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Assessing The Level Of State Aid To The Railway Sector In Selected European Countries
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Book Synopsis Assessing the Level of State Aid to the Railway Sector in Selected European Countries by : Ugo Arrigo
Download or read book Assessing the Level of State Aid to the Railway Sector in Selected European Countries written by Ugo Arrigo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper is aimed at analysing state aid to the railway sector in selected countries of the European Union. Although this is a preliminary exercise, literature lacks of specificity. From the analysis, a highly differentiated situation emerges: a group of countries with permanently lower subsidies (the Iberians, the Scandinavians and Austria); a group of countries with a medium level of subsidies (all of the major countries: Germany, France and the UK) and a group of countries with permanently high subsidies (Italy, Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands). This paper demonstrates that railways have so far benefited from weakened forms state aid control. This can be motivated (i) by the need for modal rebalance recognised by national transport policies, (ii) by the natural monopolistic character of the network whose duplication is not economically feasible and (iii) by the non-competitive traditional structure, from a legal point of view, of even the transport service. This situation, however, is set to change drastically with the opening up of services to competition, which has already been done in the European Union for the freight sector and in some countries, although only on a voluntary basis, even for the passenger sector. By focusing on Italy, this study finds that the elevated state aid to the rail sector consequently results in both a major public finance problem and a potential factor of competition distortion.
Book Synopsis Schemes and Levels of State Aid to Rail Industry in Europe by : Ugo Arrigo
Download or read book Schemes and Levels of State Aid to Rail Industry in Europe written by Ugo Arrigo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the evolution of both schemes and levels of public support to railway sector in selected European countries. Although prior research sheds some light on this topic, more information is required to clarify national obligations under European railway liberalisation law regarding incentives toward railway undertakings. Focusing on Italy, besides the reduction of capital grants, justified by the completion of the high-speed line Turin-Milan-Naples, this paper finds an increasing support to the service operators and in the meantime a reduction of subsidies aimed at financing network operations. This shift of resources may undermine competition. The findings of this study help to fill the gap in estimating State aid to European railways.
Book Synopsis Impact Assessment Support Study for the Review of the Community Guidelines on State Aid for Railway Undertakings by :
Download or read book Impact Assessment Support Study for the Review of the Community Guidelines on State Aid for Railway Undertakings written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the wake of stagnant modal share of the European rail freight sector, this support study provides market information for the revision of the Guidelines on State aid for railway undertakings. It addresses four areas of interest: status of rail infrastructure; accessibility and costs pertaining to rolling stock; profitability and demand elasticity of rail freight services; and effectiveness of State support measures. A novel dataset of costs and revenues of rail freight across Europe, compiled using both publicly available data and input from extensive stakeholder consultation was built for that purpose. The findings are as follows. The inadequacy of intermodal terminals, congested rail networks, and costliness of private sidings all restrict the capacity of European rail infrastructure. Access to rolling stock is characterised by high costs and a lack of technical standardisation across Member States. We find that rail freight sectors in many countries are loss-making, with some segments being profitable. Efficient transshipment and transport of high freight volumes over long distances improves profitability of intermodal operations. The study shows that price sensitivity of rail freight services differs depending on the level of competition faced by road transport. The study also highlights to what extent higher thresholds for proportionate State aid and improved flexibility of schemes could be considered.
Book Synopsis Economic Analysis of High Speed Rail in Europe by :
Download or read book Economic Analysis of High Speed Rail in Europe written by and published by Fundacion BBVA. This book was released on 2012-07-02 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Este informe pretende contribuir al análisis económico de los proyectos de inversión en alta velocidad ferroviaria. La evaluación económica de proyectos puede ayudar a los gobiernos a formarse una idea más precisa sobre los beneficios esperados de distintas líneas de actuación que absorben dinero público para resolver un mismo problema de transporte. En este informe se trata de determinar las circunstancias en las que la inversión en alta velocidad es socialmente deseable y en que otras la sociedad gana posponiendo la inversión. La red de alta velocidad puede construirse gradualmente, añadiendo nuevas líneas una vez que la evaluación económica muestra una rentabilidad social positiva.
