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Canadian Oil Sands Life Cycle Assessments Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Book Synopsis Canadian Oil Sands by : Congressional Research Service
Download or read book Canadian Oil Sands written by Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-30 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has focused in part on ways through which the United States could secure more economical and reliable petroleum resources both domestically and internationally. Many forecasters identify petroleum products refined from Canadian oil sands as one possible solution. Increased production from Canadian oil sands, however, is not without controversy, as many have expressed concern over the potential environmental impacts. These impacts include emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) during resource extraction and processing. A number of key studies in recent literature have expressed findings that GHG emissions per unit of energy produced from Canadian oil sands crudes are higher than those of other crudes imported, refined, and consumed in the United States. The studies identify two main reasons for the difference: (1) oil sands are heavier and more viscous than lighter crude oil types on average, and thus require more energy- and resource-intensive activities to extract; and (2) oil sands are chemically deficient in hydrogen, and have a higher carbon, sulfur, and heavy metal content than lighter crude oil types on average, and thus require more processing to yield consumable fuels by U.S. standards.
Author :Richard K., Richard Lattanzio, Analyst in Environmental Policy Publisher : ISBN 13 :9781477673027 Total Pages :30 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (73 download)
Book Synopsis Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by : Richard K., Richard Lattanzio, Analyst in Environmental Policy
Download or read book Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by Richard K., Richard Lattanzio, Analyst in Environmental Policy and published by . This book was released on 2012-06-17 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has focused in part on ways through which the United States could secure more economical and reliable crude oil resources both domestically and internationally. Many forecasters identify petroleum products refined from Canadian oil sands crude as one possible solution. Canadian oil sands account for about 46% of Canada's total oil production, and that number is expected to rise from its current level of 1.2 million barrels per day (mbd) to 2.8 mbd by 2015. Further, the infrastructure to produce, upgrade, refine, and transport the resource from Canadian oil sand reserves to the United States is in place, and additional infrastructure projects-such as the Keystone XL pipeline-have been proposed.
Book Synopsis Canadian Oil Sands by : Richard K. Lattanzio
Download or read book Canadian Oil Sands written by Richard K. Lattanzio and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-07-15 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has focused in part on ways through which the United States could secure more economical and reliable petroleum resources both domestically and internationally. Many forecasters identify petroleum products refined from Canadian oil sands as one possible solution. Increased production from Canadian oil sands, however, is not without controversy, as many have expressed concern over the potential environmental impacts. These impacts include emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) during resource extraction and processing. A number of key studies in recent literature have expressed findings that GHG emissions per unit of energy produced from Canadian oil sands crudes are higher than those of other crudes imported, refined, and consumed in the United States. The studies identify two main reasons for the difference: (1) oil sands are heavier and more viscous than lighter crude oil types on average, and thus require more energy- and resource-intensive activities to extract; and (2) oil sands are chemically deficient in hydrogen, and have a higher carbon, sulfur, and heavy metal content than lighter crude oil types on average, and thus require more processing to yield consumable fuels by U.S. standards.
Book Synopsis Canadian Oil Sands, Greenhouse Gases and the Keystone XL Pipeline by : Travis J. Carlson
Download or read book Canadian Oil Sands, Greenhouse Gases and the Keystone XL Pipeline written by Travis J. Carlson and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After discussing the basic methodology of life-cycle assessments and examining the choice of boundaries, design features, and input assumptions, this book compares several of the publicly available assessments of life-cycle emissions data for Canadian oil sands crudes against each other and against those of other global reference crudes. As congressional concern over the environmental impacts of Canadian oil sands production may encompass both a broad understanding of the global resource as well as a specific assessment of the proposed Keystone XL pipeline, the book surveys both the general scientific literature as well as the individual findings of the State Department's Keystone XL Project Environmental Impact Statement. As life-cycle assessments have become an influential, albeit developing, methodology for collecting, analysing, and comparing GHG emissions, this book concludes with a discussion of some tools for policy-makers who are interested in using these assessments to investigate the potential impacts of U.S. energy policy choices on the environment.
