Before Boas

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803277385
Total Pages : 638 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Before Boas by : Han F. Vermeulen

Download or read book Before Boas written by Han F. Vermeulen and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-07 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of anthropology has been written from multiple viewpoints, often from perspectives of gender, nationality, theory, or politics. Before Boas delves deeper into issues concerning anthropology's academic origins to present a groundbreaking study that reveals how ethnography and ethnology originated during the eighteenth rather than the nineteenth century, developing parallel to anthropology, or the "natural history of man." Han F. Vermeulen explores primary and secondary sources from Russia, Germany, Austria, the United States, the Netherlands, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, France, and Great Britain in tracing how "ethnography" originated as field research by German-speaking historians and naturalists in Siberia (Russia) during the 1730s and 1740s, was generalized as "ethnology" by scholars in Göttingen (Germany) and Vienna (Austria) during the 1770s and 1780s, and was subsequently adopted by researchers in other countries. Before Boas argues that anthropology and ethnology were separate sciences during the Age of Reason, studying racial and ethnic diversity, respectively. Ethnography and ethnology focused not on "other" cultures but on all peoples of all eras. Following G. W. Leibniz, researchers in these fields categorized peoples primarily according to their languages. Franz Boas professionalized the holistic study of anthropology from the 1880s into the twentieth century.

Before Boas

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 080325542X
Total Pages : 746 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Before Boas by : Han F. Vermeulen

Download or read book Before Boas written by Han F. Vermeulen and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An extensive study of the emergence of ethnology and ethnography, and how theories in Europe and Russia during the eighteenth century experienced a paradigm shift with the work of Franz Boas starting in 1886"--

The Methods of Ethnology

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Publisher : Read Books Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1473378206
Total Pages : 19 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (733 download)

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Book Synopsis The Methods of Ethnology by : Franz Boas

Download or read book The Methods of Ethnology written by Franz Boas and published by Read Books Ltd. This book was released on 2016-07-15 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This early work by Franz Boas was originally published in 1920 and we are now republishing it with a brand new introductory biography. 'The Methods of Ethnology' is a work on the techniques of anthropology. Franz Boas was born on July 9th 1958, in Minden, Westphalia. Even though Boas had a passion the natural sciences, he enrolled at the University at Kiel as an undergraduate in Physics. Boas completed his degree with a dissertation on the optical properties of water, before continuing his studies and receiving his doctorate in 1881. Boas became a professor of Anthropology at Columbia University in 1899 and founded the first Ph.D program in anthropology in America. He was also a leading figure in the creation of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Franz Boas had a long career and a great impact on many areas of study. He died on 21st December 1942.

And Along Came Boas

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Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027245746
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis And Along Came Boas by : Regna Darnell

Download or read book And Along Came Boas written by Regna Darnell and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advent of Franz Boas on the North American scene irrevocably redirected the course of Americanist anthropology. This volume documents the revolutionary character of the theoretical and methodological standpoint introduced by Boas and his first generation of students, among whom linguist Edward Sapir was among the most distinguished. Virtually all of the classic Boasians were at least part-time linguists alongside their ethnological work. During the crucial transitional period beginning with the founding of the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1879, there were as many continuities as discontinuities between the work of Boas and that of John Wesley Powell and his Bureau. Boas shared with Powell a commitment to the study of aboriginal languages, to a symbolic definition of culture, to ethnography based on texts, to historical reconstruction on linguistic grounds, and to mapping the linguistic and cultural diversity of native North America. The obstacle to Boas's vision of anthropology was not the Bureau but the archaeological and museum establishment centred in Washington, D.C. and in Boston. Moreover, the “scientific revolution” was concluded not when Boas began to teach at Columbia University in New York in 1897 but around 1920 when first generation Boasians cominated the discipline in institutional as well as theoretical terms. The impact of Boas is explored in terms of theoretical positions, interactional networks of scholars, and institutions within which anthropological work was carried out. The volume shows how collaboration of universities and museums gradually gave way to an academic centre for anthropology in North America, in line with the professionalization of American science along German lines during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The author is Professor of Anthropology and Director of the Centre for Research and Teaching of Canadian Native Languages at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. She is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Gods of the Upper Air

