Race, Labor, and Violence in the Delta

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Publisher : University of Arkansas Press
ISBN 13 : 1610757750
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Race, Labor, and Violence in the Delta by : Michael Pierce

Download or read book Race, Labor, and Violence in the Delta written by Michael Pierce and published by University of Arkansas Press. This book was released on 2022-05-30 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Race, Labor, and Violence in the Delta examines the history of labor relations and racial conflict in the Mississippi Valley from the Civil War into the late twentieth century. This essay collection grew out of a conference marking the hundredth anniversary of one of the nation’s deadliest labor conflicts—the 1919 Elaine Massacre, during which white mobs ruthlessly slaughtered over two hundred African Americans across Phillips County, Arkansas, in response to a meeting of unionized Black sharecroppers. The essays here demonstrate that the brutality that unfolded in Phillips County was characteristic of the culture of race- and labor-based violence that prevailed in the century after the Civil War. They detail how Delta landowners began seeking cheap labor as soon as the slave system ended—securing a workforce by inflicting racial terror, eroding the Reconstruction Amendments in the courts, and obstructing federal financial-relief efforts. The result was a system of peonage that continued to exploit Blacks and poor whites for their labor, sometimes fatally. In response, laborers devised their own methods for sustaining themselves and their communities: forming unions, calling strikes, relocating, and occasionally operating outside the law. By shedding light on the broader context of the Elaine Massacre, Race, Labor, and Violence in the Delta reveals that the fight against white supremacy in the Delta was necessarily a fight for better working conditions, fair labor practices, and economic justice.

Blacks in the Arkansas Delta

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Blacks in the Arkansas Delta by : United States Commission on Civil Rights. Arkansas State Advisory Committee

Download or read book Blacks in the Arkansas Delta written by United States Commission on Civil Rights. Arkansas State Advisory Committee and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

After Redemption

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195304047
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis After Redemption by : John M. Giggie

Download or read book After Redemption written by John M. Giggie and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-11-21 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Challenging the traditional interpretation that the years between Reconstruction and World War I were a period when Blacks made only marginal advances in religion, politics, and social life, John Giggie contends that these years marked a critical turning point in the religious history of Southern Blacks.

Journey of Hope

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Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807876224
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Journey of Hope by : Kenneth C. Barnes

Download or read book Journey of Hope written by Kenneth C. Barnes and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2005-10-12 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liberia was founded by the American Colonization Society (ACS) in the 1820s as an African refuge for free blacks and liberated American slaves. While interest in African migration waned after the Civil War, it roared back in the late nineteenth century with the rise of Jim Crow segregation and disfranchisement throughout the South. The back-to-Africa movement held great new appeal to the South's most marginalized citizens, rural African Americans. Nowhere was this interest in Liberia emigration greater than in Arkansas. More emigrants to Liberia left from Arkansas than any other state in the 1880s and 1890s. In Journey of Hope, Kenneth C. Barnes explains why so many black Arkansas sharecroppers dreamed of Africa and how their dreams of Liberia differed from the reality. This rich narrative also examines the role of poor black farmers in the creation of a black nationalist identity and the importance of the symbolism of an ancestral continent. Based on letters to the ACS and interviews of descendants of the emigrants in war-torn Liberia, this study captures the life of black sharecroppers in the late 1800s and their dreams of escaping to Africa.

African Americans of Pine Bluff and Jefferson County

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Publisher : Arcadia Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0738598844
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (385 download)

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Book Synopsis African Americans of Pine Bluff and Jefferson County by : Donna Cunningham

Download or read book African Americans of Pine Bluff and Jefferson County written by Donna Cunningham and published by Arcadia Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: See why and how Pine Bluff/Jefferson County has been one of the Arkansas Delta's most culturally-rich areas since its inception in 1829. Serving as a haven for runaway slaves during the late years of the Civil War, the Pine Bluff/Jefferson County area attracted droves of African-Americans throughout the Delta and south Arkansas. Brimming with talent and expectations, they and their descendants traveled a road full of extremes. Although they endured what appears to have been the largest mass lynching in United State history in 1866, they also attained one of the largest per-capita concentrations of black wealth in the entire South by 1900. As the hands that labored in the area's boundless cotton fields and sawmills joined with the hands that held books at the state's only historically black public college, astonishing accomplishments were churned out in every imaginable field. Naturally, Pine Bluff/Jefferson County's Delta roots made its blues, jazz, and gospel contributions a source of pride, with native or area-affiliated artists receiving multiple Grammy awards and nominations, as well as other distinctions.