Book Synopsis Life Cycle Assessment of Transportation Fuels from Canada's Oil Sands Through Development of Theoretical Engineering Models by : Balwinder Singh Nimana
Download or read book Life Cycle Assessment of Transportation Fuels from Canada's Oil Sands Through Development of Theoretical Engineering Models written by Balwinder Singh Nimana and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil sands in Canada are significant in fulfilling the current and the future energy demands of North America. The development of these resources, besides the increased awareness in global carbon management, has given way to various policy regulations such as the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and Europe's Fuel Quality Directive that demand proper quantification and estimation of life cycle (LC) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation fuels. Previous studies show the variability in oil sands projects and the demand for proper quantification of project-specific energy consumption and GHG emissions. The novelty of this study is its aim at developing theoretical models based on engineering first principles to quantify the energy demand and GHGs emitted in oil sands operations using project-specific parameters. These models are used to quantify the GHG emissions in surface mining, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), upgrading, transportation, and refining operations, through identifying the key sensitive parameters. Further, a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) for transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel) derived from Canada's oil sands is conducted in which all the possible pathways from bitumen extraction to use in vehicles are explored. The life cycle inventory data for the LCA are obtained from the developed theoretical models. The impact of cogeneration of electricity in oil sands recovery, extraction, and upgrading on the LC GHG emissions of gasoline is explored. Sub process level mass allocation is followed to allocate the refinery emissions among the products. Emissions in surface mining and SAGD range from 180 to 302 kg of CO2 eq/m3 of bitumen and 238 to 1,204 kg of CO2 eq/m3 of bitumen, respectively, representing a wide range of variability in oil sands projects. Temperature and warm water consumption in surface mining and the steam-to-oil ratio (SOR) in SAGD are major parameters affecting GHG emissions. Hydroconversion upgrading is more energy- and GHG-intensive than delayed coker upgrading but gives a higher SCO yield. Refining SCO to transportation fuels produces 41% and 49% fewer emissions than do dilbit and bitumen, respectively. LC well-to-wheel (WTW) GHG emissions range from 106.8 to 116 g-CO2eq/MJ of gasoline; 100.5 to 115.2 g-CO2eq/MJ of diesel, and 96.4 to 109.2 g-CO2 eq/MJ of jet fuel, depending on the pathway. Combustion emissions (64.7% to 70.3%) are the largest constituent of WTW emissions for gasoline production; recovery forms 7.2% to 16%. The WTW GHG intensity of pathways depends on the allocation method and transportation fuel chosen for comparison.
Book Synopsis Accounting for Variability and Uncertainty in Life Cycle Assessments by : Sylvia Sleep
Download or read book Accounting for Variability and Uncertainty in Life Cycle Assessments written by Sylvia Sleep and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Along the life cycle of oil sands-derived products, variability in terms of resource heterogeneity, operating decisions, as well as extraction and processing technologies affect a project's GHG intensity. Previous LCAs that have quantified emissions from bitumen production and processing have not captured all sources of variability along the life cycle, either by including only some projects or employing simplified refinery modeling or modeling refining only of some crude types. Three studies are completed to address this literature gap. In the first study, a statistically-enhanced version of the GreenHouse gas emissions of current Oil Sands Technologies model (GHOST-SE) is developed. Median lifetime GHG intensities for projects producing synthetic crude oil (SCO) range from 89-137 kg CO2eq/bbl SCO and for the project producing dilbit are 51 kg CO2eq/bbl dilbit. Projects show significant temporal variability. No project reaches steady-state in terms of GHG intensity. Next, GHOST-SE is integrated with a pipeline transportation model (COPTEM) and a refinery model (PRELIM) and variability in life cycle emissions intensities are quantified. Allocation to products affects the relative GHG intensities of different projects (e.g., Project 1 has lowest median life cycle GHG intensity per MJ gasoline but highest per MJ diesel). These results demonstrate that there is no representative project or crude type, even across projects within the same pathway (e.g., Mining SCO pathway). In the final study, expert elicitation methods are employed to assess the potential role for emerging technologies to decrease upstream GHG intensity between 2014 and 2034. Experts surveyed do not expect emerging technologies to play a major role in reducing upstream oil sands energy consumption but are more likely to be applied to access marginal resources not economic with current production technologies. Accurate characterizations of the emissions from the life cycle of oil-sands derived fuels has the potential to assist oil sands operators and policymakers to: set benchmarks, develop projections of future emissions, and identify opportunities for GHG intensity reductions along the life cycle of the fuel. The findings of this thesis can also inform operators and policymakers about the potential unintended consequences of policy decisions.
Book Synopsis The Canadian Oil Sands by : Michael A. Levi
Download or read book The Canadian Oil Sands written by Michael A. Levi and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 2009 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report explores both the energy security and climate change implications of expanded oil sands production. It assesses current and future trends in the oil sands, including in the scale and cost of production and in the oil sands' impact on world oil markets, and evaluates the potential impacts of a range of policy options. The report concludes that the oil sands are neither critical to U.S. energy security nor catastrophic for climate change.