Author :Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publisher :OECD Publishing ISBN 13 : Total Pages :208 pages Book Rating :4./5 ( download)
Book Synopsis by : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Download or read book written by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2003-11-04 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dated October 2003. Special feature: Product market competition.
Author :European Conference of Ministers of Transport Publisher :OECD Publishing ISBN 13 :9282103528 Total Pages :130 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (821 download)
Book Synopsis Railway Reform and Charges for the Use of Infrastructure by : European Conference of Ministers of Transport
Download or read book Railway Reform and Charges for the Use of Infrastructure written by European Conference of Ministers of Transport and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2005-11-16 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains how barriers to growth in rail freight transport across Europe can be overcome. It recommends a simple set of charges that create incentives for management and planning of train operations across national borders.
Book Synopsis OECD Economic Surveys: Euro Area 2003 by : OECD
Download or read book OECD Economic Surveys: Euro Area 2003 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2003-07-31 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2003 edition of OECD's Economic Survey of the Euro Area examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects and includes special features on fiscal policy challenges, monetary management, and product market competition.
Book Synopsis Global Trends 2040 by : National Intelligence Council
Download or read book Global Trends 2040 written by National Intelligence Council and published by Cosimo Reports. This book was released on 2021-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.
Download or read book Assessing Aid written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assessing Aid determines that the effectiveness of aid is not decided by the amount received but rather the institutional and policy environment into which it is accepted. It examines how development assistance can be more effective at reducing global poverty and gives five mainrecommendations for making aid more effective: targeting financial aid to poor countries with good policies and strong economic management; providing policy-based aid to demonstrated reformers; using simpler instruments to transfer resources to countries with sound management; focusing projects oncreating and transmitting knowledge and capacity; and rethinking the internal incentives of aid agencies.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Regulation on International Investment in Portugal by : OECD
Download or read book The Impact of Regulation on International Investment in Portugal written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2023-03-20 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines how regulatory reforms could help Portugal build a more enabling and competitive environment for investment, in particular foreign direct investment (FDI).
Book Synopsis International Encyclopedia of Transportation by :
Download or read book International Encyclopedia of Transportation written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-05-13 with total page 4418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an increasingly globalised world, despite reductions in costs and time, transportation has become even more important as a facilitator of economic and human interaction; this is reflected in technical advances in transportation systems, increasing interest in how transportation interacts with society and the need to provide novel approaches to understanding its impacts. This has become particularly acute with the impact that Covid-19 has had on transportation across the world, at local, national and international levels. Encyclopedia of Transportation, Seven Volume Set - containing almost 600 articles - brings a cross-cutting and integrated approach to all aspects of transportation from a variety of interdisciplinary fields including engineering, operations research, economics, geography and sociology in order to understand the changes taking place. Emphasising the interaction between these different aspects of research, it offers new solutions to modern-day problems related to transportation. Each of its nine sections is based around familiar themes, but brings together the views of experts from different disciplinary perspectives. Each section is edited by a subject expert who has commissioned articles from a range of authors representing different disciplines, different parts of the world and different social perspectives. The nine sections are structured around the following themes: Transport Modes; Freight Transport and Logistics; Transport Safety and Security; Transport Economics; Traffic Management; Transport Modelling and Data Management; Transport Policy and Planning; Transport Psychology; Sustainability and Health Issues in Transportation. Some articles provide a technical introduction to a topic whilst others provide a bridge between topics or a more future-oriented view of new research areas or challenges. The end result is a reference work that offers researchers and practitioners new approaches, new ways of thinking and novel solutions to problems. All-encompassing and expertly authored, this outstanding reference work will be essential reading for all students and researchers interested in transportation and its global impact in what is a very uncertain world. Provides a forward looking and integrated approach to transportation Updated with future technological impacts, such as self-driving vehicles, cyber-physical systems and big data analytics Includes comprehensive coverage Presents a worldwide approach, including sets of comparative studies and applications
Book Synopsis EU Railway Policy-Making by : H. Dyrhauge
Download or read book EU Railway Policy-Making written by H. Dyrhauge and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-09-18 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through policy and intervention national governments in Europe have long held an active interest in railways, an interest that has transferred to the supranational level via the EU commission. This book explores why the EU Commission has been so slow in creating an EU railway policy, pointing the finger at strong resistance by national governments
Author :European Conference of Ministers of Transport Publisher :OECD Publishing ISBN 13 :9264008586 Total Pages :116 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (64 download)
Book Synopsis Economic Evaluation of Long-Life Pavements Phase 1 by : European Conference of Ministers of Transport
Download or read book Economic Evaluation of Long-Life Pavements Phase 1 written by European Conference of Ministers of Transport and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2005-03-18 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With maintenance costs accounting for a large proportion of road budgets, this report assesses the economic and technical feasibility of innovative wearing courses for long life road pavements. While having higher initial costs, such wearing courses ...