A Lynching in the Heartland

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137053933
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis A Lynching in the Heartland by : NA NA

Download or read book A Lynching in the Heartland written by NA NA and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On a hot summer night in 1930, three black teenagers accused of murdering a young white man and raping his girlfriend waited for justice in an Indiana jail. A mob dragged them from the jail and lynched two of them. No one in Marion, Indiana was ever punished for the murders. In this gripping account, James H. Madison refutes the popular perception that lynching was confined to the South, and clarifies 20th century America's painful encounters with race, justice, and memory.

Blood in Their Eyes

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Publisher : University of Arkansas Press
ISBN 13 : 1682261360
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Blood in Their Eyes by : Grif Stockley

Download or read book Blood in Their Eyes written by Grif Stockley and published by University of Arkansas Press. This book was released on 2020-04-29 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On September 30, 1919, local law enforcement in rural Phillips County, Arkansas, attacked black sharecroppers at a meeting of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America. The next day, hundreds of white men from the Delta, along with US Army troops, converged on the area “with blood in their eyes.” What happened next was one of the deadliest incidents of racial violence in the history of the United States, leaving a legacy of trauma and silence that has persisted for more than a century. In the wake of the massacre, the NAACP and Little Rock lawyer Scipio Jones spearheaded legal action that revolutionized due process in America. The first edition of Grif Stockley’s Blood in Their Eyes, published in 2001, brought renewed attention to the Elaine Massacre and sparked valuable new studies on racial violence and exploitation in Arkansas and beyond. With contributions from fellow historians Brian K. Mitchell and Guy Lancaster, this revised edition draws from recently uncovered source material and explores in greater detail the actions of the mob, the lives of those who survived the massacre, and the regime of fear and terror that prevailed under Jim Crow.

Camp Nine

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Publisher : University of Arkansas Press
ISBN 13 : 1557286450
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (572 download)

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Book Synopsis Camp Nine by : Vivienne Schiffer

Download or read book Camp Nine written by Vivienne Schiffer and published by University of Arkansas Press. This book was released on 2013-08-01 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the U.S. military to ban anyone from certain areas of the country, with primary focus on the West Coast. Eventually the order was used to imprison 120,000 people of Japanese descent in incarceration camps such as the Rohwer Relocation Center in remote Desha County, Arkansas. This time of fear and prejudice (the U.S. government formally apologized for the relocations in 1982) and the Arkansas Delta are the setting for Camp Nine. The novel's narrator, Chess Morton, lives in tiny Rook Arkansas. Her days are quiet and secluded until the appearance of a "relocation" center built for what was, in effect, the imprisonment of thousands of Japanese Americans. Chess's life becomes intertwined with those of two young internees and an American soldier mysteriously connected to her mother's past. As Chess watches the struggles and triumphs of these strangers and sees her mother seek justice for the people who briefly and involuntarily came to call the Arkansas Delta their home, she discovers surprising and disturbing truths about her family's painful past.

Racial Cleansing in Arkansas, 1883–1924

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Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739195484
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Racial Cleansing in Arkansas, 1883–1924 by : Guy Lancaster

Download or read book Racial Cleansing in Arkansas, 1883–1924 written by Guy Lancaster and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2014-07-30 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even before the end of Reconstruction in Arkansas, the state already possessed a long-standing reputation for violence, including lynchings, duels, and feuds. However, the years following Reconstruction witnessed the creation of new forms of mob violence. All across the state, gangs of whites sought to drive African Americans from their homes, their jobs, and their positions of authority, creating communities shamelessly advertised as “100% white.” This happened not only in the highland regions, the Ozarks and the Ouachitas, where the expulsion of African Americans created so-called “sundown towns,” but it also occurred in the low-lying Delta lands of eastern Arkansas, where cotton was king and where masked mobs of landless “whitecappers” and “nightriders” regularly dealt terror and murder to black sharecroppers. Racial Cleansing in Arkansas, 1883–1924: Politics, Land, Labor, and Criminality by Guy Lancaster is the first book to examine the phenomenon of racial cleansing within the context of one particular state, illustrating how violence relates to geography and economic development. Lancaster analyzes the wholesale expulsion of African Americans and the emergence of “sundown towns” together with a survey of more limited deportations, including those with blatant political goals as well as vigilante violence. The book has broader implications not only for the study of Southern and American history but also for a deeper understanding of ethnic and racial conflict, local politics, and labor history

Few Comforts Or Surprises

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Few Comforts Or Surprises by : Eugene Richards

