Calculation Of Wind Driven Surface Currents In The North Atlantic Ocean

Author : Paola Castellanos Ossa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

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Download or read book Wind-driven Currents in the Coastal and Equatorial Upwelling Regions written by Paola Castellanos Ossa and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last two decades the scientific community has recognised the importance of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the upwelling regions on the Earth's climate. This recognition has opened new questions such as: ¿What are the mechanisms for the ocean to adjust to variations in atmospheric forcing?, ¿Is there any indirect relation between the atmospheric seasonal cycle and the response of the surface ocean?, ¿How are the meridional boundary flows connected with the zonal jets in the interior ocean?, ¿What is the relevance of these processes in the redistribution of properties such as water mass, heat and fresh water? In this dissertation we explore several elements that determine the effect of the surface wind stress onto the processes within the near-surface ocean. The work focuses on recognizing the (subinertial) response mechanisms of the ocean surface to the spatial and temporal wind variations in two upwelling regions: a coastal region off Northwest Africa, in the area near Cape Blanc, and an oceanic region, in the equatorial Atlantic. With this purpose we use in situ and satellite data as well as numerical data from a high-resolution circulation model. The analysis of these data has been done with several methodologies, in some cases requiring substantial developments and tuning for local applications. The implementation of the Maximum Cross-Correlation Method has allowed determining some of the characteristics of the instantaneous and mean surface fields, during winter and spring, in the upwelling region north and south of Cape Blanc. We have identified three regions which are characterized by different responses to short-time changes of the along-shore wind stress. North of Cape Blanc stands out the intensity of the coastal baroclinic jet, in the Cape Verde basin the mesoscalar structures are relatively weak and large, and off Cape Blanc there is along-shore convergence which traduces in the formation of a normal-to-shore giant surface filament. The analyses of time series corresponding to several upwelling indexes show that the atmospheric forcing and the oceanic response are different north and south of Cape Blanc and during the first and second trimester of the year. The total subinertial flux may be represented as the combination of a surface Ekman flux (calculated as the Ekman transport divided by the thickness of the surface mixed layer) and the surface geostrophic current (deduced from altimetry satellite images). One of the most relevant results is that the temporal and spatial changes in the normal-to-shore Ekman transport influence the intensity of the geostrophic (baroclinic) coastal jet, therefore affecting the corresponding along-shore convergence (e.g. becoming intensified off Cape Blanc) and the offshore transport of upwelled waters. The dissertation has also aimed at understanding the patterns of seasonal variability in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean through the statistical analysis of time series of sea level pressure, sea surface wind stress, sea surface height, and the circulation of the near-surface ocean. The data reveals a predominant annual component in all these variables, closely related to the latitudinal oscillation of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone. The equatorial divergence of the Ekman transport is well correlated with the intensity of the zonal system of equatorial currents, which includes the Equatorial Undercurrent and its northern and southern branches. Additionally, the seasonal appearance of the North Equatorial Counter Current during (boreal) summer and fall is related to the meridional convergence of the Ekman transport during those same seasons, which leads to a temporal rise of sea level and the generation of an eastward current in geostrophic balance. In general, the divergence/convergence of meridional Ekman transport is dominant in the northern hemisphere and of lesser relevance in the southern hemisphere.