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Author :
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0525432329
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (254 download)

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Book Synopsis Gods of the Upper Air by : Charles King

Download or read book Gods of the Upper Air written by Charles King and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2020 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award Winner Finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award From an award-winning historian comes a dazzling history of the birth of cultural anthropology and the adventurous scientists who pioneered it—a sweeping chronicle of discovery and the fascinating origin story of our multicultural world. A century ago, everyone knew that people were fated by their race, sex, and nationality to be more or less intelligent, nurturing, or warlike. But Columbia University professor Franz Boas looked at the data and decided everyone was wrong. Racial categories, he insisted, were biological fictions. Cultures did not come in neat packages labeled "primitive" or "advanced." What counted as a family, a good meal, or even common sense was a product of history and circumstance, not of nature. In Gods of the Upper Air, a masterful narrative history of radical ideas and passionate lives, Charles King shows how these intuitions led to a fundamental reimagining of human diversity. Boas's students were some of the century's most colorful figures and unsung visionaries: Margaret Mead, the outspoken field researcher whose Coming of Age in Samoa is among the most widely read works of social science of all time; Ruth Benedict, the great love of Mead's life, whose research shaped post-Second World War Japan; Ella Deloria, the Dakota Sioux activist who preserved the traditions of Native Americans on the Great Plains; and Zora Neale Hurston, whose studies under Boas fed directly into her now classic novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. Together, they mapped civilizations from the American South to the South Pacific and from Caribbean islands to Manhattan's city streets, and unearthed an essential fact buried by centuries of prejudice: that humanity is an undivided whole. Their revolutionary findings would go on to inspire the fluid conceptions of identity we know today. Rich in drama, conflict, friendship, and love, Gods of the Upper Air is a brilliant and groundbreaking history of American progress and the opening of the modern mind.

Franz Boas

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 1496217454
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis Franz Boas by : Rosemary Lévy Zumwalt

Download or read book Franz Boas written by Rosemary Lévy Zumwalt and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2019-11 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rosemary Lévy Zumwalt tells the remarkable story of Franz Boas, one of the leading scholars and public intellectuals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first book in a two-part biography, Franz Boas begins with the anthropologist's birth in Minden, Germany, in 1858 and ends with his resignation from the American Museum of Natural History in 1906, while also examining his role in training professional anthropologists from his berth at Columbia University in New York City. Zumwalt follows the stepping-stones that led Boas to his vision of anthropology as a four-field discipline, a journey demonstrating especially his tenacity to succeed, the passions that animated his life, and the toll that the professional struggle took on him. Zumwalt guides the reader through Boas's childhood and university education, describes his joy at finding the great love of his life, Marie Krackowizer, traces his 1883 trip to Baffin Land, and recounts his efforts to find employment in the United States. A central interest in the book is Boas's widely influential publications on cultural relativism and issues of race, particularly his book The Mind of Primitive Man (1911), which reshaped anthropology, the social sciences, and public debates about the problem of racism in American society. Franz Boas presents the remarkable life story of an American intellectual giant as told in his own words through his unpublished letters, diaries, and field notes. Zumwalt weaves together the strands of the personal and the professional to reveal Boas's love for his family and for the discipline of anthropology as he shaped it.

The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803210981
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games by : Susan Brownell

Download or read book The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games written by Susan Brownell and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2008-12-01 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the more problematic sport spectacles in American history took place at the 1904 World?s Fair in St. Louis, which included the third modern Olympic Games. Associated with the Games was a curious event known as Anthropology Days organized by William J. McGee and James Sullivan, at that time the leading figures in American anthropology and sports, respectively. McGee recruited Natives who were participating in the fair?s ethnic displays to compete in sports events, with the ?scientific? goal of measuring the physical prowess of ?savages? as compared with ?civilized men.? This interdisciplinary collection of essays assesses the ideas about race, imperialism, and Western civilization manifested in the 1904 World?s Fair and Olympic Games and shows how they are still relevant. A turning point in both the history of the Olympics and the development of modern anthropology, these games expressed the conflict between the Old World emphasis on culture and New World emphasis on utilitarianism. Marked by Franz Boas?s paper at the Scientific Congress, the events in St. Louis witnessed the beginning of the shift in anthropological research from nineteenth-century evolutionary racial models to the cultural relativist paradigm that is now a cornerstone of modern American anthropology. Racist pseudoscience nonetheless reappears to this day in the realm of sports.