Download or read book Few Comforts Or Surprises written by Eugene Richards and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 1973 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eugene Richards first came to the southeastern part of Arkansas--the so-called Delta--in 1968 as a VISTA volunteer. After nearly two years in that organization working to set up a daycare center and recreation programs, he and some of his associates in it left to found RESPECT Inc., a private social-action program providing paralegal services, publishing a community newspaper, and distributing food and clothing in West Memphis (across the Mississippi River from Memphis, Tennessee).As he lived and became increasingly involved in the black community, Richards, a skilled photographer, began to use his camera to record what he observed--not only the poverty and suffering of these people but also their laughter, contemplation, and triumphs. His subjects range from children at play to an African-style wedding to scenes of work and home life. Death, religion, and imprisonment are major elements of Delta existence, and so of these photos.The 110 photographs collected here express the quality of life in a part of the South where 60 percent of the black families barely earn $2000 a year, and 70 percent of the dwellings are deteriorated and without plumbing. Richards' camera catches the cotton compresses, the cement mill, the broken fields and small cafes, Logan the mortician, the two blind brothers Willy and Isaiah McCowan, and the Reverend Ezra Greer at the state capitol in Little Rock, while his few but carefully chosen words complement these images. Together they hold the people and the place in a world that Richards feels "slipping by, while I merely observed its disappearance."I feared being only eyes, only a cameraman," he says, but through his camera his eyes become ours, and the power of his feelings, ours too.

The Oxford Handbook of African American Language

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Publisher : Oxford Handbooks
ISBN 13 : 0199795398
Total Pages : 945 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of African American Language by : Sonja L. Lanehart

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of African American Language written by Sonja L. Lanehart and published by Oxford Handbooks. This book was released on 2015 with total page 945 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a set of diverse analyses of traditional and contemporary work on language structure and use in African American communities.

Defining the Delta

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Publisher : University of Arkansas Press
ISBN 13 : 1557286876
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (572 download)

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Book Synopsis Defining the Delta by : Janelle Collins

Download or read book Defining the Delta written by Janelle Collins and published by University of Arkansas Press. This book was released on 2015-11-15 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspired by the Arkansas Review’s “What Is the Delta?” series of articles, Defining the Delta collects fifteen essays from scholars in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities to describe and define this important region. Here are essays examining the Delta’s physical properties, boundaries, and climate from a geologist, archeologist, and environmental historian. The Delta is also viewed through the lens of the social sciences and humanities—historians, folklorists, and others studying the connection between the land and its people, in particular the importance of agriculture and the culture of the area, especially music, literature, and food. Every turn of the page reveals another way of seeing the seven-state region that is bisected by and dependent on the Mississippi River, suggesting ultimately that there are myriad ways of looking at, and defining, the Delta.

Fugitivism

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Publisher : University of Arkansas Press
ISBN 13 : 161075669X
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Fugitivism by : S. Charles Bolton

Download or read book Fugitivism written by S. Charles Bolton and published by University of Arkansas Press. This book was released on 2019-08-22 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner, 2020 Booker Worthen Literary Prize During the antebellum years, over 750,000 enslaved people were taken to the Lower Mississippi Valley, where two-thirds of them were sold in the slave markets of New Orleans, Natchez, and Memphis. Those who ended up in Louisiana found themselves in an environment of swamplands, sugar plantations, French-speaking creoles, and the exotic metropolis of New Orleans. Those sold to planters in the newly-opened Mississippi Delta cleared land and cultivated cotton for owners who had moved west to get rich as quickly as possible, driving this labor force to harsh extremes. Like enslaved people all over the South, those in the Lower Mississippi Valley left home at night for clandestine parties or religious meetings, sometimes “laying out” nearby for a few days or weeks. Some of them fled to New Orleans and other southern cities where they could find refuge in the subculture of slaves and free blacks living there, and a few attempted to live permanently free in the swamps and forests of the surrounding area. Fugitives also tried to returnto eastern slave states to rejoin families from whom they had been separated. Some sought freedom on the northern side of the Ohio River; othersfled to Mexico for the same purpose. Fugitivism provides a wealth of new information taken from advertisements, newspaper accounts, and court records. It explains how escapees made use of steamboat transportation, how urban runaways differed from their rural counterparts, how enslaved people were victimized by slave stealers, how conflicts between black fugitives and the white people who tried to capture them encouraged a culture of violence in the South, and how runaway slaves from the Lower Mississippi Valley influenced the abolitionist movement in the North. Readers will discover that along with an end to oppression, freedom-seeking slaves wanted the same opportunities afforded to most Americans.

