Bridging The Foreign Policy Divide

Download Bridging The Foreign Policy Divide full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Bridging The Foreign Policy Divide ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Bridging the Foreign Policy Divide

Author : Derek Chollet
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135897417
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (358 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Bridging the Foreign Policy Divide by : Derek Chollet

Download or read book Bridging the Foreign Policy Divide written by Derek Chollet and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-09-10 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridging the Foreign Policy Divide brings together twenty leading foreign policy and national security specialists—some of the leading thinkers of their generation—to seek common ground on ten key, controversial areas of policy. In each chapter conservative and liberal experts jointly outline their points of agreement on many of the most pressing issues in U.S. foreign policy, pointing the way toward a more constructive debate. In doing so, the authors move past philosophical differences and identify effective approaches to the major national security challenges confronting the United States. An outgrowth of a Stanley Foundation initiative, this book shows what happens when specialists take a fresh look at politically sensitive issues purely on their merits and present an alternative to the distortions and oversimplifications of today's polarizing political environment.

International Institutions and Power Politics

Author : Anders Wivel
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 162616701X
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis International Institutions and Power Politics by : Anders Wivel

Download or read book International Institutions and Power Politics written by Anders Wivel and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book moves scholarly debates beyond the old question of whether or not international institutions matter in order to examine how they matter, even in a world of power politics. Power politics and international institutions are often studied as two separate domains, but this is in need of rethinking because today most states strategically use institutions to further their interests. Anders Wivel, T.V. Paul, and the international group of contributing authors update our understanding of how institutions are viewed among the major theoretical paradigms in international relations, and they seek to bridge the divides. Empirical chapters examine specific institutions in practice, including the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, and the European Union. The book also points the way to future research. International Institutions and Power Politics provides insights for both international relations theory and practical matters of foreign affairs, and it will be essential reading for all international relations scholars and advanced students.

Democracies Divided

Author : Thomas Carothers
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 081573722X
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Democracies Divided by : Thomas Carothers

Download or read book Democracies Divided written by Thomas Carothers and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2019-09-24 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A must-read for anyone concerned about the fate of contemporary democracies.”—Steven Levitsky, co-author of How Democracies Die 2020 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title Why divisions have deepened and what can be done to heal them As one part of the global democratic recession, severe political polarization is increasingly afflicting old and new democracies alike, producing the erosion of democratic norms and rising societal anger. This volume is the first book-length comparative analysis of this troubling global phenomenon, offering in-depth case studies of countries as wide-ranging and important as Brazil, India, Kenya, Poland, Turkey, and the United States. The case study authors are a diverse group of country and regional experts, each with deep local knowledge and experience. Democracies Divided identifies and examines the fissures that are dividing societies and the factors bringing polarization to a boil. In nearly every case under study, political entrepreneurs have exploited and exacerbated long-simmering divisions for their own purposes—in the process undermining the prospects for democratic consensus and productive governance. But this book is not simply a diagnosis of what has gone wrong. Each case study discusses actions that concerned citizens and organizations are taking to counter polarizing forces, whether through reforms to political parties, institutions, or the media. The book’s editors distill from the case studies a range of possible ways for restoring consensus and defeating polarization in the world’s democracies. Timely, rigorous, and accessible, this book is of compelling interest to civic activists, political actors, scholars, and ordinary citizens in societies beset by increasingly rancorous partisanship.

The Lands in Between

Author : Mitchell A. Orenstein
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190936150
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Lands in Between by : Mitchell A. Orenstein

Download or read book The Lands in Between written by Mitchell A. Orenstein and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Russia's stealth invasion of Ukraine and its assault on the US elections in 2016 forced a reluctant West to grapple with the effects of hybrid war. While most citizens in the West are new to the problems of election hacking, state-sponsored disinformation campaigns, influence operations by foreign security services, and frozen conflicts, citizens of the frontline states between Russia and the European Union have been dealing with these issues for years. The Lands in Between: Russia vs. the West and the New Politics of Russia's Hybrid War contends that these "lands in between" hold powerful lessons for Western countries. For Western politics is becoming increasingly similar to the lands in between, where hybrid warfare has polarized parties and voters into two camps: those who support a Western vision of liberal democracy and those who support a Russian vision of nationalist authoritarianism. Paradoxically, while politics increasingly boils down to a zero sum "civilizational choice" between Russia and the West, those who rise to the pinnacle of the political system in the lands in between are often non-ideological power brokers who have found a way to profit from both sides, taking rewards from both Russia and the West. Increasingly, the political pathologies of these small, vulnerable, and backwards states in Europe are our problems too. In this deepening conflict, we are all lands in between.