The Mind of Primitive Man

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Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 3368613871
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (686 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mind of Primitive Man by : Franz Boas

Download or read book The Mind of Primitive Man written by Franz Boas and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-01-22 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reprint of the original, first published in 1938.

Anthropology and Modern Life

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Publisher : Read Books Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1473395976
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (733 download)

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Book Synopsis Anthropology and Modern Life by : Franz Boas

Download or read book Anthropology and Modern Life written by Franz Boas and published by Read Books Ltd. This book was released on 2015-05-06 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This early work by Franz Boas was originally published in 1928 and we are now republishing it with a brand new introductory biography. 'Anthropology and Modern Life' is a work on the study of humans and their lives in various societies. Franz Boas was born on July 9th 1958, in Minden, Westphalia. Even though Boas had a passion the natural sciences, he enrolled at the University at Kiel as an undergraduate in Physics. Boas completed his degree with a dissertation on the optical properties of water, before continuing his studies and receiving his doctorate in 1881. Boas became a professor of Anthropology at Columbia University in 1899 and founded the first Ph.D program in anthropology in America. He was also a leading figure in the creation of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Franz Boas had a long career and a great impact on many areas of study. He died on 21st December 1942.

The Franz Boas Papers, Volume 1

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Author :
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803269846
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis The Franz Boas Papers, Volume 1 by : Franz Boas

Download or read book The Franz Boas Papers, Volume 1 written by Franz Boas and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The introductory volume to the Franz Boas Papers: Documentary Edition, which examines Boas' stature as public intellectual in three crucial dimensions: theory, ethnography and activism"--

Non-Judicial Remedies and EU Administration

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429595697
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Judicial Remedies and EU Administration by : Paola Chirulli

Download or read book Non-Judicial Remedies and EU Administration written by Paola Chirulli and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-11 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing number of executive tasks assigned to EU institutions and agencies has resulted in a greater demand for justice that can no longer be satisfied by the courts alone. This has led to the development of a wide range of administrative remedies that have become a central part of the EU administrative justice system. This book examines the important theoretical and practical issues raised by this phenomenon. The work focuses on five administrative remedies: internal review; administrative appeals to the Commission against decisions of executive and decentralised agencies; independent administrative review of decisions of decentralised agencies; complaints to the EU Ombudsman; and complaints to the EU Data Protection Supervisor. The research rests on the idea that there is a complex, and at times ambivalent, relationship between administrative remedies and the varying degrees of autonomy of EU institutions and bodies, offices and agencies. The work draws on legislation, internal rules of executive bodies, administrative practices and specific case law, data and statistics. This empirical approach helps to unveil the true dynamics present within these procedures and demonstrates that whilst administrative remedies may improve the relationship between individuals and the EU administration, their interplay with administrative autonomy might lead to a risk of fragmentation and incoherence in the EU administrative justice system.

That Floating Bridge

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351486527
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis That Floating Bridge by : Benj DeMott

Download or read book That Floating Bridge written by Benj DeMott and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alive to history in the making (and the weight of the past) this volume examines Obama's presidency and Lyndon Johnson's, the killing of Trayvon Martin and the death of Andrew Breitbart, Occupy Wall Street and "America Beyond Capitalism." It presents essays, poems, and plays that speak to our times and challenge the liberal imagination. The title, That Floating Bridge, evokes Representative John Lewis' line "Obama is what comes at the end of that bridge in Selma" as it quotes a track on Gregg Allman's Low Country Blues, which Scott Spencer lauds here in a review for the Ages.That Floating Bridge's peerless range of contributors includes Amiri Baraka, Gar Alperovitz, Bernard Avishai, Uri Avnery, Bill Ayers, Paul Berman, John Chernoff, Mark Dudzic, Carmelita Estrellita, Henry Farrell, Fr. Rick Frechette, Donna Gaines, David Golding, Eugene Goodheart, Lawrence Goodwyn, Lisa Guenther, Alec Harrington, Malcolm Harris, Casey Hayden, Christopher Hayes, Patterson Hood, Roxane Johnson, Ben Kessler, Bob Levin, Philip Levine, Bongani Madondo, Greil Marcus, Scott McLemee, Judy Oppenheimer, Jedediah Purdy, Nick Salvatore, Aram Saroyan, Tom Smucker, Fredric Smoler, Violet Socks, A. B. Spellman, Scott Spencer, Richard Torres, Jesmyn Ward, and Pablo Yglesias.An account of how Franz Boas "did more to combat race prejudice than any other person" anchorsone section, but the volume also addresses devolutions of "diversity" linked with careerism in the art world and academe. An un-scholastic section titled "Criticism of Life"celebrates older and younger critics/poets. Songs are key to this volume's good times. Music writing ranging from Eddie Hinton's Very Extremely Dangerous to Berlioz's Romeo and Juliet enhances the pleasures of this text.

Inside Cultures

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Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 100041129X
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Inside Cultures by : William Balée

Download or read book Inside Cultures written by William Balée and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-08-17 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise, contemporary option for instructors of cultural anthropology breaks away from the traditional structure of introductory textbooks. Emphasizing the interaction between humans and their environment, the tension between human universals and cultural variation, and the impacts of colonialism on traditional cultures, Inside Cultures shows students how cultural anthropology can help us understand the complex, globalized world around us. This third edition: contains brand new material on many subjects, including anthropological approaches to anti-racism social movements in the Global North during 2020; includes findings in anthropological research regarding the Covid-19 pandemic, and its relation to other recent global events and conditions; updates the organization and presentation of cultural universals and cultural variations; presents updated and enhanced discussions of anthropological studies of humankind and the environment, with expanded analysis of industrial agriculture in the age of globalization; includes more illustrations and updates to existing illustrations, sidebars, and guideposts throughout the volume; is written in clear, supple prose that delights readers while informing on content of one of the important courses in a liberal arts education, one that effectively bridges humanities and the sciences.

Rolling in Ditches with Shamans

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803229542
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Rolling in Ditches with Shamans by : Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz

Download or read book Rolling in Ditches with Shamans written by Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rolling in Ditches with Shamans charts American anthropology in the 1920s through the life and work of one of the amateur scholars of the time, Jaime de Angulo (1887?1950). Although he earned a medical degree, de Angulo chose to live on an isolated ranch in Big Sur, California, where he participated fully in the lives of the people who were his ethnographic informants. The period of his most extensive research coincides almost perfectly with the professionalization of anthropology, and de Angulo provides a link between those who are generally recognized as the most important figures of the day: Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, and Edward Sapir. ø The fields of salvage ethnography and linguistics, which Boas emphasized, were aimed at recording the culture, language, and myths of the Native groups before they became completely acculturated. In keeping with these dictates, de Angulo recorded data from thirty groups, mostly in California, which otherwise might have been lost. In an unusual move for that time, he also wrote fiction and poetry describing the modern lives of the people he studied, something of little interest to Boas but of great interest today. His most enduring work is Indian Tales, a fictional synthesis of myths learned from various California Indians. De Angulo?s range of interests, originality, and expertise exemplified the curiosity and brilliance of those who pioneered American anthropology at this time.

Observers Observed

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Publisher : Univ of Wisconsin Press
ISBN 13 : 0299094537
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Observers Observed by : George W. Stocking

Download or read book Observers Observed written by George W. Stocking and published by Univ of Wisconsin Press. This book was released on 1984-01-17 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History of Anthropology is a new series of annual volumes, each of which will treat an important theme in the history of anthropological inquiry. For this initial volume, the editors have chosen to focus on the modern cultural anthropology: intensive fieldwork by "participant observation." Observers Observed includes essays by a distinguished group of historians and anthropologists covering major episodes in the history of ethnographic fieldwork in the American, British, and French traditions since 1880. As the first work to investigate the development of modern fieldwork in a serious historical way, this collection will be of great interest and value to anthropologist, historians of science and the social sciences, and the general readers interested in the way in which modern anthropologists have perceived and described the cultures of "others." Included in this volume are the contributions of Homer G. Barnett, University of Oregon; James Clifford, University of California, Santa Cruz; Douglas Cole, Simon Frazer University; Richard Handler, Lake Forest College; Curtis Hinsley, Colgate University; Joan Larcom, Mount Holyoke College; Paul Rabinow, University of California, Berkeley; and the editor.

In Search of Human Nature

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199729018
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis In Search of Human Nature by : Carl N. Degler

Download or read book In Search of Human Nature written by Carl N. Degler and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1992-11-05 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Pulitzer Prize in History in 1972, and a past president of both the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association, Carl Degler is one of America's most eminent living historians. He is also one of the most versatile. In a forty year career, he has written brilliantly on race (Neither Black Nor White, which won the Pulitzer Prize), women's studies (At Odds, which Betty Friedan called "a stunning book"), Southern history (The Other South), the New Deal, and many other subjects. Now, in The Search for Human Nature, Degler turns to perhaps his largest subject yet, a sweeping history of the impact of Darwinism (and biological research) on our understanding of human nature, providing a fascinating overview of the social sciences in the last one hundred years. The idea of a biological root to human nature was almost universally accepted at the turn of the century, Degler points out, then all but vanished from social thought only to reappear in the last four decades. Degler traces the early history of this idea, from Darwin's argument that our moral and emotional life evolved from animals just as our human shape did, to William James's emphasis on instinct in human behavior (then seen as a fundamental insight of psychology). We also see the many applications of biology, from racism, sexism, and Social Darwinism to the rise of intelligence testing, the eugenics movement, and the practice of involuntary sterilization of criminals (a public policy pioneered in America, which had sterilization laws 25 years before Nazi Germany--one such law was upheld by Oliver Wendell Holmes's Supreme Court). Degler then examines the work of those who denied any role for biology, who thought culture shaped human nature, a group ranging from Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Mead, to John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Equally important, he examines the forces behind this fundamental shift in a scientific paradigm, arguing that ideological reasons--especially the struggle against racism and sexism in America--led to this change in scientific thinking. Finally, Degler considers the revival of Darwinism without the Social Darwinism, racism, and sexism, led first by ethologists such as Karl von Frisch, Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and Jane Goodall--who revealed clear parallels between animal and human behavior--and followed in varying degrees by such figures as Melvin Konner, Alice Rossi, Jerome Kagen, and Edward O. Wilson as well as others in anthropology, political science, sociology, and economics. What kind of animal is Homo sapiens and how did we come to be this way? In this wide ranging history, Carl Degler traces our attempts over the last century to answer these questions. In doing so, he has produced a volume that will fascinate anyone curious about the nature of human beings.

The History of Anthropology

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Author :
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 149622874X
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis The History of Anthropology by : Regna Darnell

Download or read book The History of Anthropology written by Regna Darnell and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2021-10 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The History of Anthropology Regna Darnell offers a critical reexamination of the Americanist tradition centered around the figure of Franz Boas and the professionalization of anthropology as an academic discipline in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Focused on researchers often known as the Boasians, The History of Anthropology reveals the theoretical schools, institutions, and social networks of scholars and fieldworkers primarily interested in the anthropology and ethnography of North American Indigenous peoples. Darnell’s fifty-year career entails seminal writings in the history of anthropology’s four fields: cultural anthropology, ethnography, linguistics, and physical anthropology. Leading researchers, theorists, and fieldwork subjects include Edward Sapir, Daniel Brinton, Mary Haas, Franz Boas, Leonard Bloomfield, Benjamin Lee Whorf, Stanley Newman, and A. Irving Hallowell, as well as the professionalization of anthropology, the development of American folklore scholarship, theories of Indigenous languages, Southwest ethnographic research, Indigenous ceremonialism, text traditions, and anthropology’s forays into contemporary public intellectual debates. The History of Anthropology is the essential volume for scholars, undergraduates, and graduate students to enter into the history of the Americanist tradition and its legacies, alternating historicism and presentism to contextualize anthropology’s historical and contemporary relevance and legacies.