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Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detector System For Nuclear Material Assay
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Book Synopsis Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detector System for Nuclear Material Assay by :
Download or read book Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detector System for Nuclear Material Assay written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three tools were developed towards design of an ambient temperature radiometric instrument, namely the CZT Probe--a cadmium zinc telluride based gamma and x ray detector probe, the MicroNOMAD--a low power, portable multichannel analyzed, and CZTU--spectral analysis software that provides uranium enrichment analysis. The combination of these three tools with an optimal sodium iodide (NaI) detector provides the ability to search for and then analyze uranium as well as other radionuclides in the field. Several national and international organizations including the International Atomic Energy Agency, the European Communities Safeguards Directorate, US Customs, and US DOE have expressed interest and are currently evaluating these systems.
Book Synopsis Electric Field Distribution of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT). by :
Download or read book Electric Field Distribution of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT). written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) is attracting increasing interest with its promise as a room-temperature nuclear-radiation-detector material. The distribution of the electric field in CZT detectors substantially affects their detection performance. At Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), we employed a synchrotron X-Ray mapping technique and a Pockels-effect measurement system to investigate this distribution in different detectors. Here, we report our latest experimental results with three detectors of different width/height ratios. A decrease in this ratio aggravates the non-uniform distribution of electric field, and focuses it on the central volume. Raising the bias voltage effectively can minimize such non-uniformity of the electric field distribution. The position of the maximum electric field is independent of the bias voltage; the difference between its maximum- and minimum-intensity of electric field increases with the applied bias voltage.
Book Synopsis Cadmium Zinc Telluride and Its Use as a Nuclear Radiation Detector Material by :
Download or read book Cadmium Zinc Telluride and Its Use as a Nuclear Radiation Detector Material written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Radiation Detection Systems by : Krzysztof Iniewski
Download or read book Radiation Detection Systems written by Krzysztof Iniewski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-04 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advances in semiconductor detectors, scintillators, photodetectors such as silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), and reaodut electronics have experienced tremendous growth in recent years in terms of basic technologies and variety of applications.The second edition of the book Radiation Detection Systems presents variety of radiation detection systems giving readers a broad view of the state-of–the-art in the design of detectors, front-end electronics and systems offering optimized choices of the detection tools for a particular application. The new edition has been divided into two volumes. This first volume, on Sensor Materials, Systems, Technology and Characterization Measurements puts emphasis on sensor materials, detector structures, front electronics technology and their designs as well as system optimization for different applications. Also, the book include characterization measurements of the developed detection systems. Featuring contributions from leading experts and pioneers in their respective fields, this book • describes progress in growth technologies of cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) materials • shows variety of specific detector structure designs and their integration with front-end amplification/processing electronics • presents detection systems based on CdZnTe and CdTe detector technologies that are optimized for specific applications. The designed systems are characterized in terms of their spectral responses, spatial and timing resolutions • addresses incomplete charge collection, pulse pileup, charge sharing between neighboring detector pixels and other phenomena that can degrade the spectral response of photon-counting detectors • reports new developments of silicon photomultipliers used for reading the light from scintillators that starting to make a big impact particularly in the design concepts of novel medical instrumentation With its combined coverage of new materials and innovative new system approaches, as well as a succinct overview of recent developments, this book is an invaluable tool for any engineer, professional, or student working in electronics or an associated field. Readers can refer to the second book to get a detailed understanding of more specific applications of the detection systems in medical imaging, industrial testing and security applications.
Book Synopsis Ambient Temperature Cadmium Zinc Telluride Radiation Detector and Amplifier Circuit by :
Download or read book Ambient Temperature Cadmium Zinc Telluride Radiation Detector and Amplifier Circuit written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A low noise, low power consumption, compact, ambient temperature signal amplifier for a Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) radiation detector. The amplifier can be used within a larger system (e.g., including a multi-channel analyzer) to allow isotopic analysis of radionuclides in the field. In one embodiment, the circuit stages of the low power, low noise amplifier are constructed using integrated circuit (IC) amplifiers, rather than discrete components, and include a very low noise, high gain, high bandwidth dual part preamplification stage, an amplification stage, and an filter stage. The low noise, low power consumption, compact, ambient temperature amplifier enables the CZT detector to achieve both the efficiency required to determine the presence of radio nuclides and the resolution necessary to perform isotopic analysis to perform nuclear material identification. The present low noise, low power, compact, ambient temperature amplifier enables a CZT detector to achieve resolution of less than 3% full width at half maximum at 122 keV for a Cobalt-57 isotope source. By using IC circuits and using only a single 12 volt supply and ground, the novel amplifier provides significant power savings and is well suited for prolonged portable in-field use and does not require heavy, bulky power supply components.