Book Synopsis Techno-economic and Environmental Assessments of Replacing Conventional Fossil Fuels by : Jennifer Marie McKellar
Download or read book Techno-economic and Environmental Assessments of Replacing Conventional Fossil Fuels written by Jennifer Marie McKellar and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Future of the Canadian Oil Sands by : J. Peter Findlay
Download or read book The Future of the Canadian Oil Sands written by J. Peter Findlay and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Crs Report for Congress by : Congressional Research Service: The Libr
Download or read book Crs Report for Congress written by Congressional Research Service: The Libr and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent congressional interest in U.S. energy policy has focused in part on ways through which the United States could secure more economical and reliable crude oil resources both domestically and internationally. Many forecasters identify petroleum refined from Canadian oil sands as one possible solution. Increased petroleum production from Canadian oil sands, however, is not without controversy, as many have expressed concern over the potential environmental impacts. These impacts may include increased water and natural gas use, disturbance of mined land, effects on wildlife and water quality, trans-boundary air pollution, and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) during extraction and processing. A number of key studies in recent literature have expressed findings that GHG emissions from the production of Canadian oil sands crudes may be higher than those of other crudes imported, refined, and consumed in the United States. The studies identify two main reasons for the increase: (1) oil sands are heavier and more viscous than lighter crude oil types on average, and thus require more energy- and resourceintensive activities to extract; and (2) oil sands are compositionally deficient in hydrogen, and have a higher carbon, sulfur, and heavy metal content than lighter crude oil types on average, and thus require more processing to yield consumable fuels.
Book Synopsis The Role of the Canadian Oil Sands in the US Market by : James Burkhard
Download or read book The Role of the Canadian Oil Sands in the US Market written by James Burkhard and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key uncertainty about the future role of the Canadian oil sands is whether the US government will allow production from Canada to expand its reach into the United States. The US Department of State is reviewing the application by TransCanada to build a pipeline from Alberta, Canada, to the US Gulf Coast. For the Keystone XL pipeline review, the DOS commissioned studies to evaluate US market dynamics and life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as part of the Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) released for comment in April 2011. This IHS CERA Special Report identifies and explains differences between the SDEIS and IHS CERA analyses on three critical questions: 1) When is the new pipeline infrastructure required, and could this pipeline affect gasoline prices?; 2) What are the likely substitutes for oil sands crudes if Keystone XL is not approved?; and, 3) What are the incremental GHG emissions associated with consuming oil sands?
Download or read book No Standard Oil written by Deborah Gordon and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-11 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In No Standard Oil, environmental policy expert Deborah Gordon examines the widely varying climate impacts of global oils and gases, and proposes solutions to cut greenhouse gas emissions in this sector while making sustainable progress in transitioning to a carbon-free energy future. The next decade will be decisive in the fight against climate change. It will be impossible to hold the planet to a 1.5o C temperature rise without controlling methane and CO2 emissions from the oil and gas sector. Contrary to popular belief, the world will not run out of these resources anytime soon. Consumers will continue to demand these abundant resources to fuel their cars, heat their homes, and produce everyday goods like shampoo, pajamas, and paint. But it is becoming more environmentally damaging to supply energy using technologies like fracking oil and liquefying gas. Policymakers, financial investors, environmental advocates, and citizens need to understand what oil and gas are doing to our climate to inform decision-making. In No Standard Oil, Deborah Gordon shows that no two oils or gases are environmentally alike. Each has a distinct, quantifiable climate impact. While all oils and gases pollute, some are much worse for the climate than others. In clear, accessible language, Gordon explains the results of the Oil Climate Index Plus Gas (OCI+), an innovative, open source model that estimates global oil and gas emissions. Gordon identifies the oils and gases from every region of the globe-along with the specific production, processing, and refining activities-that are the most harmful to the planet, and proposes innovative solutions to reduce their climate footprints. Global climate stabilization cannot afford to wait for oil and gas to run out. No Standard Oil shows how we can take immediate, practical steps to cut greenhouse gas emissions in the crucial oil and gas sector while making sustainable progress in transitioning to a carbon-free energy future.