Book Synopsis EU External Relations and the Power of Law by : Kenneth A Armstrong
Download or read book EU External Relations and the Power of Law written by Kenneth A Armstrong and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-08-22 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The breadth and depth of the scholarship of Marise Cremona is honoured in this collection of essays written by her colleagues and friends. Taking Cremona's field-defining research as a point of reference, this collection of research articles examines the power of law in EU external relations. Echoing the expansive scope of Cremona's intellectual enquiries across the growing and diversifying field of external relations law, this volume offers new insights into the principles and procedures that underlie this area of law; the role and responsibilities of the EU as an international actor; and the strategies and instruments through which the Union pursues its external agenda. Spanning the analysis of foundational concepts and more contemporary interventions in respect of the environment, human rights, foreign direct investment and even Brexit, what emerges from this collection is a richly conceptualised and clear examination of the multiple ways in which the power of law captures or eludes the EU's construction of a domain of external relations; a domain in which the EU interacts not only with its Member States but also other subjects of the international legal order.
Download or read book Doing Business 2020 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seventeen in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 190 economies, Doing Business 2020 measures aspects of regulation affecting 10 areas of everyday business activity.
Book Synopsis China's High-Speed Rail Development by : Martha Lawrence
Download or read book China's High-Speed Rail Development written by Martha Lawrence and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-06-24 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade, China has built 25,000 km of dedicated highspeed railway—more than the rest of the world combined. What can we learn from this remarkable experience? China’s High-Speed Rail Development examines the Chinese experience to draw lessons for countries considering investing in high-speed rail. The report scrutinizes the planning and delivery mechanisms that enabled the rapid construction of the high-speed rail system. It highlights the role of long-term planning, consistent plan execution, and a joint venture structure that ensures active participation of provincial and local governments in project planning and financing. Traffic on China’s high-speed trains has grown to 1.7 billion passengers a year. The study examines the characteristics of the markets for which high-speed rail is competitive in China. It discusses the pricing and service design considerations that go into making high-speed rail services competitive with other modes and factors such as good urban connectivity that make the service attractive to customers. One of the most remarkable aspects of the Chinese experience is the rapid pace of high-quality construction. The report looks at the role of strong capacity development within and cooperation among China Railway Corporation, rail manufacturers, universities, research institutions, laboratories, and engineering centers that allowed for rapid technological advancement and localization of technology. It describes the project delivery structures and incentives for delivering quality and timely results. Finally, the report analyzes the financial and economic sustainability of the investment in high-speed rail. It finds that a developing country can price high-speed rail services affordably and still achieve financial viability, but this requires very high passenger density. Economic viability similarly depends on high passenger density.