Bridging the Theory-Practice Divide in International Relations

Author : Daniel Maliniak
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 1626167826
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Bridging the Theory-Practice Divide in International Relations by : Daniel Maliniak

Download or read book Bridging the Theory-Practice Divide in International Relations written by Daniel Maliniak and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-01 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a widening divide between the data, tools, and knowledge that international relations scholars produce and what policy practitioners find relevant for their work. In this first-of-its-kind conversation, leading academics and practitioners reflect on the nature and size of the theory-practice divide. They find the gap varies by issue area and over time. The essays in this volume use data gathered by the Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) Project over a fifteen-year period. As a whole, the volume analyzes the structural factors that affect the academy’s ability to influence policy across issue areas and the professional incentives that affect scholars’ willingness to attempt to do so. Individual chapters explore these questions in the areas of trade, finance, human rights, development, environment, nuclear weapons and strategy, interstate war, and intrastate conflict. Each substantive chapter is followed by a response from a policy practitioner, providing their perspective on the gap and the possibility for academic work to have an impact. Bridging the Theory-Practice Divide in International Relations provides concrete answers and guidance about how and when scholarship can be policy relevant.

The Abyss

Author : Eli Avidar
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442245484
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Abyss by : Eli Avidar

Download or read book The Abyss written by Eli Avidar and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2015-05-05 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eli Avidar looks into the abyss that divides Israel from its Arab neighbors, in order to understand the inherent flaws, prevailing misunderstandings, and tragic mistakes that characterize the relations and bloodletting, and how, if at all possible, to bridge the differences. In doing so, he offers a new perspective about the reality of the Middle East and all the clichés that have transformed the Hebrew-Arab lexicon into a complex and hopeless minefield. It raises the question of whether the ongoing violent conflict between Israel and its neighbors might also be the result of a serious short circuit in communications. Is it possible that Israel, which has invested efforts and resources in knowing its adversaries, never even bothered to properly understand their language and their culture? Is it possible that Israeli leaders, who made their way to the top through the military and were privileged to know the most deeply hidden intelligence secrets, never learned to send messages of peace and reconciliation that the other side could respect and understand? Spanning six decades, the book explains why the main diplomatic initiatives have so far failed to solve the Israel-Palestinian conflict, and what needs to be done to break out of the vicious circle of ignorance and mutual suspicion that characterizes the conflict. Avidar uses his experience as diplomatic advisor to former foreign minister Ariel Sharon and as head of Israel’s representative office in Qatar to reveal secret diplomatic meetings as well as the dynamics of the unique and complex diplomacy of the Middle East. He also tells about the activities of the 504 division of the Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Unit, in which he served as an operator of agents.

Partial Hegemony

Author : Jeff D. Colgan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197546404
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Partial Hegemony by : Jeff D. Colgan

Download or read book Partial Hegemony written by Jeff D. Colgan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-01 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global history of oil politics, from World War I to the present, can teach us much about world politics, climate change, and international order in the twenty-first century. When and why does international order change? The largest peaceful transfer of wealth across borders in all of human history began with the oil crisis of 1973. OPEC countries turned the tables on the most powerful businesses on the planet, quadrupling the price of oil and shifting the global distribution of profits. It represented a huge shift in international order. Yet, the textbook explanation for how world politics works-that the most powerful country sets up and sustains the rules of international order after winning a major war-doesn't fit these events, or plenty of others. Instead of thinking of "the" international order as a single thing, Jeff Colgan explains how it operates in parts, and often changes in peacetime. Partial Hegemony offers lessons for leaders and analysts seeking to design new international governing arrangements to manage an array of pressing concerns ranging from US-China rivalry to climate change, and from nuclear proliferation to peacekeeping. A major contribution to international relations theory, this book promises to reshape our understanding of the forces driving change in world politics.