Book Synopsis CdTe and CdZnTe Materials by : Kris Iniewski
Download or read book CdTe and CdZnTe Materials written by Kris Iniewski and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Passive Nondestructive Assay of Nuclear Materials by : Doug Reilly
Download or read book Passive Nondestructive Assay of Nuclear Materials written by Doug Reilly and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cadmium Telluride and Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors for Radionuclide Analysis by : Anthony Drew Lavietes
Download or read book Cadmium Telluride and Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors for Radionuclide Analysis written by Anthony Drew Lavietes and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nuclear Radiation Detection Materials: Volume 1038 by : Arnold Burger
Download or read book Nuclear Radiation Detection Materials: Volume 1038 written by Arnold Burger and published by . This book was released on 2008-11-20 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This symposium will provide a venue for the presentation of the latest results and discussion of radiation detection materials from both experimental and theoretical standpoints. As advances are made in this area of materials, additional experimental and theoretical approaches are used to both guide the growth of materials and to characterize the materials that have a wide array of applications for detecting different types of radiation. The types of detector materials for semiconductors and scintillators include a variety of molecular compounds such as lanthanum halides, zinc oxide, lead iodide, cadmium telluride, mercuric iodide, thallium bromide, as well as others, such as cadmium zinc telluride." "An additional class of scintillators includes those based on organic compounds and glasses. Ideally, desired materials used for radiation detection have attributes such as appropriate-range bandgaps, high atomic numbers of the central element, high densities, performance at room temperature, and strong mechanical properties, and are low cost in terms of their production. There are significant gaps in the knowledge related to these materials that are very important in making radiation detector materials that are higher quality in terms of their reproducible purity, homogeneity, and mechanical integrity. The topics that are the focal point of this symposium address these issues so that much better detectors may be made in the future."--BOOK JACKET.
Book Synopsis Birthday Story; White Gifts for the King, a Christmas Service Prepared by Jessie Brown Pounds by :
Download or read book Birthday Story; White Gifts for the King, a Christmas Service Prepared by Jessie Brown Pounds written by and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Material Properties of Large-volume Cadmium Zinc Telluride Crystals and Their Relationship to Nuclear Detector Performance by :
Download or read book Material Properties of Large-volume Cadmium Zinc Telluride Crystals and Their Relationship to Nuclear Detector Performance written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The material showing the greatest promise today for production of large-volume gamma-ray spectrometers operable at room temperature is cadmium zinc telluride (CZT). Unfortunately, because of deficiencies in the quality of the present material, high-resolution CZT spectrometers have thus far been limited to relatively small dimensions, which makes them inefficient at detecting high photon energies and ineffective for weak radiation signals except in near proximity. To exploit CZT fully, it will be necessary to make substantial improvements in the material quality. Improving the material involves advances in the purity, crystallinity, and control of the electrical compensation mechanism. Sandia National Laboratories, California, in close collaboration with US industry and academia, has initiated efforts to develop a detailed understanding of the underlying material problems limiting the performance of large volume gamma-ray spectrometers and to overcome them through appropriate corrections therein. A variety of analytical and numerical techniques are employed to quantify impurities, compositional and stoichiometric variations, crystallinity, strain, bulk and surface defect states, carrier mobilities and lifetimes, electric field distributions, and contact chemistry. Data from these measurements are correlated with spatial maps of the gamma-ray and alpha particle spectroscopic response to determine improvements in the material purification, crystal growth, detector fabrication, and surface passivation procedures. The results of several analytical techniques will be discussed. The intended accomplishment of this work is to develop a low-cost, high-efficiency CZT spectrometer with an active volume of 5 cm3 and energy resolution of 1--2% (at 662 keV), which would give the US a new field capability for screening radioactive substances.
Book Synopsis Material Uniformity of Cadmium Zinc Telluride in Gamma-ray Imaging Detectors (PHD). by : Nathan Rhead Hilton
Download or read book Material Uniformity of Cadmium Zinc Telluride in Gamma-ray Imaging Detectors (PHD). written by Nathan Rhead Hilton and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Cadmium-zinc-telluride Crystal Array Spectrometer by :
Download or read book A Cadmium-zinc-telluride Crystal Array Spectrometer written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper describes a gamma detector employing an array of eight cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) crystals configured as a high resolution gamma ray spectrometer. This detector is part of a more complex instrument that identifies the isotope, displays this information, and records the gamma spectrum. Various alarms and other operator features are incorporated in this battery operated rugged instrument. The CZT detector is the key component of this instrument and will be described in detail in this paper. We have made extensive spectral measurements of the usual laboratory gamma sources, common medical isotopes, and various Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) with this detector. Some of these data will be presented as spectra. We will also present energy resolution and detection efficiency for the basic 8-crystal array. Additional data will also be presented for a 32-crystal array. The basic 8-crystal array development was completed two years ago, and the system electronic design has been imp roved recently. This has resulted in significantly improved noise performance. We expect to have a much smaller detector package, using 8 crystals, in a few months. This package will use flip-chip packaging to reduce the electronics physical size by a factor of 5.
Book Synopsis Preliminary Uranium Enrichment Analysis Results Using Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors by :
Download or read book Preliminary Uranium Enrichment Analysis Results Using Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and EG & G ORTEC have jointly developed a portable ambient-temperature detection system that can be used in a number of application scenarios. The detection system uses a planar cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector with custom-designed detector support electronics developed at LLNL and is based on the recently released MicroNOMAD multichannel analyzer (MCA) produced by ORTEC. Spectral analysis is performed using software developed at LLNL that was originally designed for use with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector systems. In one application, the CZT detection system determines uranium enrichments ranging from less than 3% to over 75% to within accuracies of 20%. The analysis was performed using sample sizes of 200 g or larger and acquisition times of 30 min. The authors have demonstrated the capabilities of this system by analyzing the spectra gathered by the CZT detection system from uranium sources of several enrichments. These experiments demonstrate that current CZT detectors can, in some cases, approach performance criteria that were previously the exclusive domain of larger HPGe detector systems.
Book Synopsis Photoluminescence Characterization of Cadmium Zinc Telluride by : Mohamed Alshal
Download or read book Photoluminescence Characterization of Cadmium Zinc Telluride written by Mohamed Alshal and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The demand for wide bandgap semiconductors for radiation detector applications has significantly increased in recent years due to an ever-growing need for safeguard measures and medical imaging systems amongst other applications. The need for these devices to be portable and efficient, and to operate at room temperature is important for practical applications. For radiation detectors, the semiconductor materials are mainly required to have an optimal energy gap, high average atomic number, good electrical resistivity and charge transport properties as well as purity and homogeneity. Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) distinctly stands out among the other choices of semiconductor materials for radiation detector applications, due to its attractive material properties and the room temperature operation possibility. A tremendous amount of research is being conducted to improve CZT technology and its implementation into more commercial systems. Applications of CZT detector technology in national security, high energy physics, nuclear spectroscopy, and medical imaging systems are of special interests. However, CZT devices still face challenges that need to be understood and overcome in order to have more efficient radiation detector systems. One such challenge lies in the understanding of the surfaces of CZT detectors and surface recombination effects on charge transport, charge collection efficiency, and detector performance. Another common issue is the degradation of CZT detectors due to the presence of defects which can act as traps for the charge carriers and cause incomplete charge collection from the detectors. Thus, a major challenge is that, the commercial CZT crystals have large concentrations of defects and impurities that need to be characterized, and their effects on the detector performance should be studied. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy is a sensitive, non-contact and non-destructive method, suitable to characterize lower concentrations of point defects, such as substitutional impurities (donors, acceptors) and native defects in CZT crystals. A PL spectrum provides information regarding the defect nature of the crystal by determining the presence and the type of vacancies, interstitials, and impurities in the lattice. The main objective of this thesis is to address the presence of the defects in CZT crystals, identify their types, and study their roles in the performance of x-ray radiation detectors using PL spectroscopy. Additionally, using PL method and different excitation sources including UV excitation, this thesis studies the surface of CZT samples and investigates the PL signature of the surface oxide of the samples, in an effort to optimize the surface processing and thereby improve CZT detector performance.
Book Synopsis Application of Cadmium-zinc-telluride Detectors in U-235 Enrichment Measurements by :
Download or read book Application of Cadmium-zinc-telluride Detectors in U-235 Enrichment Measurements written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-resolution, gamma- and x-ray spectrometry are used routinely in nuclear safeguards verification measurements of plutonium and uranium in the field. These measurements are mostly performed with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, that require cooling to liquid-nitrogen temperatures, thus limiting their utility in field and unattended safeguards measurement applications. NaI scintillation detectors do not require cooling, but their moderate energy resolution (10% at 122 keV) is insufficient in most cases for reliable verification measurements. Semiconductor detectors that operate at room temperature, such as cadmium-zinc-telluride (CdZnTe) detectors, with energy resolution performance reaching 2.0% at 122 keV may complement HPGe detectors for certain safeguards verification applications. The authors used a 5x5x5 mm CdZnTe detector to measure U-235 enrichments ranging from 3% to 75%. They use a spectrum analysis technique that fits U-235, U-238, and U K x-ray response profiles to data in the 89- to 100-keV region of gamma-ray spectrum. From the relative magnitudes of the U-235 and U-238 profiles they determine the U-235 enrichment with an accuracy of about 10% with CdZnTe detectors.
Book Synopsis Internal Electric Field Behavior of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Radiation Detectors Under High Carrier Injection by :
Download or read book Internal Electric Field Behavior of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Radiation Detectors Under High Carrier Injection written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The behavior of the internal electric-field of nuclear-radiation detectors substantially affects the detector's performance. We investigated the distribution of the internal field in cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors under high carrier injection. We noted the build-up of a space charge region near the cathode that produces a built-in field opposing the applied field. Its presence entails the collapse of the electric field in the rest of detector, other than the portion near the cathode. Such a space-charge region originates from serious hole-trapping in CZT. The device's operating temperature greatly affects the width of the space-charge region. With increasing temperature from 5 C to 35 C, its width expanded from about 1/6 to 1/2 of the total depth of the detector.