Book Synopsis Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases by : Barry Leonard
Download or read book Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases written by Barry Leonard and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2003-06 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 21st century, management of municipal solid waste (MSW) continues to be an important environmental challenge facing the U.S. Climate change is also a serious issue, & the U.S. is embarking on a number of voluntary actions to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that can intensify climate change. By presenting material-specific GHG emission factors for various waste management options, this report examines how the two issues -- MSW management & climate change -- are related. The report's findings may be used to support a variety of programs & activities, including voluntary reporting of emission reductions from waste management practices. Charts, tables & graphs.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas Resources by : Jacob G. Englander
Download or read book Characterization of Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas Resources written by Jacob G. Englander and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the need for addressing the impacts of climate change has become more urgent, the primary focus in the scientific and engineering disciplines has been on reducing the combustion of fossil fuels through clean energy technology development. Simultaneously, there has been rapid development of unconventional fossil fuels such as tight oil and oil sands, especially in the United States and Canada. The development of these resources raises considerable obstacles to the challenge of reducing emissions. As nations realize the need for climate action and begin to transition a low-carbon energy sources, there is considerable inertia in the legacy fossil-fuel-reliant energy infrastructure. In the near-to medium-term a climate-conscious approach is needed to reduce emissions from existing infrastructure. Toward this end, this work investigates the greenhouse gas impacts of unconventional fossil fuel production. We first investigate the Alberta oil sands where we examine the historical trends in life-cycle greenhouse gas intensity of production utilizing industrial data. We show that the emissions intensity for oil sands production decreased from being close to two times greater than a modern conventional crude oil to roughly twenty percent greater. From this initial work, we utilized this operator-provided data to develop a life-cycle energy intensity model for the four most common fuel pathways in modern oil sands production. This model is both more comprehensive and more robust than prior work on oil sands emissions intensity, largely due to innovations we make in leveraging government-reported data to estimate emissions. We show that the energy intensity of oil sands production ranges from 0.08 to 0.41 GJ fuel consumed/GJ oil produced, varying by pathway. This work was integrated into the US Federal Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation Model (GREET) developed by Argonne National Laboratory. Next, we examine vented and fugitive emissions of hydrocarbon gas from production facilities in the Bakken oil field of North Dakota. These emissions, due to the high global warming potential (GWP) of methane (CH¬4) -- the primary component of produced gas -- are a large source of uncertainty for quantifying the greenhouse gas intensity of these resources. We conducted two studies which utilize Optical Gas Imaging (OGI) to evaluate the persistence of hydrocarbon emissions over time: 1) a helicopter survey which follows up on a previous study and examines the year-to-year trends in emissions-emitting sites, and 2) a ground-based survey where > 100 sites were visited regularly over the course of a year. Both of these studies demonstrate very high rates of persistence of emitting (as well as non-emitting) sites over the course of the study time-frame. These results strongly suggest that emissions are not random or intermittent, but instead due to long-term operational or design problems in the production, gathering, or transportation infrastructure.
Book Synopsis Oil Sands and the Keystone XL Pipeline by : Jonathan L. Remseur
Download or read book Oil Sands and the Keystone XL Pipeline written by Jonathan L. Remseur and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-07-15 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If constructed, the Keystone XL pipeline would transport crude oil derived from oil sands sites in Alberta, Canada, to U.S. refineries and other destinations. Because the pipeline would cross an international border, it requires a Presidential Permit.
Book Synopsis Comparison of North American and imported crude oil lifecycle GHG emissions by :
Download or read book Comparison of North American and imported crude oil lifecycle GHG emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The calculations performed to produce the numbers in the tables may be found in Appendix A. The recent "Development of Baseline Data and Analysis of Life Cycle GHG Emissions of Petroleum Based Fuels" report from the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)1 that was used to estimate the share of electricity consumption from the local grid for several of the crude oils is referred to in the fol [...] The steam is injected into the reservoirs, and electricity from the cogeneration plant is used to pump the crude oil from the ground. [...] Electricity used to pump the water into the reservoir and pump the crude out of the ground is taken from the Alberta electricity grid. [...] As the crude oil-natural gas liquid mixture is pumped to the surface, the pressure drops, and the natural gas liquids change to the gas phase. [...] The pathways and projects used to represent the oil sands operations are discussed, and the energy and material balances for the projects are presented.
Book Synopsis Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Oil Sands by : Mark Friedman
Download or read book Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Oil Sands written by Mark Friedman and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of the oil sands in Alberta has become a focal point in Canada's response to global climate change. Before an oil sands project can proceed, it must first undergo environmental assessment. This process frequently engages both provincial and federal environmental assessment legislation, which are implemented by administrative tribunals. The purpose of the paper is two-fold: firstly, to determine whether environmental assessment legislation provides regulators with the tools to assess the impact of an oil sands project's greenhouse gas emissions on the environment, and secondly, to examine how tribunals have been enforcing those standards during assessments. This paper finds that federal and provincial statutes provide panels with the scope to consider GHG emissions at the assessment stage; however, the relevant legislation places no demands on tribunals to specifically address the issue. The permissive language affords tribunals with latitude in downplaying the environmental effects of climate change. As such, climate change issues rarely surface in environmental assessments of oil sands projects, and when they do, the effects of climate change do not hinder regulatory approval. After reviewing policy responses, the paper concludes that any change in environmental assessment is only possible when either tribunals or governments prioritize the effects of climate change in environmental assessment.
