Drugs and Human Lactation

Download Drugs and Human Lactation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080530559
Total Pages : 723 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Drugs and Human Lactation by : A. Astrup-Jensen

Download or read book Drugs and Human Lactation written by A. Astrup-Jensen and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996-11-19 with total page 723 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its second edition, Drugs and Human Lactation is a comprehensive guide to the content and consequences of xenobiotics and micronutrients in human milk, and remains by far the most thorough and extensive work available on this subject. The excellent methodology used for the compilation of the 1st edition has been retained.It begins with an outline of the processes by which substances enter milk during its formation, the effects of drugs on the milk production process, the main determinants of drug excretion into milk and their disposition in the child. There follows an analysis of current data on 234 individual drugs, describing the extent of their passage into human milk, and assessing the risk to the suckling infant. Vitamins and essential trace elements, and radiopharmaceuticals are similarly reviewed. Also included is an account of the factors that influence the passage of environmental and occupational chemicals into milk. The result is a complete overview of what is known and proven, with clear pointers to matters which require further study, and brings the various subject areas up to date. Risks, uncertainties and false alarms which exist have been defined in such a way that they can be avoided.Once again, Drugs and Human Lactation provides a comprehensive guide to the content and consequences of substances in milk. The volume will provide a rational basis for making therapeutic decisions in women who seek to breast-feed.Reproductive Immunology on the first edition: ...a superbly written compendium of reliable information and sensible conclusions and recommendations.

Hale's Medications & Mothers' MilkTM 2021

Download Hale's Medications & Mothers' MilkTM 2021 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826189261
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hale's Medications & Mothers' MilkTM 2021 by : Thomas W. Hale, PhD

Download or read book Hale's Medications & Mothers' MilkTM 2021 written by Thomas W. Hale, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Note to Readers: Publisher does not guarantee quality or access to any included digital components if book is purchased through a third-party seller. Written by a world-renowned expert in perinatal pharmacology, this essential reference contains current, complete, and evidence-based information on the transmission of maternal drugs into human milk. Because so many women ingest medications while breastfeeding, one of the most common questions encountered in pediatrics is: Which drugs are safe and which are hazardous for the infant? This 2021 edition has been extensively revised, and now includes 50 completely new and 356 updated medications, and state-of-the-art coverage of multiple diseases, vaccines, and syndromes. It addresses the use of radiopharmaceuticals, chemotherapeutic agents, and vaccines in breastfeeding mothers, and covers adult concerns, methods of reducing risk to infants, and infant monitoring. New to the 2021 Edition: 50 New Drugs Added 356 Drugs Updated with new data 817 Drug References Updated An updated 7x10 trim size and streamlined design for ease of use in patient education The latest information on the impact of prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, herbs, and street drugs Key Features: Evidence-based, current information on over 1300 drugs, diseases, vaccines, and syndromes Dr. Hale's renowned "Lactation Risk Categories" incorporate recent updates Key points and savvy tips about breastfeeding and medications for quick reference Common abbreviations and drugs listed in alphabetical order Adult concerns, adult dose, pediatric concerns, infant monitoring, and alternatives Succinct information on evaluation of the infant Subscribe to www.springerpub.com/haleand experience all the benefits of using Hale's Medications and Mothers Milk online and on mobile devices! Go to www.springerpub.com/haleto learn more and subscribe today!

Medications and Mothers' Milk 2017

Download Medications and Mothers' Milk 2017 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826121748
Total Pages : 1097 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medications and Mothers' Milk 2017 by : Thomas W. Hale, RPh, PhD

Download or read book Medications and Mothers' Milk 2017 written by Thomas W. Hale, RPh, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2016-10-24 with total page 1097 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its 17th Edition, Medications and Mothers’ Milk, is the worldwide best selling drug reference on the use of medications in breastfeeding mothers. This book provides you with the most current, complete, and easy-to-read information on thousands of medications in breastfeeding mothers. This massive update has numerous new drugs, diseases, vaccines, and syndromes. It also contains new tables, and changes to hundreds of existing drugs. Written by a world-renown clinical pharmacologist, Dr. Thomas Hale, and Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Dr. Hilary Rowe, this drug reference provides the most comprehensive review of the data available regarding the transfer of various medications into human milk. This new and expanded reference has data on 1,115 drugs, vaccines, and herbals, with many other drugs and substances included in the appendices. New to this Edition: Many new drugs, vaccines, herbals, and chemicals. Major updates to existing drug monographs. New tables to compare and contrast the suitability of psychiatric medications. New table to compare and contrast pain medications. Updated table and new monograph on hormonal contraception. If you work with breastfeeding mothers, this book is an essential tool to use in your practice.