Middle Powers and Regional Influence

Author : Joshua B. Spero
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1786609894
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (866 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Middle Powers and Regional Influence by : Joshua B. Spero

Download or read book Middle Powers and Regional Influence written by Joshua B. Spero and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-11-16 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the growing literature on middle powers, this book contributes by expanding case study analysis and extending international relations theory in its application to foreign policy decisions. Thus, this book builds on prominent middle power literature and aims to advance our theoretical understanding for why crucial foreign policies were made by the “pivotal middle” powers this book examines—Poland, South Korea, and Bolivia. For this book’s three case studies and their first-term leadership’s critical junctures—from first term post-communist Poland, post-authoritarian/post-ruling party South Korea, and post-colonial Bolivia—we have the antecedents for contemporary middle powers essential for realizing the regional evolution for cooperative change with greater powers systemically; we may then grasp today why those historical foreign policies, albeit not so long ago, give us crucial antecedents for adapting and trying, yet again, to resolve seemingly perennial power dilemmas regionally, peacefully. Here are why middle power impact matters, not only regionally for stronger, dominant greater power neighbours, but also for transformative middle power leaderships which proved pivotal geopolitically for their region’s challenges and changes.

Foreign policy as public policy?

Author : Klaus Brummer
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526140713
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Foreign policy as public policy? by : Klaus Brummer

Download or read book Foreign policy as public policy? written by Klaus Brummer and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-11 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines how foreign policy analysis can be enriched by ‘domestic realm’ public policy approaches, concepts and theories. Starting out from the observation that foreign policy has in many ways become more similar to (and intertwined with) ‘domestic’ public policies, it bridges the divide that still persists between the two fields. The book includes chapters by leading experts in their fields on arguably the most important public policy approaches, including, for example, multiple streams, advocacy coalition, punctuated equilibrium and veto player approaches. The chapters explore how the approaches can be adapted and transferred to the study of foreign policy and point to the challenges this entails. By establishing a critical dialogue between approaches in public policy and research on foreign policy, the main contribution of the book is to broaden the available theoretical ‘toolkit’ in foreign policy analysis.

Divided Politics, Divided Nation

Author : Darrell M. West
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780815736912
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Divided Politics, Divided Nation by : Darrell M. West

Download or read book Divided Politics, Divided Nation written by Darrell M. West and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are Americans so angry with each other? The United States is caught in a partisan hyperconflict that divides politicians, communities--and even families. Politicians from the president to state and local office-holders play to strongly-held beliefs and sometimes even pour fuel on the resulting inferno. This polarization has become so intense that many people no longer trust anyone from a differing perspective. Drawing on his personal story of growing up as a fundamentalist Christian on a dairy farm in rural Ohio, then as an academic in the heart of the liberal East Coast establishment, Darrell West analyzes the economic, cultural, and political aspects of polarization. He takes advantage of his experiences inside both conservative and liberal camps to explain the views of each side and offer insights into why each is angry with the other. West argues that societal tensions have metastasized into a dangerous tribalism that seriously threatens U.S. democracy. Unless people can bridge these divisions and forge a new path forward, it will be impossible to work together, maintain a functioning democracy, and solve the country's pressing policy problems.

The Power to Divide

Author : Timothy W. Crawford
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501754734
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Power to Divide by : Timothy W. Crawford

Download or read book The Power to Divide written by Timothy W. Crawford and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-15 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Timothy W. Crawford's The Power to Divide examines the use of wedge strategies, a form of divisive statecraft designed to isolate adversaries from allies and potential supporters to gain key advantages. With a multidimensional argument about the power of accommodation in competition, and a survey of alliance diplomacy around both World Wars, The Power to Divide artfully analyzes the past and future performance of wedge strategy in great power politics. Crawford argues that nations attempting to use wedge strategy do best when they credibly accommodate likely or established allies of their enemies. He also argues that a divider's own alliances can pose obstacles to success and explains the conditions that help dividers overcome them. He advances these claims in eight focused studies of alliance diplomacy surrounding the World Wars, derived from published official documents and secondary histories. Through those narratives, Crawford adeptly assesses the record of countries that tried an accommodative wedge strategy, and why ultimately, they succeeded or failed. These calculated actions often became turning points, desired or not, in a nation's established power. For policymakers today facing threats to power from great power competitors, Crawford argues that a deeper historical and theoretical grasp of the role of these wedge strategies in alliance politics and grand strategy is necessary. Crawford drives home the contemporary relevance of the analysis with a survey of China's potential to use such strategies to divide India from the US, and the United States' potential to use them to forestall a China-Russia alliance, and closes with a review of key theoretical insights for policy.

Delta Democracy

Author : Catherine E. Herrold
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190093250
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Delta Democracy by : Catherine E. Herrold

Download or read book Delta Democracy written by Catherine E. Herrold and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-18 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2011 Arab Spring protests seemed to mark a turning point in Middle East politics, away from authoritarianism and toward democracy. Within a few years, however, most observers saw the protests as a failure given the outbreak of civil wars and re-emergence of authoritarian strongmen in countries like Egypt. But in Delta Democracy, Catherine E. Herrold argues that we should not overlook the ongoing mobilization taking place in grassroots civil society. Drawing upon ethnographic research on Egypt's nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the wake of the uprisings, Herrold uncovers the strategies that local NGOs used to build a more democratic and just society. Departing from US-based democracy advocates' attempts to reform national political institutions, local Egyptian organizations worked with communities to build a culture of democracy through public discussion, debate, and collective action. At present, these forms of participatory democracy are more attainable than establishing fair elections or parliaments, and they are helping Egyptians regain a sense of freedom that they have been denied as the long-time subjects of a dictator. Delta Democracy advances our understanding of how civil society organizations maneuver under state repression in order to combat authoritarianism. It also offers a concrete set of recommendations on how US policymakers can restructure foreign aid to better help local community organizations fighting to expand democracy.

Exercise of Power

Author : Robert M. Gates
Publisher : Knopf
ISBN 13 : 1524731889
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Exercise of Power by : Robert M. Gates

Download or read book Exercise of Power written by Robert M. Gates and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2020-06-16 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the former secretary of defense and author of the acclaimed #1 bestselling memoir, Duty, a candid, sweeping examination of power, and how it has been exercised, for good and bad, by American presidents in the post-Cold War world. Since the end of the Cold War, the global perception of the United States has progressively morphed from dominant international leader to disorganized entity. Robert Gates argues that this transformation is the result of the failure of political leaders to understand the complexity of American power, its expansiveness and its limitations. He makes clear that the successful exercise of power is not limited to the ability to coerce or demand submission, but must also encompass diplomacy, strategic communications, development assistance, intelligence, technology, and ideology. With forthright judgments of the performance of past presidents and their senior-most advisers, insightful firsthand knowledge, and compelling insider stories, Gates’s candid, sweeping examination of power in all its manifestations argues that U.S. national security in the future will require abiding by the lessons of the past, reimagining our approach, and revitalizing nonmilitary instruments of power essential to success and security.

Lessons from Russia

Author : Lee Marsden
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351154036
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Lessons from Russia by : Lee Marsden

Download or read book Lessons from Russia written by Lee Marsden and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lee Marsden presents one of the most original and comprehensive analyses of US democracy promotion in Russia and argues that in order to understand the failings of democracy assistance in Russia, it is necessary to understand the inter-relation of macro- and micro-level policy. The book introduces two new models of foreign policy analysis which increase understanding of both the formulation and implementation of foreign policy. Furthermore, it demonstrates how the promotion of democracy in Russia was substantially flawed due to implementation and the US foreign policy process.

Blue Marble Health

Author : Peter J. Hotez
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421420465
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Blue Marble Health by : Peter J. Hotez

Download or read book Blue Marble Health written by Peter J. Hotez and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2016-09 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do diseases of poverty afflict more people in wealthy countries than in the developing world? In 2011, Dr. Peter J. Hotez relocated to Houston to launch Baylor’s National School of Tropical Medicine. He was shocked to discover that a number of neglected diseases often associated with developing countries were widespread in impoverished Texas communities. Despite the United States’ economic prowess and first-world status, an estimated 12 million Americans living at the poverty level currently suffer from at least one neglected tropical disease, or NTD. Hotez concluded that the world’s neglected diseases—which include tuberculosis, hookworm infection, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis—are born first and foremost of extreme poverty. In this book, Hotez describes a new global paradigm known as “blue marble health,” through which he asserts that poor people living in wealthy countries account for most of the world’s poverty-related illness. He explores the current state of neglected diseases in such disparate countries as Mexico, South Korea, Argentina, Australia, the United States, Japan, and Nigeria. By crafting public policy and relying on global partnerships to control or eliminate some of the world’s worst poverty-related illnesses, Hotez believes, it is possible to eliminate life-threatening disease while at the same time creating unprecedented opportunities for science and diplomacy. Clear, compassionate, and timely, Blue Marble Health is a must-read for leaders in global health, tropical medicine, and international development, along with anyone committed to helping the millions of people who are caught in the desperate cycle of poverty and disease.

Small Countries, Big Diplomacy

Author : Alounkeo Kittikhoun
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000459845
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Small Countries, Big Diplomacy by : Alounkeo Kittikhoun

Download or read book Small Countries, Big Diplomacy written by Alounkeo Kittikhoun and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-10-14 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows how small countries use "big" diplomacy to advance national interests and global agendas – from issues of peace and security (the South China Sea and nuclearization in Korea) and human rights (decolonization) to development (landlocked and least developed countries) and environment (hydropower development). Using the case of Laos, it explores how a small landlocked developing state maneuvered among the big players and championed causes of international concern at three of the world’s important global institutions – the United Nations (UN), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Mekong River Commission (MRC). Recounting the geographical and historical origins behind Laos’ diplomacy, this book traces the journey of the country, surrounded by its five larger neighbors China, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia, and influenced by superpower rivalries, from the Cold War to the post-Cold War eras. The book is written from an integrated perspective of a French-educated Lao diplomat with over 40 years of experience in various senior roles in the Lao government, leading major groups and committees at the UN and ASEAN; and the theoretical knowledge and experience of an American-trained Lao political scientist and international civil servant who has worked for the Lao government and the international secretariats of the UN and MRC. These different perspectives bridge not only the theory-practice divide but also the government insider-outsider schism. The book concludes with "seven rules for small state diplomacy" that should prove useful for diplomats, statespersons, policymakers and international civil servants alike. It will also be of interest to scholars and experts in the fields of international relations and foreign policies of Laos, the Mekong and Asia in general.

Religion and Foreign Affairs

Author : Dennis Hoover
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781602582422
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (824 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Religion and Foreign Affairs by : Dennis Hoover

Download or read book Religion and Foreign Affairs written by Dennis Hoover and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of religion in foreign policy debates, while never absent, has often been sidelined by popular prejudices and secular demands. The religious resurgence in America and the threat of extremist terrorism abroad have paved the way for a renewed recognition of the necessity of careful and candid dialogue about religion's place in international affairs. In recent years, scholars, practitioners, and policymakers have consistently reflected upon the role of religion in foreign policy, resulting in a vast, rich array of resources important for moving forward in an increasingly pluralistic world. Dennis Hoover and Douglas Johnston here present the writings of leading scholars, revealing distinctive approaches to religion and global politics. Religion and Foreign Affairs offers readers a broad selection of essays, ranging across cultures and worldviews. From the ethics of force and peacemaking to globalization and American foreign policy, this compendium provides a solid introduction to the field of religion and foreign affairs that will stimulate discussion and encourage intelligent practice.