CAD of Circuits and Integrated Systems

Download CAD of Circuits and Integrated Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1786305976
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CAD of Circuits and Integrated Systems by : Ali Mahdoum

Download or read book CAD of Circuits and Integrated Systems written by Ali Mahdoum and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-10-13 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the difficulty of obtaining a quality solution, that is, pre optimal or even optimal, in a reasonable time from a central processing unit (CPU). As polynomial problems can be treated by exact methods, the problem posed concerns non-polynomial problems, for which it is necessary to develop efficient algorithms based on heuristics or meta-heuristics. Chapter 3 of this book demonstrates how to develop such algorithms, which are characterized by: an initialization of argued solutions (sometimes, the global optimum can be obtained from such an initialization); a non-random generation of solutions (to avoid generating the same solution several times, or even generating solutions that cannot be achieved); avoidance of being trapped by a local optimum; good use of CPU time by reducing the size of the space of solutions to be explored (which is often very large for such problems) without compromising the quality of the solution; plus a reasoned displacement from one solution to another, to improve the quality of the solution as the processing is carried out. These aspects are applied to concrete applications in the design of integrated circuits and systems at various levels. To do this and to help the reader better understand this problem, Chapters 1 and 2 present basic notions on computational complexity, and the design of integrated circuits and systems.

Computer-Aided Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems

Download Computer-Aided Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 047122782X
Total Pages : 773 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (712 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computer-Aided Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems by : Rob A. Rutenbar

Download or read book Computer-Aided Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems written by Rob A. Rutenbar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002-05-06 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The tools and techniques you need to break the analog design bottleneck! Ten years ago, analog seemed to be a dead-end technology. Today, System-on-Chip (SoC) designs are increasingly mixed-signal designs. With the advent of application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) technologies that can integrate both analog and digital functions on a single chip, analog has become more crucial than ever to the design process. Today, designers are moving beyond hand-crafted, one-transistor-at-a-time methods. They are using new circuit and physical synthesis tools to design practical analog circuits; new modeling and analysis tools to allow rapid exploration of system level alternatives; and new simulation tools to provide accurate answers for analog circuit behaviors and interactions that were considered impossible to handle only a few years ago. To give circuit designers and CAD professionals a better understanding of the history and the current state of the art in the field, this volume collects in one place the essential set of analog CAD papers that form the foundation of today's new analog design automation tools. Areas covered are: * Analog synthesis * Symbolic analysis * Analog layout * Analog modeling and analysis * Specialized analog simulation * Circuit centering and yield optimization * Circuit testing Computer-Aided Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems is the cutting-edge reference that will be an invaluable resource for every semiconductor circuit designer and CAD professional who hopes to break the analog design bottleneck.

Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit Design

Download Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 144190784X
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit Design by : Yuan Xie

Download or read book Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit Design written by Yuan Xie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live in a time of great change. In the electronics world, the last several decades have seen unprecedented growth and advancement, described by Moore’s law. This observation stated that transistor density in integrated circuits doubles every 1. 5–2 years. This came with the simultaneous improvement of individual device perf- mance as well as the reduction of device power such that the total power of the resulting ICs remained under control. No trend remains constant forever, and this is unfortunately the case with Moore’s law. The trouble began a number of years ago when CMOS devices were no longer able to proceed along the classical scaling trends. Key device parameters such as gate oxide thickness were simply no longer able to scale. As a result, device o- state currents began to creep up at an alarming rate. These continuing problems with classical scaling have led to a leveling off of IC clock speeds to the range of several GHz. Of course, chips can be clocked higher but the thermal issues become unmanageable. This has led to the recent trend toward microprocessors with mul- ple cores, each running at a few GHz at the most. The goal is to continue improving performance via parallelism by adding more and more cores instead of increasing speed. The challenge here is to ensure that general purpose codes can be ef?ciently parallelized. There is another potential solution to the problem of how to improve CMOS technology performance: three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs).

Thermal and Power Management of Integrated Circuits

Download Thermal and Power Management of Integrated Circuits PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387297499
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermal and Power Management of Integrated Circuits by : Arman Vassighi

Download or read book Thermal and Power Management of Integrated Circuits written by Arman Vassighi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-06-01 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Thermal and Power Management of Integrated Circuits, power and thermal management issues in integrated circuits during normal operating conditions and stress operating conditions are addressed. Thermal management in VLSI circuits is becoming an integral part of the design, test, and manufacturing. Proper thermal management is the key to achieve high performance, quality and reliability. Performance and reliability of integrated circuits are strong functions of the junction temperature. A small increase in junction temperature may result in significant reduction in the device lifetime. This book reviews the significance of the junction temperature as a reliability measure under nominal and burn-in conditions. The latest research in the area of electro-thermal modeling of integrated circuits will also be presented. Recent models and associated CAD tools are covered and various techniques at the circuit and system levels are reviewed. Subsequently, the authors provide an insight into the concept of thermal runaway and how it may best be avoided. A section on low temperature operation of integrated circuits concludes the book.

Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits

Download Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 147575003X
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits by : Piet Wambacq

Download or read book Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Circuits written by Piet Wambacq and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The analysis and prediction of nonlinear behavior in electronic circuits has long been a topic of concern for analog circuit designers. The recent explosion of interest in portable electronics such as cellular telephones, cordless telephones and other applications has served to reinforce the importance of these issues. The need now often arises to predict and optimize the distortion performance of diverse electronic circuit configurations operating in the gigahertz frequency range, where nonlinear reactive effects often dominate. However, there have historically been few sources available from which design engineers could obtain information on analysis tech niques suitable for tackling these important problems. I am sure that the analog circuit design community will thus welcome this work by Dr. Wambacq and Professor Sansen as a major contribution to the analog circuit design literature in the area of distortion analysis of electronic circuits. I am personally looking forward to hav ing a copy readily available for reference when designing integrated circuits for communication systems.

Nano-scale CMOS Analog Circuits

Download Nano-scale CMOS Analog Circuits PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466564288
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nano-scale CMOS Analog Circuits by : Soumya Pandit

Download or read book Nano-scale CMOS Analog Circuits written by Soumya Pandit and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reliability concerns and the limitations of process technology can sometimes restrict the innovation process involved in designing nano-scale analog circuits. The success of nano-scale analog circuit design requires repeat experimentation, correct analysis of the device physics, process technology, and adequate use of the knowledge database. Starting with the basics, Nano-Scale CMOS Analog Circuits: Models and CAD Techniques for High-Level Design introduces the essential fundamental concepts for designing analog circuits with optimal performances. This book explains the links between the physics and technology of scaled MOS transistors and the design and simulation of nano-scale analog circuits. It also explores the development of structured computer-aided design (CAD) techniques for architecture-level and circuit-level design of analog circuits. The book outlines the general trends of technology scaling with respect to device geometry, process parameters, and supply voltage. It describes models and optimization techniques, as well as the compact modeling of scaled MOS transistors for VLSI circuit simulation. • Includes two learning-based methods: the artificial neural network (ANN) and the least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) method • Provides case studies demonstrating the practical use of these two methods • Explores circuit sizing and specification translation tasks • Introduces the particle swarm optimization technique and provides examples of sizing analog circuits • Discusses the advanced effects of scaled MOS transistors like narrow width effects, and vertical and lateral channel engineering Nano-Scale CMOS Analog Circuits: Models and CAD Techniques for High-Level Design describes the models and CAD techniques, explores the physics of MOS transistors, and considers the design challenges involving statistical variations of process technology parameters and reliability constraints related to circuit design.

A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits

Download A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792397946
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (979 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits by : Henry Chang

Download or read book A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits written by Henry Chang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analog circuit design is often the bottleneck when designing mixed analog-digital systems. A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits presents a new methodology based on a top-down, constraint-driven design paradigm that provides a solution to this problem. This methodology has two principal advantages: (1) it provides a high probability for the first silicon which meets all specifications, and (2) it shortens the design cycle. A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits is part of an ongoing research effort at the University of California at Berkeley in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Department. Many faculty and students, past and present, are working on this design methodology and its supporting tools. The principal goals are: (1) developing the design methodology, (2) developing and applying new tools, and (3) `proving' the methodology by undertaking `industrial strength' design examples. The work presented here is neither a beginning nor an end in the development of a complete top-down, constraint-driven design methodology, but rather a step in its development. This work is divided into three parts. Chapter 2 presents the design methodology along with foundation material. Chapters 3-8 describe supporting concepts for the methodology, from behavioral simulation and modeling to circuit module generators. Finally, Chapters 9-11 illustrate the methodology in detail by presenting the entire design cycle through three large-scale examples. These include the design of a current source D/A converter, a Sigma-Delta A/D converter, and a video driver system. Chapter 12 presents conclusions and current research topics. A Top-Down, Constraint-Driven Design Methodology for Analog Integrated Circuits will be of interest to analog and mixed-signal designers as well as CAD tool developers.

Variation-Aware Design of Custom Integrated Circuits: A Hands-on Field Guide

Download Variation-Aware Design of Custom Integrated Circuits: A Hands-on Field Guide PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146142268X
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Variation-Aware Design of Custom Integrated Circuits: A Hands-on Field Guide by : Trent McConaghy

Download or read book Variation-Aware Design of Custom Integrated Circuits: A Hands-on Field Guide written by Trent McConaghy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book targets custom IC designers who are encountering variation issues in their designs, especially for modern process nodes at 45nm and below, such as statistical process variations, environmental variations, and layout effects. It teaches them the state-of-the-art in Variation-Aware Design tools, which help the designer to analyze quickly the variation effects, identify the problems, and fix the problems. Furthermore, this book describes the algorithms and algorithm behavior/performance/limitations, which is of use to designers considering these tools, designers using these tools, CAD researchers, and CAD managers.