Breastfeeding and Medication

Download Breastfeeding and Medication PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135158099X
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Breastfeeding and Medication by : Wendy Jones

Download or read book Breastfeeding and Medication written by Wendy Jones and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-11 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sadly, women often feel they have no alternative but to give up breastfeeding, having been prescribed or purchased medication. In many cases, however, this is unnecessary. This book outlines the evidence base for the use of medication during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and Medication presents a comprehensive A to Z guide to the most frequently prescribed drugs and their safety for breastfeeding mothers. Evaluating the evidence for interventions and using a simple format for quickly identifying medications that are safe or unsafe to use, it also highlights those drugs where there is inconclusive evidence. Additional contextual information makes this the most complete text for those practitioners who support and treat breastfeeding women. It: provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the breast together with hormonal influences to better understand how complications, such as mastitis, arise and inform the approach to their treatment; includes a section on conditions that affect women specifically when they are lactating where prescription of medication may be necessary; discusses the importance of breastfeeding and its advantages, as well as its disadvantages; and explores how to support breastfeeding mothers, and presents a counselling model approach. This new edition contains information on more drugs and a chapter on the management of some chronic conditions which may affect breastfeeding mothers. In most cases there are options to support the mother’s optimal care whilst allowing her to continue to breastfeed her baby as long as she wishes. This is a topic which raises many questions on social media, which informed the choice of conditions to consider. This is an invaluable reference for all health practitioners and volunteers who work with, support and treat breastfeeding women, including lactation consultants, breastfeeding support workers, health visitors, GPs, practice nurses, pharmacists and midwives.

Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation

Download Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1451153597
Total Pages : 1728 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation by : Gerald G. Briggs

Download or read book Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation written by Gerald G. Briggs and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 1728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An A-Z listing of drugs by generic name. Each monograph summarizes the known and/or possible effects of the drug on the fetus. It also summarizes the known/possible passage of the drug into the human breast milk. A careful and exhaustive summarization of the world literature as it relates to drugs in pregnancy and lacation. Each monograph contains six parts: generic US name, Pharmacologic class, Risk factor, Fetal risk summary, Breast feeding summary, References

Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2023

Download Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2023 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826160646
Total Pages : 753 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2023 by : Thomas W. Hale, PhD

Download or read book Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2023 written by Thomas W. Hale, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2022-05-23 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The worldwide gold standard for lactation support professionals Developed by world leaders in lactational pharmacology, this essential reference contains the most current, complete, and evidence-based information available on the transmission of maternal drugs into human milk. It thoroughly addresses one of the most commonly asked questions by breastfeeding mothers—which drugs are safe, and which are hazardous for the infant? The new twentieth edition adds 72 new drugs, updates 356 medications with new data, and adds new information to 927 drugs. The resource relies upon the most current evidence-based studies to evaluate the relative risk of commonly used drugs including Dr. Hale's highly renowned Lactation Risk Categories (LRC). Considered indispensable by hundreds of clinicians worldwide, the book lists safe alternatives for drugs one is currently taking or might need to take in the future. For ease of access to information, it includes key points and savvy tips in information boxes, common abbreviations, illustrative diagrams, concise information on evaluating the infant, and more. New to the 2023 Edition: 72 new drugs 356 medications updated with new data 3 drugs with FDA updates 927 medications updated with new information 74 existing drugs with updated LRC NEW TABLES on monoclonal antibodies and migraines New information on Cannabis. Key Features: Delivers current, evidence-based information on over 1300 drugs, diseases, vaccines, syndromes Incorporates recent updates to Dr. Hale's world-renowned LRC Includes key points and savvy tips about breastfeeding and medications for quick reference Lists common abbreviations and drugs in easily-accessible alphabetical order Discusses adult concerns, adult dose, pediatric concerns, infant monitoring, and alternatives Includes succinct information on evaluation of the infant

Drugs in Breast Milk

Download Drugs in Breast Milk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940116293X
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Drugs in Breast Milk by : J.T. Wilson

Download or read book Drugs in Breast Milk written by J.T. Wilson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both physicians and the lay public raise questions about drug excretion in breast milk. Enhanced interest is seen with the increase in the number of mothers who wish to breast feed. 'Contamination' of breast milk by drugs and environmental chemicals imposes risks, both known and theoretical, to the infant. Drug information centres and physicians find a meagre amount of knowledge on which to base recommenda tions and the data which are available are often anecdotal or derived from single case reports. A critical look at both the nature and scope of our knowledge on this matter was undertaken for this review. This purpose was best served by the cooperation of pharmacologists and clinicians who have a special interest in certain classes of drugs. A unified pharmacokinetic approach was formulated to facilitate the evaluation of previous data and to offer a model for future studies. This work was, in part, published in Clinical Pharmacokinetics Vol. 5 No. I 1980. Its reception prompted this revised and expanded version and it is hoped that its critical analyses and comprehensive literature citations will foster more concerted and thorough research into drug excretion in breast milk; benefits would then accrue to both maternal and child health. This work is dedicated to Dr William A. Silverman with whom I was most for tunate to share experiences as a fellow in neonatology and whose dedication to paediatrics and clinical investigation in subsequent years, I have watched from afar.

Epilepsy, Pregnancy, and the Child

Download Epilepsy, Pregnancy, and the Child PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Epilepsy, Pregnancy, and the Child by : Dieter Janz

Download or read book Epilepsy, Pregnancy, and the Child written by Dieter Janz and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1982 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Breastfeeding and Drugs in Human Milk

Download Breastfeeding and Drugs in Human Milk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Breastfeeding and Drugs in Human Milk by : Gregory J. White

Download or read book Breastfeeding and Drugs in Human Milk written by Gregory J. White and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Breastfeeding and Human Lactation

Download Breastfeeding and Human Lactation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 1284205428
Total Pages : 836 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (842 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Breastfeeding and Human Lactation by : Karen Wambach

Download or read book Breastfeeding and Human Lactation written by Karen Wambach and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Breastfeeding and Human Lactation, Sixth Edition is the ultimate reference for the latest clinical techniques and research findings that direct evidence-based clinical practice for lactation consultants and specialists. It contains everything a nurse, lactation consultant, midwife, women’s health nurse practitioner, physician assistant, or Ob/Gyn needs to know about the subject. Topics include placing breastfeeding in its historical context, workplace-related issues, anatomical and biological imperatives of lactation, the prenatal and perinatal periods and concerns during the postpartum period, the mother’s health, sociocultural issues, and more vital information.

Breastfeeding and Drugs in Human Milk

Download Breastfeeding and Drugs in Human Milk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Breastfeeding and Drugs in Human Milk by : Gregory James White

Download or read book Breastfeeding and Drugs in Human Milk written by Gregory James White and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

CDC Yellow Book 2020

Download CDC Yellow Book 2020 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190065974
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CDC Yellow Book 2020 by : CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION. (CDC)

Download or read book CDC Yellow Book 2020 written by CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION. (CDC) and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019-06-11 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive reference for travel medicine, updated for 2020! "A beloved travel must-have for the intrepid wanderer." -Publishers Weekly "A truly excellent and comprehensive resource." -Journal of Hospital Infection The CDC Yellow Book offers everything travelers and healthcare providers need to know for safe and healthy travel abroad. This 2020 edition includes: · Country-specific risk guidelines for yellow fever and malaria, including expert recommendations and 26 detailed, country-level maps · Detailed maps showing distribution of travel-related illnesses, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal meningitis, and schistosomiasis · Guidelines for self-treating common travel conditions, including altitude illness, jet lag, motion sickness, and travelers' diarrhea · Expert guidance on food and drink precautions to avoid illness, plus water-disinfection techniques for travel to remote destinations · Specialized guidelines for non-leisure travelers, study abroad, work-related travel, and travel to mass gatherings · Advice on medical tourism, complementary and integrative health approaches, and counterfeit drugs · Updated guidance for pre-travel consultations · Advice for obtaining healthcare abroad, including guidance on different types of travel insurance · Health insights around 15 popular tourist destinations and itineraries · Recommendations for traveling with infants and children · Advising travelers with specific needs, including those with chronic medical conditions or weakened immune systems, health care workers, humanitarian aid workers, long-term travelers and expatriates, and last-minute travelers · Considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees Long the most trusted book of its kind, the CDC Yellow Book is an essential resource in an ever-changing field -- and an ever-changing world.

Chemical Agents and Breast Milk

Download Chemical Agents and Breast Milk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Avery
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chemical Agents and Breast Milk by : Judith Lauwers

Download or read book Chemical Agents and Breast Milk written by Judith Lauwers and published by Avery. This book was released on 1990 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation

Download Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780444507631
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (76 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation by : Christof Schaefer

Download or read book Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation written by Christof Schaefer and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2001-12-21 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The care of pregnant women presents one of the paradoxes of modern medicine. Women usually require little medical intervention during an (uneventful) pregnancy. Conversely, those at high risk of damage to their own health or that of their unborn require the help of appropriate medicinal technology, including drugs. Accordingly, there are two classes of pregnant women, the larger group requires support but not much intervention, while the other needs the full range of diagnostic and therapeutic measures applied in any other branch of medicine. This book presents the current state of knowledge about drugs in pregnancy. In each chapter information is presented separately for two different aspects of the problem seeking a drug appropriate for prescription during pregnancy, and assessing the risk of a drug when exposure has already taken place. Practising clinicians who prescribe medicinal products to women who are, or who may become, pregnant, will find this volume an invaluable reference.

Hale's Medications & Mothers' MilkTM 2019

Download Hale's Medications & Mothers' MilkTM 2019 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826135625
Total Pages : 892 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hale's Medications & Mothers' MilkTM 2019 by : Thomas W. Hale, RPh, PhD

Download or read book Hale's Medications & Mothers' MilkTM 2019 written by Thomas W. Hale, RPh, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2018-05-28 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for Earlier Editions: “[This] is our gold standard.” --Sandra J. Cole, RNC, IBCLC Sharp Mary Birch Hospital, San Diego, CA “I am both a clinical instructor in maternal/child and IBCLC. I haven't used Briggs since Hale came along.” --Barbara Hotelling, MSN WHNP LCCE CD(DONA) CHT IBCLC Duke University Medical Center Written by a world-renowned expert in perinatal pharmacology, this essential reference contains current, complete, and evidence-based information on the transmission of maternal drugs into human milk. Because so many women ingest medications while breastfeeding, one of the most common questions encountered in pediatrics is: Which drugs are safe and which are hazardous for the infant? This 2019 edition has been extensively revised, and now includes 39 completely new and 331 updated medications, and state-of-the-art coverage of multiple diseases, vaccines, and syndromes. It addresses the use of radiopharmaceuticals, chemotherapeutic agents, and vaccines in breastfeeding mothers, and covers adult concerns, methods of reducing risk to infants, and infant monitoring. New to the 2019 Edition: An updated design for easier access to information Drug names in running heads for easier reference The latest information on the impact of prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, herbs, and street drugs Updates to existing drug monographs Key Features: Evidence-based, current information on over 1300 drugs, diseases, vaccines and syndromes Dr. Hale’s renowned “Lactation Risk Categories” Adult concerns, adult dose, pediatric concerns, infant monitoring, and alternatives Key points and savvy tips about breastfeeding and medications for quick reference Succinct information about evaluation of the infant Common abbreviations and drugs listed in alphabetical order

Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2025-2026

Download Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2025-2026 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826163130
Total Pages : 690 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2025-2026 by : Thomas W. Hale, RPh, PhD

Download or read book Hale’s Medications & Mothers’ Milk 2025-2026 written by Thomas W. Hale, RPh, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2024-08-15 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The peerless resource that lactation consultants consult and trust! Filled with authoritative, current, and evidence-based information, the 2025-2026 edition of this internationally renowned drug reference remains the gold standard on the safe use of medications in breastfeeding mothers. Extensively updated throughout, the 2025-2026 edition encompasses numerous new and updated drugs and delivers current knowledge on relevant diseases, vaccines, and syndromes as they impact infant risk. Written by world-renowned clinical pharmacologists, the highly detailed manual relies on the most current evidence-based studies to evaluate the relative risk of commonly used drugs. It is precisely organized for quick information retrieval and features the respected guidance of Dr. Hale's Lactation Risk Categories (LRC), listing safe alternatives for drugs one is currently taking or might need to take in the future. For ease of access to information, the reference highlights key points and savvy tips and presents common abbreviations, illustrative diagrams, concise information on evaluating the infant, and more. New to the 2025-2026 Edition: 66 New drugs 338 medications updated with new data 10 drugs with FDA updates 575 medications updated with new information 84 existing drugs with updated LRC Key Features: Delivers current, evidence-based information on over 1,300 drugs, diseases, vaccines, and syndromes Includes key points and savvy tips about breastfeeding and medications for quick reference Incorporates recent updates to Dr. Hale's world renowned Lactation Risk Categories (LRC) Provides critical updates on weight loss drugs such as Wegovy and Ozempic, heart failure drugs such as Entresto, medications for anxiety, postpartum depression, and much more. Lists common abbreviations and drugs in easily accessible alphabetical order Discusses adult concerns, adult dose, pediatric concerns, infant monitoring, and drug alternatives

Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation

Download Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124079016
Total Pages : 920 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (24 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation by : Christof Schaefer

Download or read book Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation written by Christof Schaefer and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-09-17 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation, Third Edition is a quick and reliable reference for all those working in disciplines related to fertility, pregnancy, lactation, child health and human genetics who prescribe or deliver medicinal products, and to those who evaluate health and safety risks. Each chapter contains twofold information regarding drugs that are appropriate for prescription during pregnancy and an assessment of the risk of a drug when exposure during pregnancy has already occurred. Thoroughly updated with current regulations, references to the latest pharmacological data, and new medicinal products, this edition is a comprehensive resource covering latest knowledge and findings related to drugs during lactation and pregnancy. - Provides evidence-based recommendations to help clinicians make appropriate recommendations - Uniquely organized and structured according to drug class and treatment indications to offer authoritative clinical content on potential adverse effects - Highlights new research developments from primary source about working mechanism of substances that cause developmental disorders