Catalytic Processes for The Valorisation of Biomass Derived Molecules

Download Catalytic Processes for The Valorisation of Biomass Derived Molecules PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039219146
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Catalytic Processes for The Valorisation of Biomass Derived Molecules by : Francesco Mauriello

Download or read book Catalytic Processes for The Valorisation of Biomass Derived Molecules written by Francesco Mauriello and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decades, inedible lignocellulosic biomasses have attracted significant attention for being abundant resources that are not in competition with agricultural land or food production and, therefore, can be used as starting renewable material for the production of a wide variety of platform chemicals. The three main components of lignocellulosic biomasses are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, complex biopolymers that can be converted into a pool of platform molecules including sugars, polyols, alchols, ketons, ethers, acids and aromatics. Various technologies have been explored for their one-pot conversion into chemicals, fuels and materials. However, in order to develop new catalytic processes for the selective production of desired products, a complete understanding of the molecular aspects of the basic chemistry and reactivity of biomass derived molecules is still crucial. This Special Issue reports on recent progress and advances in the catalytic valorization of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin model molecules promoted by novel heterogeneous systems for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals.

Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts

Download Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 352762533X
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts by : Umit S. Ozkan

Download or read book Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts written by Umit S. Ozkan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-02-11 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long-awaited reference source is the first book to focus on this important and hot topic. As such, it provides examples from a wide array of fields where catalyst design has been based on new insights and understanding, presenting such modern and important topics as self-assembly, nature-inspired catalysis, nano-scale architecture of surfaces and theoretical methods. With its inclusion of all the useful and powerful tools for the rational design of catalysts, this is a true "must have" book for every researcher in the field.

Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications

Download Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119818796
Total Pages : 555 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications by : Shahid ul-Islam

Download or read book Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications written by Shahid ul-Islam and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-01-05 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HANDBOOK of BIOMASS VALORIZATION for INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS The handbook provides a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on biomass valorization, from advanced fabrication methodologies through useful derived materials, to current and potential application sectors. Industrial sectors, such as food, textiles, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, generate massive amounts of waste each year, the disposal of which has become a major issue worldwide. As a result, implementing a circular economy that employs sustainable practices in waste management is critical for any industry. Moreover, fossil fuels, which are the primary sources of fuel in the transportation sector, are also being rapidly depleted at an alarming rate. Therefore, to combat these global issues without increasing our carbon footprint, we must look for renewable resources to produce chemicals and biomaterials. In that context, agricultural waste materials are gaining popularity as cost-effective and abundantly available alternatives to fossil resources for the production of a variety of value-added products, including renewable fuels, fuel components, and fuel additives. Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications investigates current and emerging feedstocks, as well as provides in-depth technical information on advanced catalytic processes and technologies that enable the development of all possible alternative energy sources. The 22 chapters of this book comprehensively cover the valorization of agricultural wastes and their various uses in value-added applications like energy, biofuels, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment. Audience The book is intended for a very broad audience working in the fields of materials sciences, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environment, chemistry, etc. This book will be an invaluable reference source for the libraries in universities and industrial institutions, government and independent institutes, individual research groups, and scientists working in the field of valorization of biomass.

Processing of Biomass Waste

Download Processing of Biomass Waste PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323951805
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Processing of Biomass Waste by : Angana Sarkar

Download or read book Processing of Biomass Waste written by Angana Sarkar and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-04-25 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Processing of Biomass Waste: Technological Upgradation and Advancement focuses on the exploitation of various waste management technologies and their associated process (microbial/chemical/physical) as tools to simultaneously generate value during treatment processes, including degradation/detoxification/stabilization toxic and hazardous contaminants. The book explores wastes as a veritable resource for wealth creation, with particular focus on resources recoverable from diverse wastes using special intervention of biotechnological tools. Other sections highlight recent technologies of waste bioprocessing in biorefinery approaches and enlighten on different approaches. The book encompasses advanced and updated information as well as future directions for young researchers and scientists who are working in the field of waste management, with a focus on sustainable value generation. - Includes cutting-edge technologies in waste bioprocessing - Focuses on applications of molecular biotechnological tools in waste bioprocessing - Provides natural and eco-friendly solutions to deal with the problem of pollution aiming value generation - Details underlying mechanisms of waste bioprocessing approaches that cover microbes for the simultaneous value generation and removal of emerging contaminants - Includes field studies on the application of biorefinery approach for eco-restoration of contaminated sites - Presents recent advances and challenges in waste bioprocessing research and applications for sustainable development

Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy

Download Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535129376
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy by : Jaya Shankar Tumuluru

Download or read book Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy written by Jaya Shankar Tumuluru and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-02-22 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the outcome of contributions by many experts in the field from different disciplines, various backgrounds, and diverse expertise. This book provides information on biomass volume calculation methods and biomass valorization for energy production. The chapters presented in this book include original research and review articles. I hope the research presented in this book will help to advance the use of biomass for bioenergy production and valorization. The key features of the book are: Providing information on biomass volume estimation using direct, nondestructive and remote sensing methods Biomass valorization for energy using thermochemical (gasification and pyrolysis) and biochemical (fermentation) conversion processes.

Catalysis for Renewables

Download Catalysis for Renewables PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527621121
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Catalysis for Renewables by : Gabriele Centi

Download or read book Catalysis for Renewables written by Gabriele Centi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-01-08 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With its focus on catalysis and addressing two very hot and timely topics with significant implications for our future lives, this will be a white book in the field. The authority behind this practical work is the IDECAT Network of Excellence, and the authors here outline how the use of catalysis will promote the more extensive use of renewable feedstocks in chemical and energy production. They present the latest applications, their applicability and results, making this a ready reference for researchers and engineers working in catalysis, chemistry, and industrial processes wishing to analyze options, outlooks and opportunities in the field.

Biomass Valorization

Download Biomass Valorization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527825037
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biomass Valorization by : Davide Ravelli

Download or read book Biomass Valorization written by Davide Ravelli and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-05-24 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore the potential of biomass-based chemicals with this comprehensive new reference from leading voices in the field With the depletion of fossil raw materials a readily ascertainable inevitability, the exploitation of biomass-based renewable derivatives becomes ever more practical and realistic. In Biomass Valorization: Sustainable Methods for the Production of Chemicals, accomplished researchers and authors Davide Ravelli and Chiara Samori deliver a thorough compilation of state-of-the-art techniques and most advanced strategies used to convert biomass into useful building blocks and commodity chemicals. Each chapter in this collection of insightful papers begins by detailing the core components of the described technology, along with a fulsome description of its advantages and limitations, before moving on to a discussion of recent advancements in the field. The discussions are grouped by the processed biomass, such as terrestrial biomass, aquatic biomass, and biomass-deriving waste. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the role of biomass in the production of chemicals An exploration of biomass processing via acid, base and metal catalysis, as well as biocatalysis A practical discussion of biomass processing via pyrolysis and thermochemical-biological hybrid processes A concise treatment of biomass processing assisted by ultrasound and via electrochemical, photochemical and mechanochemical means Perfect for chemical engineers, catalytic chemists, biotechnologists, and polymer chemists, Biomass Valorization: Sustainable Methods for the Production of Chemicals will also earn a place in the libraries of environmental chemists and professionals working with organometallics and natural products chemists.

Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading

Download Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344667
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading by : Mark Crocker

Download or read book Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading written by Mark Crocker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.

Advances in Bioenergy

Download Advances in Bioenergy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443188572
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Bioenergy by :

Download or read book Advances in Bioenergy written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-04-20 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Bioenergy, Volume Eight highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of topics, including Chemical synthesis of platform chemical from lignocellulosic biomass for fuels and polymers application, Current technologies and applications of CO2 utilization into bio-products, Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from renewable resources, Biocomposite, Production and application of biochar, Conversion of biomass to functional materials, MSW characterization and preprocessing for biofuels and bioproducts, and Thermal chemical conversion of municipal solid waste to fuels and chemicals. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Advances in Bioenergy serials

Lignin Valorization

Download Lignin Valorization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782625542
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lignin Valorization by : Gregg T. Beckham

Download or read book Lignin Valorization written by Gregg T. Beckham and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2018-03-29 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Chapters will specifically focus on the production of fuels and chemicals from lignin."--Page [4] of cover.

