Ceratomyxa Shasta Related Concerns For Reintroduced Anadromous Salmonids Into The Upper Klamath Basin Ca Or Usa

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Ceratomyxa Shasta-related Concerns for Reintroduced Anadromous Salmonids Into the Upper Klamath Basin, CA-OR, USA

Author : Charlene N. Hurst
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 71 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (694 download)

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Book Synopsis Ceratomyxa Shasta-related Concerns for Reintroduced Anadromous Salmonids Into the Upper Klamath Basin, CA-OR, USA by : Charlene N. Hurst

Download or read book Ceratomyxa Shasta-related Concerns for Reintroduced Anadromous Salmonids Into the Upper Klamath Basin, CA-OR, USA written by Charlene N. Hurst and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The myxozoan parasite of salmonids, Ceratomyxa shasta, is established throughout the Klamath River, CA-OR, with high parasite densities below the series of dams and above the dams (upper basin) in the northernmost tributary, the Williamson River (WMR). Two objectives were designed to address concerns about C. shasta effects on reintroduced anadromous salmonids in the upper basin. The first objective investigated parasite dynamics in the WMR and the second determined the virulence of parasite genotypes in allopatric and sympatric salmonid strains. Parasite density, distribution and genotype composition were assessed from water samples collected throughout the WMR and its tributaries. High parasite densities occurred in two sections of the WMR and the genotype associated with stocking of an allopatric strain of rainbow trout predominated. In laboratory cross-infection experiments, the stage of the parasite infective for fish of genotypes I and II (biotype IIR and IIC) were used in three separate trials to challenge four strains of salmonid; sympatric strains of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tswytshcha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon and allopatric strains of Chinook salmon and rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Genotype I caused mortality in both Chinook strains, while mortality in the allopatric Chinook strain also occurred with IIR. Mortality of rainbow trout resulted from biotypes IIR and IIC, but mortality in coho only occurred with exposure to IIC. Thus, the parasite genotypes/biotypes that cause mortality in native Klamath River fish (i.e. I and IIC) were not present in the upper basin, but could become established and amplify as the stocking of allopatric rainbow trout illustrates.

Large-scale dam removal and ecosystem restoration

Author : Rebecca McCaffery
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832553605
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Large-scale dam removal and ecosystem restoration by : Rebecca McCaffery

Download or read book Large-scale dam removal and ecosystem restoration written by Rebecca McCaffery and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-09-20 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rivers are vital ecosystems that support aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity and several ecosystem services, including food, water, culture, and recreation. After centuries of building dams on rivers across the world, dam removal projects are now on the rise due to obsolescence, reservoir sedimentation, insufficient return on investment, or river restoration and conservation priorities. Most dam removal projects have focused on smaller structures (< 10 m in structural height), but larger structures have also started to be removed in increasing numbers as practitioners, river managers, conservationists, and the public have gained more experience with the practice. Recent estimates suggest that only a small fraction of dam removals have been scientifically studied, and include mostly small dams and short time scales. Documenting the long-term ecological outcomes of large dam removal (i.e. >10 m tall) represents a new frontier in dam removal research: projects are more recent and provide an opportunity to understand the complex ecological changes that occur with these transformative restoration projects. Here, we aim to collate a diverse array of papers on long-term dam removal research projects involving larger dams (>10 m) to synthesize the issues, outcomes, tools, and experimental designs used to study large dam removal projects from physical, biological, and ecological perspectives. With this collection, we aim to showcase diverse global projects on ecosystem responses to large dam removal; collect perspectives from different disciplines, fields, and geographies; and synthesize the current state of knowledge in this area. We expect that this Research Topic will be informative to ongoing, long-term ecological restoration and monitoring projects related to dam removal as well as to upcoming large dam removal projects. We welcome contributions from all disciplines addressing the physical, ecological, and ecosystem responses to large-scale dam removal. Contributions could include original research in a specific discipline or area, case studies, or synthesis papers that address one or more of these topics in a transdisciplinary approach. Contributors could address any of the following major topics as related to outcomes of large dam removal, alone or in combination: Freshwater, estuarine, and marine aquatic biota; River and reservoir geomorphology; Terrestrial and riparian vegetation; Wildlife; Sedimentation; and Modelling. We would like contributors to highlight key results in their area of study, cross-disciplinary insights, and lessons learned that could inform ongoing monitoring and research efforts in current projects as well as upcoming large dam removals.

Climate Warming Effects on the Life Cycle of the Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta in Salmon of the Pacific Northwest

Author : Luciano V. Chiaramonte
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (835 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Warming Effects on the Life Cycle of the Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta in Salmon of the Pacific Northwest by : Luciano V. Chiaramonte

Download or read book Climate Warming Effects on the Life Cycle of the Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta in Salmon of the Pacific Northwest written by Luciano V. Chiaramonte and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquatic ecosystems continue to be increasingly affected by climate warming. For salmonids in the Pacific Northwest of North America, increasing temperatures pose tighter thermal constraints on their habitat use as well as aspects of their individual performance, such as disease resistance. This thesis examines the effect of temperature on the phenology of the Ceratomyxa shasta life cycle, the effect of thermal refugia on disease risk in juvenile salmonids in the Klamath River, CA, and the spatial and temporal distribution of C. shasta in the Willamette River, OR. We developed a biological model that predicts an acceleration of the C. shasta life cycle development due to climate shifts in the Klamath River, resulting in more generations per year and earlier seasonal parasite occurrence. We showed that in early summer the Beaver Creek-Klamath River confluence provides juvenile Chinook and coho salmon an area of lower parasite doses and cooler temperatures than the main stem, thus lessening disease risk. By accelerating the development of C. shasta in its hosts, increasing temperatures will result in earlier parasite transmission to juvenile salmonids and a longer season of infectivity. These fish may find disease refuge at cold tributary inflows to the main stem of the Klamath River in early summer, further adding to the benefit of these important thermal habitats. To determine if similar disease patterns occur in other rivers with the parasite, we described spatial and temporal occurrence of C. shasta in the Willamette River. By collecting weekly water sampling at four sites over 28 months we characterize seasonal and annual differences of parasite abundance, which varies with weekly temperature. We also collected samples along the length of the main stem and its tributaries and identified spatial differences in C. shasta spore densities. Identification of spatial and temporal variation of C. shasta in the Willamette River provides a foundation for understanding future patterns of disease occurrence in this river where conservation of anadromous fisheries is also of concern. This thesis identifies likely responses of C. shasta to climate warming in the Klamath River, with useful application to other rivers in the Pacific Northwest.

Management of Salmon Mortality Caused by Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Klamath River System

Author : J. L. Bartholomew
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (652 download)

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Book Synopsis Management of Salmon Mortality Caused by Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Klamath River System by : J. L. Bartholomew

Download or read book Management of Salmon Mortality Caused by Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Klamath River System written by J. L. Bartholomew and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Re-examining Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Pacific Northwest

Author : Matthew Everett Tsuneo Stinson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (781 download)

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Book Synopsis Re-examining Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Pacific Northwest by : Matthew Everett Tsuneo Stinson

Download or read book Re-examining Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Pacific Northwest written by Matthew Everett Tsuneo Stinson and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ceratomyxa shasta infects salmonids in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of North America, occasionally causing losses in wild and captive populations. Host-specific parasite genotypes (O, I, II, III) were previously characterized molecularly using markers in the ribosomal DNA and phenotypically by type host in the Klamath River, CA/OR. This thesis sough to re-examine the composition of the parasite population elsewhere in the PNW and to further evaluate the host specificity of each genotype. I surveyed salmonids native to the PNW primarily from the Fraser, the Columbia and the Sacramento River basins. I also conducted sentinel studies on the Willamette and Deschutes Rivers that exposed native and non-native salmonids to parasite populations above and below migration barriers. These studies expanded upon the known host range of each genotype: O was specific to rainbow/steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarkii); I was specific with Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); II was non-specific, being detected in six species, but predominating in coho (O. kitsuch), chum (O. keta), and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon; and III was also non-specific infecting many native and non-native salmonids. Hosts infected with genotype III were considered "adequate" if myxospore development occurred, and included brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown (Salmo trutta), rainbow, cutthroat, and steelhead trout; but Chinook, kokanee/sockeye (O. nerka) and Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) were less suitable. The distribution, life history, and phylogenetic traits of each salmonid host are factors that potentially explain the host specificity and the spatial and temporal patterns of each genotype. Data collected in this thesis provide evidence that host-specific C. shasta coevolved with Pacific salmonids, adapting unique host-parasite relationships over time.

Food-web Implications of Reintroducing Anadromous Salmonids in Reservoirs on the North Fork Lewis River, Washington

Author : Mark Henry Sorel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (935 download)

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Book Synopsis Food-web Implications of Reintroducing Anadromous Salmonids in Reservoirs on the North Fork Lewis River, Washington by : Mark Henry Sorel

Download or read book Food-web Implications of Reintroducing Anadromous Salmonids in Reservoirs on the North Fork Lewis River, Washington written by Mark Henry Sorel and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reintroductions using active transport (trap-and-haul) of anadromous salmonids around impassable high-head dams are being proposed with increasing frequency in the Pacific Northwest. Such reintroductions have already begun or are proposed above three dams on the North Fork Lewis River in Washington State. Spring Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Coho Salmon O. kisutch have been observed rearing in several lakes and reservoirs elsewhere, raising the question of the potential for reservoir habitat to contribute to smolt production in the Lewis River. To determine whether the Lewis River Reservoirs can support reintroduced populations of juvenile salmonids, we evaluated prey supply and consumption demand of resident fishes to estimate the carrying capacity for planktivores. We also evaluated the potential predation impact of Northern Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis on reintroduced anadromous salmonids in Merwin Reservoir, in response to concern that predation by the large population of native piscivores could undermine the reintroduction effort. To achieve these objectives, we examined the thermal regime, food-web structure, invertebrate abundance and distribution, and fish abundance and distribution in a spatiotemporally explicit manner in each reservoir. We then quantified trophic interactions with bioenergetics and population modeling. In all three reservoirs on the North Fork Lewis River, estimates of prey supply suggested that a moderate surplus of food was available to support the addition of juvenile anadromous salmonid consumption demand. The preliminary estimates for the abundance of sub-yearling salmonids that could be supported ranged 130,000-330,000 for each of the individual reservoirs; however, investigation into the behavior and growth of juvenile anadromous salmonids in the reservoirs would refine these estimates. Estimates of predation rates on resident salmonids were used to infer potential predation rates on reintroduced anadromous salmonids rearing year-round or migrating through Merwin Reservoir. We found that per-capita predation rates by Northern Pikeminnow were relatively low due to non-overlapping distributions during much of the growing season and the size structure of the predator population. The annual predation of Kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka by a size-structured population of 1,000 Northern Pikeminnow >̲ 300 mm was analogous to predation losses of 16,000-40,000 sub-yearling spring Chinook rearing in Merwin Reservoir year-round. Estimated salmonid consumption by 1,000 Northern Pikeminnow during peak smolt out-migration (April-June), if directed solely at migrating smolts, was analogous to 400-1,000 yearling spring Chinook Salmon (18-45 g each). These results can help managers set goals for the ongoing and proposed reintroductions of anadromous salmonids in the Lewis River that are desirable to stakeholders and realistic given the constraints of habitat, food supply, and predation losses.

Ceratomyxa Shasta in Salmonids

Author : K. A. Johnson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 11 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (499 download)

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Book Synopsis Ceratomyxa Shasta in Salmonids by : K. A. Johnson

Download or read book Ceratomyxa Shasta in Salmonids written by K. A. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Introduction of Pacific Salmonids Into the Delaware River Watershed

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction of Pacific Salmonids Into the Delaware River Watershed by :

Download or read book Introduction of Pacific Salmonids Into the Delaware River Watershed written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Distribution of Ceratomyxa Shasta (Myxozoa) and Habitat Preference of the Polychaete Host, Manayunkia Speciosa in the Klamath River

Author : Richard W. Stocking
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (689 download)

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Book Synopsis Distribution of Ceratomyxa Shasta (Myxozoa) and Habitat Preference of the Polychaete Host, Manayunkia Speciosa in the Klamath River by : Richard W. Stocking

Download or read book Distribution of Ceratomyxa Shasta (Myxozoa) and Habitat Preference of the Polychaete Host, Manayunkia Speciosa in the Klamath River written by Richard W. Stocking and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ceratomyxa shasta is a myxozoan parasite of salmonids and requires the freshwater polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa to complete its life cycle. The parasite?s distribution is currently limited to the Pacific Northwest region of North America and has been reported to cause substantial losses of both wild and hatchery salmonids. The spatial and seasonal distribution of C. shasta can vary considerably both within and between river systems. This variation was thought to be a result of specific habitat requirements limiting polychaete distribution and abundance. Field studies were conducted in the Klamath River basin where C. shasta is suspected to have caused high losses in migrating juvenile salmonids. The purpose of this study was to document the host-parasite distribution of C. shasta in the river, assess its ability to cause disease, and study aspects of the polychaetes habitat ecology. This is the first study to report the broad-scale distribution of M. speciosa in a river and the various characteristics of those populations. The seasonal distribution of C. shasta in the Klamath River was investigated by exposing separate groups of C. shasta-susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at monthly intervals during the study. The spatial distribution was assessed by one basin-wide exposure. The ability of C. shasta to cause disease in native Klamath River salmonids was investigated by exposing fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; Iron Gate Hatchery strain), along with the known susceptible strains of rainbow trout. The distribution and habitat preferences of M. speciosa were investigated by collecting benthic habitat samples from a variety of habitat types. Where populations were identified, sampling was conducted at a finer scale to study aspects of those populations such as size, density, and age-structure. The distribution and prevalence of C. shasta infection in populations of M. speciosa were determined by using a pooled prevalence strategy on several polychaete populations throughout the Klamath River. Ceratomyxa shasta, with few exceptions, was only detected in exposure groups from the main-stem Klamath. The parasite could be detected from April until November when water temperatures reached 6ʻC. It is likely the parasite could be detected beyond the temporal limits of this study. Prevalence of infection was high with little mortality in rainbow trout exposures groups above Iron Gate dam (Upper Klamath River). Mortality was 100% for rainbow trout exposure groups below Iron Gate Dam (Lower Klamath River). Fall Chinook salmon demonstrated a high level of resistance to the parasite above Iron Gate Dam compared to the rainbow trout, but suffered nearly 50% mortality below the dam. This suggests that resistance of native stocks to the parasite can be overwhelmed in the Lower Klamath River and provides further evidence that infectious dose is high relative to the Upper Klamath River. The polychaete host, M. speciosa, was found to occur throughout the Klamath River and was often located in slow flowing depositional habitats such as pools and reservoirs. River populations were highly aggregated into small areas whereas reservoir populations were large, widespread and centered at the inflow area. Sand-organic matter substrates and mat-forming epilithic algae were primary microhabitats. Flow velocity, habitat stability and life traits such as dispersal ability appear to be primary factors limiting distribution and abundance of the polychaete. Populations of M. speciosa tested for the prevalence of C. shasta infection demonstrate a low mean prevalence of 0.27% with areas of elevated infection (4.8 and 8.3%) located just downstream of Iron Gate Dam. This suggests that this area may be the primary source of infectious actinospores contributing to the high juvenile salmonid mortality observed in the Lower Klamath River.

Habitat Requirements of Anadromous Salmonids

Author : D. W. Reiser
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

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Book Synopsis Habitat Requirements of Anadromous Salmonids by : D. W. Reiser

Download or read book Habitat Requirements of Anadromous Salmonids written by D. W. Reiser and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Compatibility of Coleman National Fish Hatchery Operations and Restoration of Anadromous Salmonids in Battle Creek

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Compatibility of Coleman National Fish Hatchery Operations and Restoration of Anadromous Salmonids in Battle Creek by :

Download or read book Compatibility of Coleman National Fish Hatchery Operations and Restoration of Anadromous Salmonids in Battle Creek written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Life Stage Periodicities of Anadromous Salmonids in the Klamath River Basin, Northwestern California

Author : R. A. Leidy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Life Stage Periodicities of Anadromous Salmonids in the Klamath River Basin, Northwestern California by : R. A. Leidy

Download or read book Life Stage Periodicities of Anadromous Salmonids in the Klamath River Basin, Northwestern California written by R. A. Leidy and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Life Stage Periodicities of Anadromous Salmonids in the Klamath River Basin, Northwestern California

Author : R. A. Leidy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 21 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Life Stage Periodicities of Anadromous Salmonids in the Klamath River Basin, Northwestern California by : R. A. Leidy

Download or read book Life Stage Periodicities of Anadromous Salmonids in the Klamath River Basin, Northwestern California written by R. A. Leidy and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Feasibility Investigation of Reintroduction of Anadromous Salmonids Above Crocker-Huffman Dam on the Merced River

Author : David Vogel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis A Feasibility Investigation of Reintroduction of Anadromous Salmonids Above Crocker-Huffman Dam on the Merced River by : David Vogel

Download or read book A Feasibility Investigation of Reintroduction of Anadromous Salmonids Above Crocker-Huffman Dam on the Merced River written by David Vogel and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Hydraulic Predictors and Seasonal Distribution of Manayunkia Speciosa Density in the Klamath River, CA, with Implications for Ceratomyxosis, a Disease of Salmon and Trout

Download Hydraulic Predictors and Seasonal Distribution of Manayunkia Speciosa Density in the Klamath River, CA, with Implications for Ceratomyxosis, a Disease of Salmon and Trout PDF Online Free

Author : Michelle S. Jordan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 79 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydraulic Predictors and Seasonal Distribution of Manayunkia Speciosa Density in the Klamath River, CA, with Implications for Ceratomyxosis, a Disease of Salmon and Trout by : Michelle S. Jordan

Download or read book Hydraulic Predictors and Seasonal Distribution of Manayunkia Speciosa Density in the Klamath River, CA, with Implications for Ceratomyxosis, a Disease of Salmon and Trout written by Michelle S. Jordan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The freshwater polychaete Manayunkia speciosa was identified as an obligate host of the salmonid parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in 1997, prompting increased research on the small benthic invertebrate. Ceratomyxa shasta infection in fish can cause mortality, and presents a disease risk for both hatchery and wild salmon and trout. Ceratomyxa shasta is endemic to rivers of the Pacific Northwest, and its effects have been particularly well documented in the Klamath River, Oregon and California. One option for managing C. shasta impacts is by decreasing densities of M. speciosa through habitat manipulation, thus decreasing amplification of the parasite. The Klamath River is regulated by irrigation and hydropower dams, thus manipulating the hydrograph to destabilize habitat is a possibility. Decreasing habitat through flow manipulation requires a thorough understanding of the hydraulic environment of polychaete habitat, and how that environment changes with discharge. This thesis proposes an influence diagram of physical variables driving M. speciosa density, and investigates several of them. Samples were collected for enumerating M. speciosa density from nine sites in the Klamath River over 15 months, and seasonal density changes were examined, as were the relationships between density and hydraulic variables (depth, average velocity, substrate size, Reynolds number, Froude number). Density increased directly with depth and inversely with velocity, and was greater on small (silt, sand) and large (boulder, bedrock) substrate relative to medium substrate (gravel, cobble). Density was highest in the summer (July, August, September), and there was evidence that summer densities were influenced by spring discharges through the mechanism of substrate mobilization. Differences in infection prevalence among seasons and habitats were also investigated; however, very low overall incidence of infection limited any conclusions. Based on these results, it is recommended that habitat modeling for management of M. speciosa populations include a habitat stability component that incorporates s whether peak discharge the previous year surpassed a stability threshold.

Studies on the Fish Pathogen Ceratomyxa Shasta

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies on the Fish Pathogen Ceratomyxa Shasta by :

Download or read book Studies on the Fish Pathogen Ceratomyxa Shasta written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Geographic Distribution of Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Columbia River Basin and Susceptibility of Salmonid Stocks

Author : Jerri Lee Hoffmaster
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis Geographic Distribution of Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Columbia River Basin and Susceptibility of Salmonid Stocks by : Jerri Lee Hoffmaster

Download or read book Geographic Distribution of Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Columbia River Basin and Susceptibility of Salmonid Stocks written by Jerri Lee Hoffmaster and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: