a cold aluminum plate surface, the main theories of the icing adhesive mechanism, and theoretical and experimental studies on the ultrasonic de-icing method for wind turbine blades. This book is a valuable reference for researchers and engineers engaged in wind turbine icing and anti-icing research.
Book Synopsis CFD Analysis of the Characteristics of a Shrouded Turbine by : Maximilian Ludwig Ganis
Download or read book CFD Analysis of the Characteristics of a Shrouded Turbine written by Maximilian Ludwig Ganis and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2003-07 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diploma Thesis from the year 2003 in the subject Energy Sciences, grade: 1,5, University of Udine (Faculty of Engineering, National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Department of Physics of Udine), language: English, abstract: Inhaltsangabe: Abstract: Wind energy is an increasingly import source of renewable, clean energy. In spite of this, only the methods and the materials of construction have improved over time, while the basic working principle of the wind turbine is still the same as it was centuries ago. In this thesis we have increased the power of a wind turbine by a factor of 4 in a fluid dynamic simulation, using a very simple external shroud system. We have also extended the theory of wind turbines (limit of Betz), to include this new kind of device and show why past attempts to augment the power of a wind turbine by means of shroud systems have failed. A detailed analysis of the device and its functioning principle is presented in this thesis - optimization studies need to be done in the future. Inhaltsverzeichnis: Table of Contents: AbstractI IndexII List of FiguresIV List of SymbolsVI Introduction1 1.Theory of Wind Turbines5 1.1Introduction5 1.2The Betz Law6 1.3Aerodynamics of the rotor13 1.4Rotor Power Characteristics18 1.5Number of Rotor Blades20 1.6Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)22 1.7Shrouded / Ducted Wind Turbines28 1.7.1Ducted Rotor29 1.7.2Turbine with a Diffuser Duct29 2.Methodology33 2.1Introduction33 2.2Computational Domain34 2.3Computational Code41 2.3.1Conservation Equations42 2.3.2K-Epsilon Turbulence Model43 2.3.3Discretization of the Conservation Equations45 2.4MFR - Multiple Frame of Reference45 2.5Parallel Processing46 2.6Simulations47 3.Results48 3.1Introduction48 3.2Conventional Turbine49 3.2.1Velocity Field49 3.2.2Static Pressure Field52 3.2.3Total Pressure Field53 3.2.4Power of the Conventional Turbine55 3.2.5Energy and Momentum Transfer57 3.3Shrouded Turbine59 3.3.1Velocity Field59 3.3.2Static Pressure Field62 3.3.3Total Pr
Book Synopsis CFD-based Optimization of Electrothermal Rotor Ice Protection Systems by : Adam Targui
Download or read book CFD-based Optimization of Electrothermal Rotor Ice Protection Systems written by Adam Targui and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Rotorcraft fly mission profiles which occasionally put them at risk of exposure to in-flight icing conditions, a hazardous phenomenon that can lead to departure from controlled flight. The helicopter rotor is responsible for lift generation and control along the pitch and roll axes and is therefore an essential component to protect against ice accretion. Ice protection systems (IPS) used in helicopters differ from that of aircraft due to the smaller wing cross-section and the lower onboard power available. Electro-thermal heating pads are a prevalent solution answering these constraints, as they are thin and can fully conform to a blade profile. Current research to optimize electro-thermal IPS is limited to airfoils, while flows and icing on aircraft wings and helicopter rotors are highly three-dimensional in nature. The present methodology proposes a 3D IPS optimization framework for electro-thermal anti-icing IPS of rotorcraft in hover and forward flight.The governing physics are those of a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) problem between a fluid and a solid domain. Therefore, simulation results are provided by the FENSAP-ICE system, augmented with an array of compatible tools for rotorcraft simulation. Furthermore, Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) is used to limit the computational cost of returning an objective function or constraint evaluation to the optimizer at every iteration. The derivative-free optimization software package NOMAD is employed in this study. The framework seeks to optimize the design variables of heating pads extent and power usage. The tool also aims to be versatile by addressing several optimization formulations while remaining computationally efficient"--
Author :Charalambos Baniotopoulos Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :3709109531 Total Pages :353 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Environmental Wind Engineering and Design of Wind Energy Structures by : Charalambos Baniotopoulos
Download or read book Environmental Wind Engineering and Design of Wind Energy Structures written by Charalambos Baniotopoulos and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-01 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents a state-of-the-art in environmental aerodynamics and the structural design of wind energy support structures, particularly from a modern computational perspective. Examples include real-life applications dealing with pollutant dispersion in the building environment, pedestrian-level winds, comfort levels, relevant legislation and remedial measures. Design methodologies for wind energy structures include reliability assessment and code frameworks.
Book Synopsis CFD for Wind and Tidal Offshore Turbines by : Esteban Ferrer
Download or read book CFD for Wind and Tidal Offshore Turbines written by Esteban Ferrer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-09 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book encompasses novel CFD techniques to compute offshore wind and tidal applications. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are regarded as the main design tool to explore the new engineering challenges presented by offshore wind and tidal turbines for energy generation. The difficulty and costs of undertaking experimental tests in offshore environments have increased the interest in the field of CFD which is used to design appropriate turbines and blades, understand fluid flow physical phenomena associated with offshore environments, predict power production or characterise offshore environments, amongst other topics.
Book Synopsis Ice Accretion and Icing Technology by : Robert J Flemming
Download or read book Ice Accretion and Icing Technology written by Robert J Flemming and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2015-04-16 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of inflight atmospheric icing can be devastating to aircraft. Universities and industry have been hard at work to respond to the challenge of maintaining flight safety in all weather conditions. Proposed changes in the regulations for operation in icing conditions are sure to keep this type of research and development at its highest level. This is especially true for the effects of ice crystals in the atmosphere, and for the threat associated with supercooled large drop (SLD) icing. This collection of ten SAE International technical papers brings together vital contributions to the subject. Icing on aircraft surfaces would not be a problem if a material were discovered that prevented the freezing and accretion of supercooled drops. Many options that appeared to have promising icephobic properties have had serious shortfalls in durability. This title addresses, among other topics, the measurement techniques and the drop physics that apply to icing, certification for flight through ice crystal clouds and in supercooled large drops, improvements in predictive techniques, scaling methods, test facilities and techniques, and rotorcraft icing.
Book Synopsis Wind Energy Explained by : James F. Manwell
Download or read book Wind Energy Explained written by James F. Manwell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind energy’s bestselling textbook- fully revised. This must-have second edition includes up-to-date data, diagrams, illustrations and thorough new material on: the fundamentals of wind turbine aerodynamics; wind turbine testing and modelling; wind turbine design standards; offshore wind energy; special purpose applications, such as energy storage and fuel production. Fifty additional homework problems and a new appendix on data processing make this comprehensive edition perfect for engineering students. This book offers a complete examination of one of the most promising sources of renewable energy and is a great introduction to this cross-disciplinary field for practising engineers. “provides a wealth of information and is an excellent reference book for people interested in the subject of wind energy.” (IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, November/December 2003) “deserves a place in the library of every university and college where renewable energy is taught.” (The International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, Vol.41, No.2 April 2004) “a very comprehensive and well-organized treatment of the current status of wind power.” (Choice, Vol. 40, No. 4, December 2002)
Book Synopsis CFD Based Design and Analysis of Building Mounted Wind Turbine with Diffuser Shaped Shroud by : Abilash Krishnan
Download or read book CFD Based Design and Analysis of Building Mounted Wind Turbine with Diffuser Shaped Shroud written by Abilash Krishnan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The production of sustainable energy is one of the biggest challenges facing us today. Wind and solar technologies are the leaders for clean energies. Wind energy is in relatively plentiful supply, can be used efficiently and is a nonpolluting power production method. Within this paradigm, building-integrated micro wind turbines are promising low cost renewable energy devices, but are fraught with challenges like low wind speeds and high turbulence intensity. In this thesis, a comprehensive study of increased performance of a wind turbine design inside a diffuser shaped shroud on building roofs is conducted. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is used to simulate unsteady 3D flows inside the diffuser and around the turbine. The meshing strategy and model used is verified using a grid refinement study. The geometric modifications and various non-dimensional parametric studies conducted are also described in detail, along with the relevant discussion of results obtained. Furthermore, the coefficient of power of the turbine is improved from 0.135 to 0.394, representing an improvement of almost 300%. This improvement can largely be attributed to the flanged diffuser shroud design, as well as the modifications made to the blades of the turbine.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in CFD for Wind and Tidal Offshore Turbines by : Esteban Ferrer
Download or read book Recent Advances in CFD for Wind and Tidal Offshore Turbines written by Esteban Ferrer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-06 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents novel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to compute offshore wind and tidal applications. The papers in this volume are based on a mini-symposium held at ECCOMAS 2018. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are regarded as the main design tool to explore the new engineering challenges presented by offshore wind and tidal turbines for energy generation. The difficulty and costs of undertaking experimental tests in offshore environments have increased the interest in CFD which is used to design appropriate turbines and blades, understand fluid flow physical phenomena associated with offshore environments, predict power production or characterise offshore environments amongst other topics.
Book Synopsis Morphing Wing Technologies by : Sergio Ricci
Download or read book Morphing Wing Technologies written by Sergio Ricci and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2017-10-27 with total page 970 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Morphing Wings Technologies: Large Commercial Aircraft and Civil Helicopters offers a fresh look at current research on morphing aircraft, including industry design, real manufactured prototypes and certification. This is an invaluable reference for students in the aeronautics and aerospace fields who need an introduction to the morphing discipline, as well as senior professionals seeking exposure to morphing potentialities. Practical applications of morphing devices are presented—from the challenge of conceptual design incorporating both structural and aerodynamic studies, to the most promising and potentially flyable solutions aimed at improving the performance of commercial aircraft and UAVs. Morphing aircraft are multi-role aircraft that change their external shape substantially to adapt to a changing mission environment during flight. The book consists of eight sections as well as an appendix which contains both updates on main systems evolution (skin, structure, actuator, sensor, and control systems) and a survey on the most significant achievements of integrated systems for large commercial aircraft. Provides current worldwide status of morphing technologies, the industrial development expectations, and what is already available in terms of flying systems Offers new perspectives on wing structure design and a new approach to general structural design Discusses hot topics such as multifunctional materials and auxetic materials Presents practical applications of morphing devices
Book Synopsis Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines, 2nd edition by : Martin O. L. Hansen
Download or read book Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines, 2nd edition written by Martin O. L. Hansen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines is the established essential text for the fundamental solutions to efficient wind turbine design. Now in its second edition, it has been entirely updated and substantially extended to reflect advances in technology, research into rotor aerodynamics and the structural response of the wind turbine structure. Topics covered include increasing mass flow through the turbine, performance at low and high wind speeds, assessment of the extreme conditions under which the turbine will perform and the theory for calculating the lifetime of the turbine. The classical Blade Element Momentum method is also covered, as are eigenmodes and the dynamic behaviour of a turbine. The new material includes a description of the effects of the dynamics and how this can be modelled in an ?aeroelastic code?, which is widely used in the design and verification of modern wind turbines. Further, the description of how to calculate the vibration of the whole construction, as well as the time varying loads, has been substantially updated.