New Developments in Selective Oxidation by Heterogeneous Catalysis

Download New Developments in Selective Oxidation by Heterogeneous Catalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080887139
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Developments in Selective Oxidation by Heterogeneous Catalysis by : P. Ruiz

Download or read book New Developments in Selective Oxidation by Heterogeneous Catalysis written by P. Ruiz and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1992-02-06 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains invited papers and communications presented at the Third European Workshop Meeting on Selective Oxidation by Heterogeneous Catalysis. The purpose of the meeting was to present recent results and to discuss new aspects of partial oxidation by heterogeneous catalysis. The following topics were discussed: Novel processes for obtaining new fine chemicals by catalytic partial oxidation; selective oxidation and oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes; new catalysts and advances in preparation methods of oxidation catalysts; new phenomena in partial oxidation and new aspects of surface chemistry in oxide catalysts; new applications of physicochemical methods for characterization of oxide catalysts; oxidation with other agents than oxygen and catalytic oxidation of carbohydrates. This book will provide a valuable set of data on reactions of selective oxidation which will be extremely useful to catalyst and related practitioners, whether fundamentalists or highly applied, and to process engineers who wish to evaluate current findings in this field. The wide-range approach to reactions of selective oxidation will disseminate knowledge in specialized areas of selective oxidation and encourage innovation and creativity.

Petrochemical Catalyst Materials, Processes, and Emerging Technologies

Download Petrochemical Catalyst Materials, Processes, and Emerging Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1466699760
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (666 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Petrochemical Catalyst Materials, Processes, and Emerging Technologies by : Al-Megren, Hamid

Download or read book Petrochemical Catalyst Materials, Processes, and Emerging Technologies written by Al-Megren, Hamid and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2016-02-17 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ###############################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################

Sustainable Catalytic Conversion of Biomass for the Production of Biofuels and Bioproducts

Download Sustainable Catalytic Conversion of Biomass for the Production of Biofuels and Bioproducts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039364332
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (393 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustainable Catalytic Conversion of Biomass for the Production of Biofuels and Bioproducts by : Gabriel Morales

Download or read book Sustainable Catalytic Conversion of Biomass for the Production of Biofuels and Bioproducts written by Gabriel Morales and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-02 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass is widely considered as a potential alternative to dwindling fossil fuel reserves. There is a large variety of biomass sources (oleaginous, lignocellulosic, algae, etc.), with many possible conversion routes and products. Currently, biomass is not just viewed as a source of biofuels, but also as an interesting feedstock for the production of bio-based chemicals that could largely replace petrochemicals. In this context, the search for new sustainable and efficient alternatives to fossil sources is gaining increasing relevance within the chemical industry. There, the role of catalysis is often critical for the development of clean and sustainable processes, aiming to produce commodity chemicals or liquid fuels with a high efficiency and atom economy. This book gathers works at the cutting edge of investigation in the application of catalysis, for the sustainable conversion of biomass into biofuels and bio-based chemicals.

Nano-(Bio)Catalysis in Lignocellulosic Biomass Valorization

Download Nano-(Bio)Catalysis in Lignocellulosic Biomass Valorization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889457729
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nano-(Bio)Catalysis in Lignocellulosic Biomass Valorization by : Rafael Luque

Download or read book Nano-(Bio)Catalysis in Lignocellulosic Biomass Valorization written by Rafael Luque and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass, in the form of forest and agricultural wastes, industrial processing side-streams, and dedicated energy crops, toward chemicals, fuels and added-value products has become a major research area with increasing exploitation potential. The efficient and tailored depolymerization of biomass or its primary structural components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) to platform chemicals, i.e., sugars, phenolics, furans, ketones, organic acids, etc. is highly dependent on the development of novel or modified chemo- and bio-catalytic processes that take into account the peculiarities and recalcitrance of biomass as feedstock, compared for example to petroleum fractions. The present Research Topic in Frontiers in Chemistry, Section of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, entitled “Nano-(bio)catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass valorization” aims to further contribute to the momentum of research and development in the (bio)catalytic conversion of biomass, by featuring original research papers as well as two review papers, authored and reviewed by experts in the field. The Research Topic addresses various representative reactions and processes in biomass valorization, highlighting the importance of developing novel, efficient and stable nano-(bio)catalysts with tailored properties according to the nature of the reactant/feedstock and the targeted products.

The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-fuels and Bio-chemicals

Download The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-fuels and Bio-chemicals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0444563326
Total Pages : 607 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-fuels and Bio-chemicals by : Kostas Triantafyllidis

Download or read book The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-fuels and Bio-chemicals written by Kostas Triantafyllidis and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 607 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-fuels and Bio-chemicals describes the importance of catalysis for the sustainable production of biofuels and biochemicals, focused primarily on the state-of-the-art catalysts and catalytic processes expected to play a decisive role in the "green" production of fuels and chemicals from biomass. In addition, the book includes general elements regarding the entire chain of biomass production, conversion, environment, economy, and life-cycle assessment. Very few books are available on catalysis in production schemes using biomass or its primary conversion products, such as bio-oil and lignin. This book fills that gap with detailed discussions of: - Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass - Hybrid biogasoline by co-processing in FCC units - Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to biofuels (biomass-to-liquid process) - Steam reforming of bio-oils to hydrogen With energy prices rapidly rising, environmental concerns growing, and regulatory apparatus evolving, this book is a resource with tutorial, research, and technological value for chemists, chemical engineers, policymakers, and students. - Includes catalytic reaction mechanism schemes and gives a clear understanding of catalytic processes - Includes flow diagrams of bench-, pilot- and industrial-scale catalytic processing units and demonstrates the various process technologies involved, enabling easy selection of the best process - Incorporates many tables, enabling easy comparison of data based on a critical review of the available literature

The Chemistry and Technology of Furfural and its Many By-Products

Download The Chemistry and Technology of Furfural and its Many By-Products PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080528996
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Chemistry and Technology of Furfural and its Many By-Products by : K.J. Zeitsch

Download or read book The Chemistry and Technology of Furfural and its Many By-Products written by K.J. Zeitsch and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-02-09 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a "world first", since the furfural industry has been traditionally secretive to the point of appearing shrouded in clouds of mystery. Even renowned encyclopedic works have published but scant and often erroneous information on the subject. Striking a healthy balance between theory and practice, the book leads the reader from reaction mechanisms and kinetics to the technology of making furfural by various old and new processes, using conventional raw materials or sulfite waste liquor. Detailed discussions of means of increasing the yield are of great chemical and technological interest as well as of immense economic importance. From furfural proper, the treatise shifts to the fascinating field of wanted and unwanted by-products ranging from largely unutilized carboxylic acids to troublesome impurities such as 5-methyl furfural and 2-furyl methyl ketone, and then to extremely valuable serendipitous flavor compounds such as diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. A wide variety of derivatives are discussed; considerable space is devoted to polytetrahydrofuran, an important building block of stretchable synthetic fibers, while furan resins from both furfural and furfuryl alcohol are given the attention commensurate with their industrial importance. Notable supplementary chapters cover the in-line measurement of furfural, the treatment of furfural waste water, and various aspects of corrosion. A chapter on the applications of furfural elaborates not only traditional uses in extracting petroleum and vegetable oils but also the sensational discovery that furfural is a highly effective "indirect nematocide". Without becoming toxic, it changes the microflora of the soil by stimulating bacteria antagonistic to nematodes, thereby reducing the nematode population to zero, at an unprecedented low price. It is believed that this application will be the principal outlet for furfural in the future. A comprehensive list of physical properties, some never published before, make the book an indispensable companion for producers, users and researchers alike.

Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass

Download Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass by : Ed J. Soltes

Download or read book Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass written by Ed J. Soltes and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brings together specialists to present the state-of-the-science in the complete fuel cycle--from feedstock to upgraded liquid fuels suitable for replacements for petroleum-derived fuels. Offers a discussion of biomass pyrolysis and its place in the renewable fuel economy. Presents the technology of pyrolysis oil production. Describes analysis of the oils by characterization, kinetics, and chromatographic techniques. Concludes with a discussion of upgrading pyrolysis oils to liquid fuels.