Low-Power CMOS Circuits

Download Low-Power CMOS Circuits PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420036505
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Low-Power CMOS Circuits by : Christian Piguet

Download or read book Low-Power CMOS Circuits written by Christian Piguet and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The power consumption of microprocessors is one of the most important challenges of high-performance chips and portable devices. In chapters drawn from Piguet's recently published Low-Power Electronics Design, Low-Power CMOS Circuits: Technology, Logic Design, and CAD Tools addresses the design of low-power circuitry in deep submicron technologies. It provides a focused reference for specialists involved in designing low-power circuitry, from transistors to logic gates. The book is organized into three broad sections for convenient access. The first examines the history of low-power electronics along with a look at emerging and possible future technologies. It also considers other technologies, such as nanotechnologies and optical chips, that may be useful in designing integrated circuits. The second part explains the techniques used to reduce power consumption at low levels. These include clock gating, leakage reduction, interconnecting and communication on chips, and adiabatic circuits. The final section discusses various CAD tools for designing low-power circuits. This section includes three chapters that demonstrate the tools and low-power design issues at three major companies that produce logic synthesizers. Providing detailed examinations contributed by leading experts, Low-Power CMOS Circuits: Technology, Logic Design, and CAD Tools supplies authoritative information on how to design and model for high performance with low power consumption in modern integrated circuits. It is a must-read for anyone designing modern computers or embedded systems.

Wafer-Level Integrated Systems

Download Wafer-Level Integrated Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461316251
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wafer-Level Integrated Systems by : Stuart K. Tewksbury

Download or read book Wafer-Level Integrated Systems written by Stuart K. Tewksbury and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the perspective of complex systems, conventional Ie's can be regarded as "discrete" devices interconnected according to system design objectives imposed at the circuit board level and higher levels in the system implementation hierarchy. However, silicon monolithic circuits have progressed to such complex functions that a transition from a philosophy of integrated circuits (Ie's) to one of integrated sys tems is necessary. Wafer-scale integration has played an important role over the past few years in highlighting the system level issues which will most significantly impact the implementation of complex monolithic systems and system components. Rather than being a revolutionary approach, wafer-scale integration will evolve naturally from VLSI as defect avoidance, fault tolerance and testing are introduced into VLSI circuits. Successful introduction of defect avoidance, for example, relaxes limits imposed by yield and cost on Ie dimensions, allowing the monolithic circuit's area to be chosen according to the natural partitioning of a system into individual functions rather than imposing area limits due to defect densities. The term "wafer level" is perhaps more appropriate than "wafer-scale". A "wafer-level" monolithic system component may have dimensions ranging from conventional yield-limited Ie dimensions to full wafer dimensions. In this sense, "wafer-scale" merely represents the obvious upper practical limit imposed by wafer sizes on the area of monolithic circuits. The transition to monolithic, wafer-level integrated systems will require a mapping of the full range of system design issues onto the design of monolithic circuit.

Compact Models for Integrated Circuit Design

Download Compact Models for Integrated Circuit Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 148224067X
Total Pages : 548 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Compact Models for Integrated Circuit Design by : Samar K. Saha

Download or read book Compact Models for Integrated Circuit Design written by Samar K. Saha and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compact Models for Integrated Circuit Design: Conventional Transistors and Beyond provides a modern treatise on compact models for circuit computer-aided design (CAD). Written by an author with more than 25 years of industry experience in semiconductor processes, devices, and circuit CAD, and more than 10 years of academic experience in teaching compact modeling courses, this first-of-its-kind book on compact SPICE models for very-large-scale-integrated (VLSI) chip design offers a balanced presentation of compact modeling crucial for addressing current modeling challenges and understanding new models for emerging devices. Starting from basic semiconductor physics and covering state-of-the-art device regimes from conventional micron to nanometer, this text: Presents industry standard models for bipolar-junction transistors (BJTs), metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field-effect-transistors (FETs), FinFETs, and tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs), along with statistical MOS models Discusses the major issue of process variability, which severely impacts device and circuit performance in advanced technologies and requires statistical compact models Promotes further research of the evolution and development of compact models for VLSI circuit design and analysis Supplies fundamental and practical knowledge necessary for efficient integrated circuit (IC) design using nanoscale devices Includes exercise problems at the end of each chapter and extensive references at the end of the book Compact Models for Integrated Circuit Design: Conventional Transistors and Beyond is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in electrical and electronics engineering as well as for researchers and practitioners working in the area of electron devices. However, even those unfamiliar with semiconductor physics gain a solid grasp of compact modeling concepts from this book.

Export Administration Bulletin

Download Export Administration Bulletin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 746 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Export Administration Bulletin by : United States. Bureau of Export Administration

Download or read book Export Administration Bulletin written by United States. Bureau of Export Administration and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Export Administration Regulations

Download Export Administration Regulations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 708 pages
Book Rating : 4.M/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Export Administration Regulations by : United States. Office of Export Administration

Download or read book Export Administration Regulations written by United States. Office of Export Administration and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Export Administration Regulations

Download Export Administration Regulations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 962 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Export Administration Regulations by : United States. Bureau of Export Administration

Download or read book Export Administration Regulations written by United States. Bureau of Export Administration and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 962 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The VLSI Handbook

Download The VLSI Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420005960
Total Pages : 2322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The VLSI Handbook by : Wai-Kai Chen

Download or read book The VLSI Handbook written by Wai-Kai Chen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 2322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the new millenium, Wai-Kai Chen introduced a monumental reference for the design, analysis, and prediction of VLSI circuits: The VLSI Handbook. Still a valuable tool for dealing with the most dynamic field in engineering, this second edition includes 13 sections comprising nearly 100 chapters focused on the key concepts, models, and equations. Written by a stellar international panel of expert contributors, this handbook is a reliable, comprehensive resource for real answers to practical problems. It emphasizes fundamental theory underlying professional applications and also reflects key areas of industrial and research focus. WHAT'S IN THE SECOND EDITION? Sections on... Low-power electronics and design VLSI signal processing Chapters on... CMOS fabrication Content-addressable memory Compound semiconductor RF circuits High-speed circuit design principles SiGe HBT technology Bipolar junction transistor amplifiers Performance modeling and analysis using SystemC Design languages, expanded from two chapters to twelve Testing of digital systems Structured for convenient navigation and loaded with practical solutions, The VLSI Handbook, Second Edition remains the first choice for answers to the problems and challenges faced daily in engineering practice.

Technology CAD Systems

Download Technology CAD Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 370919315X
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Technology CAD Systems by : Franz Fasching

Download or read book Technology CAD Systems written by Franz Fasching and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the cost of developing new semiconductor technology at ever higher bit/gate densities continues to grow, the value of using accurate TCAD simu lation tools for design and development becomes more and more of a necessity to compete in today's business. The ability to tradeoff wafer starts in an advanced piloting facility for simulation analysis and optimization utilizing a "virtual fab" S/W tool set is a clear economical asset for any semiconductor development company. Consequently, development of more sophisticated, accurate, physics-based, and easy-to-use device and process modeling tools will receive continuing attention over the coming years. The cost of maintaining and paying for one's own internal modeling tool development effort, however, has caused many semiconductor development companies to consider replacing some or all of their internal tool development effort with the purchase of vendor modeling tools. While some (noteably larger) companies have insisted on maintaining their own internal modeling tool development organization, others have elected to depend totally on the tools offered by the TCAD vendors and have consequently reduced their mod eling staffs to a bare minimal support function. Others are seeking to combine the best of their internally developed tool suite with "robust", "proven" tools provided by the vendors, hoping to achieve a certain synergy as well as savings through this approach. In the following sections we describe IBM's internally developed suite of TCAD modeling tools and show several applications of the use of these tools.

Computer-Aided Design International Yearbook 1985

Download Computer-Aided Design International Yearbook 1985 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 1483140792
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computer-Aided Design International Yearbook 1985 by : Alison Smith

Download or read book Computer-Aided Design International Yearbook 1985 written by Alison Smith and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computer-Aided Design International Yearbook 1985 covers developments and trends in computer-aided design. This book examines the role of the computer in making design decisions and surveys the CAD industry. This text also presents a run-down of the latest acquisitions of companies in the field and a survey of the major firms working in CAD. The main part of this yearbook is taken up by a directory of products and vendors and manufacturers of CAD equipment. This yearbook consists of 13 chapters and begins with a discussion on the importance of computers in design decision-making, as well as historical precedents in the evolutionary stages in the development of human's control over his environment. The next chapter presents an overview of the status of the CAD industry. After providing a profile of Scottish company Lattice Logic, this book turns to Plessey Airports of the UK and its investment in CAD. A directory of products and manufacturers of CAD equipment follows. Entries are organized alphabetically by vendor and are grouped under four headings: turnkey systems, software, system components, and services. This book also provides lists of useful addresses and product indexes. This monograph will be of interest to CAD users and vendors alike.