Author :Abderrahman Ait Ali Publisher :Linköping University Electronic Press ISBN 13 :9179297714 Total Pages :51 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (792 download)
Book Synopsis Methods for Capacity Allocation in Deregulated Railway Markets by : Abderrahman Ait Ali
Download or read book Methods for Capacity Allocation in Deregulated Railway Markets written by Abderrahman Ait Ali and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faced with increasing challenges, railways around Europe have recently undergone major reforms aiming to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of the railway sector. New market structures such as vertical separation, deregulation and open access can allow for reduced public expenditures, increased market competition, and more efficient railway systems. However, these structures have introduced new challenges for managing infrastructure and operations. Railway capacity allocation, previously internally performed within monopolistic national companies, are now conferred to an infrastructure manager. The manager is responsible for transparent and efficient allocation of available capacity to the different (often competing) licensed railway undertakings. This thesis aims at developing a number of methods that can help allocate capacity in a deregulated (vertically separated) railway market. It focuses on efficiency in terms of social welfare, and transparency in terms of clarity and fairness. The work is concerned with successive allocation of capacity for publicly controlled and commercial traffic within a segmented railway market. The contributions include cost benefit analysis methods that allow public transport authorities to assess the social welfare of their traffic, and create efficient schedules. The thesis also describes a market-based transparent capacity allocation where infrastructure managers price commercial train paths to solve capacity conflicts with publicly controlled traffic. Additionally, solution methods are developed to help estimate passenger demand, which is a necessary input both for resolving conflicts, and for creating efficient timetables. Future capacity allocation in deregulated markets may include solution methods from this thesis. However, further experimentations are still required to address concerns such as data, legislation and acceptability. Moreover, future works can include prototyping and pilot projects on the proposed solutions, and investigating legal and digitalisation strategies to facilitate the implementation of such solutions. Med ökande utmaningar har järnvägar runt om i Europa genomgått stora reformer som syftar till att förbättra järnvägssektorns effektivitet och konkurrenskraft. Nya marknadsstrukturer såsom vertikal separering, avreglering och öppet tillträde för flera operatörer kan möjliggöra minskade offentliga kostnader, ökad marknadskonkurrens och effektivare järnvägssystem. Denna omreglering av järnvägsmarknaderna har dock skapat nya utmaningar för hanteringen av järnvägsinfrastruktur och drift. Tilldelning av järnvägskapacitet, vilket tidigare sköttes inom nationella monopolföretag, måste nu göras av en infrastrukturförvaltare (infrastructure manager). Förvaltarens kapacitetstilldelning till olika (ofta konkurrerande) licensierade järnvägsföretag (railway undertakings) måste samtidigt vara transparent, rättvis och leda till ett effektivt kapacitetsutnyttjande. I denna avhandling utvecklas metoder som kan användas av en infrastrukturförvaltare för att tilldela kapacitet i en avreglerad järnvägsmarknad. Den fokuserar på samhällsekonomiskt effektiva utfall men även transparens, tydlighet och rättvisa. Avhandlingens bidrag omfattar samhällsekonomiska analysmetoder som gör det möjligt för regionala kollektivtrafikmyndigheter att bedöma den samhällsekonomiska effektiviteten för deras trafikering och skapa ett effektivt utbud. Med dessa metoder som utgångspunkt beskrivs en marknadsbaserad och transparent tilldelningsprocess för kapacitet där infrastrukturförvaltare prissätter kommersiella tåglägen för att lösa kapacitetskonflikter med offentligt kontrollerad trafik. Dessutom utvecklas optimeringsmetoder för att estimera passagerarefterfrågan och för att skapa effektiva tågtidtabeller. Framtida kapacitetstilldelning på avreglerade marknader kan inkludera lösningsmetoder från denna avhandling. Ytterligare experiment krävs dock fortfarande för att hantera problem såsom data, lagstiftning och godtagbarhet. Dessutom kan framtida arbete omfatta prototyper och pilotprojekt av de föreslagna lösningarna och undersöka lagliga och digitaliseringsstrategier för att underlätta implementeringen av sådana lösningar.