African American Life in the Rural South, 1900-1950

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Publisher : University of Missouri Press
ISBN 13 : 0826219608
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis African American Life in the Rural South, 1900-1950 by : R. Douglas Hurt

Download or read book African American Life in the Rural South, 1900-1950 written by R. Douglas Hurt and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the first half of the twentieth century, degradation, poverty, and hopelessness were commonplace for African Americans who lived in the South's countryside, either on farms or in rural communities. Many southern blacks sought relief from these conditions by migrating to urban centers. Many others, however, continued to live in rural areas. Scholars of African American rural history in the South have been concerned primarily with the experience of blacks as sharecroppers, tenant farmers, textile workers, and miners. Less attention has been given to other aspects of the rural African American experience during the early twentieth century. African American Life in the Rural South, 1900-1950 provides important new information about African American culture, social life, and religion, as well as economics, federal policy, migration, and civil rights. The essays particularly emphasize the efforts of African Americans to negotiate the white world in the southern countryside. Filling a void in southern studies, this outstanding collection provides a substantive overview of the subject. Scholars, students, and teachers of African American, southern, agricultural, and rural history will find this work invaluable.

Death in the Delta

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Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1617036102
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Death in the Delta by : Molly Walling

Download or read book Death in the Delta written by Molly Walling and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2012-09-07 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Growing up, Molly Walling could not fathom the source of the dark and intense discomfort in her family home. Then in 2006 she discovered her father's complicity in the murder of two black men on December 12, 1946, in Anguilla, deep in the Mississippi Delta. Death in the Delta tells the story of one woman's search for the truth behind a closely held, sixty-year old family secret. Though the author's mother and father decided that they would protect their three children from that past, its effect was profound. When the story of a fatal shoot-out surfaced, apprehension turned into a devouring need to know. Each of Walling's trips from North Carolina to the Delta brought unsettling and unexpected clues. After a hearing before an all-white grand jury, her father's case was not prosecuted. Indeed, it appeared as if the incident never occurred, and he resumed his life as a small-town newspaper editor. Yet family members of one of the victims tell her their stories. A ninety-three-year-old black historian and witness gives context and advice. A county attorney suggests her family's history of commingling with black women was at the heart of the deadly confrontation. Firsthand the author recognizes how privilege, entitlement, and racial bias in a wealthy, landed southern family resulted in a deadly abuse of power followed by a stifling, decades-long cover up. Death in the Delta is a deeply personal account of a quest to confront a terrible legacy. Against the advice and warnings of family, Walling exposes her father's guilty agency in the deaths of Simon Toombs and David Jones. She also exposes his gift as a writer and creative thinker. The author, grappling with wrenching issues of family and honor, was long conflicted about making this story public. But her mission became one of hope that confronting the truth might somehow move others toward healing and reconciliation.

Outspoken

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781945624254
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (242 download)

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Book Synopsis Outspoken by : Olly Neal

Download or read book Outspoken written by Olly Neal and published by . This book was released on 2020-05-15 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Born in 1941 on a farm near Marianna in rural eastern Arkansas, Olly Neal Jr. grew up in a large family with parents who insisted on their children getting a good education. Neal had the intellect but not the temperament to be a good student in high school, but a teacher took an interest in him when she saw him steal a book rather than risk his tough-guy reputation if someone saw him checking it out. Neal went on to start and lead the Lee County Cooperative Clinic in Marianna during the 1970s, a turbulent time fraught with conflicts between the white power structure and black citizens seeking their civil rights and increased economic opportunities. (The clinic remains a prominent community health center.) He became the first black district prosecuting attorney in Arkansas, and then served as a circuit court judge and on the Arkansas Court of Appeals. Historian Grif Stockley has characterized Neal as a civil rights activist, political agitator, Arkansas Delta advocate, and "black devil incarnate" to many of Marianna's whites. His road to success was not a smooth one, and Neal tells his unique story with humor, candor, and hard-earned wisdom, explaining his rocky journey from hardscrabble beginnings in rural Lee County to the role of prosecutor to the judicial bench. Along the way, many whites saw him as a threat to the established order and many blacks saw him as a traitor who was prosecuting and sitting in judgment of his own people. But Neal emphasized fairness and equal treatment at every opportunity, saying, "The way I got past all of this was by talking to my people about what I did and why, and by telling them how difficult it was for me. And I think that many folks understood me." Looking back on these years and the people he met along the way, he offers insights into the traumas of the time and the toll they took on his mental and physical health, as well as the relationships that helped him face these challenges.

Where I was Born and Raised

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Where I was Born and Raised by : David Lewis Cohn

Download or read book Where I was Born and Raised written by David Lewis Cohn and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: