Assessing Non Performing Loans In The Development Bank Of Ethiopia Bahir Dar District An Analysis Of Determinants Using Quantitative And Qualitative Approaches

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Assessing Non-Performing Loans in the Development Bank of Ethiopia, Bahir Dar District. An Analysis of Determinants Using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346985059
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (469 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Non-Performing Loans in the Development Bank of Ethiopia, Bahir Dar District. An Analysis of Determinants Using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches by :

Download or read book Assessing Non-Performing Loans in the Development Bank of Ethiopia, Bahir Dar District. An Analysis of Determinants Using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches written by and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2023-12-19 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2023 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, , language: English, abstract: The main objective of this study was to examine the determinants of non-performing loans in the case of the Development Bank of Ethiopia, Bahir Dar District. Descriptive and explanatory research designs were employed. The study uses both a quantitative and qualitative research approach. The study also uses both primary and secondary data sources. The primary source was collected from all 125 employees using questionnaires and interviews conducted with concerned managerial staffs of the district. The secondary source was gathered from DBE manuals, policy and procedure of the bank, NBE directives, bank's T-24 system, loan positions and provisions documents. The data was analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS version 22.0 and qualitative analysis like interview and document analysis. The correlation between independent variables (bank specific and External factor) and dependent variables (nonperforming loan) were tested by using person correlation and the casual relation was analyzed by using linear multiple regression analysis. The finding of the study indicate that credit assessment, project monitoring, credit appraisal, bank top management, political and social instability, availability of infrastructure, collateral strength and market factor are significant factors for occurrence of non-performing loans. However, credit term and condition and lending interest rate are insignificant factor for the occurrence of non-performing loans. Finally, the study recommends the district should perform proper selection of customers and make appropriate due diligence based on KYC assessments, proper monitoring and follow up as per the schedule, make accurate credit appraisal, granting loans via strong collateral coverage, sound decision made by top management based on policy and procedure of the bank, improve capacity of credit performer by providing relevant training.

Factors Affecting Non-Performing Loan in the Case of the Development Bank of Ethiopia

Author : Mequanint Zeleke
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346123812
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (461 download)

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Book Synopsis Factors Affecting Non-Performing Loan in the Case of the Development Bank of Ethiopia by : Mequanint Zeleke

Download or read book Factors Affecting Non-Performing Loan in the Case of the Development Bank of Ethiopia written by Mequanint Zeleke and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-03-02 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2018 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, , language: English, abstract: This study is attempted to examine factors affecting non -performing loan of development bank of Ethiopia. The main objective is to examine the factors affecting nonperforming loans in DBE central region. After problem identification, research hypothesis was developed which inquires the relationship and effect of non-performing loans on development bank of Ethiopia. Both secondary and primary data were used in the research. The data is then analyzed using descriptive, correlation and regression techniques through SPSS and Stata software program. The findings of the study revealed that gross domestic product has a positive impact on the occurrence of non-performing loans while other model variables unemployment, inflation rate and exchange rate have no impact on the occurrence of non-performing loan in which negatively affect non-performing loan. according to my study result. Also the result of the primary data indicated that in regarding about customer's specific causes, the result showed that credit culture of customers, lack of business knowledge, delayed approval, profit of the business, business location were determinants of non-performing loan while bank specific factors include poor credit assessment, poor customer selection, aggressive lending policy, borrowers culture, credit size affected non-performing loan.

Factors Affecting Non-Performing Loans in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia

Author : Sirak Aynalem
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 97 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Factors Affecting Non-Performing Loans in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia by : Sirak Aynalem

Download or read book Factors Affecting Non-Performing Loans in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia written by Sirak Aynalem and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates the factors affecting Non-Performing Loans of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia during the period from 2002 to 2015. The variables were chosen based on findings from the previous literatures. A mixed research approach and explanatory design were adopted in carrying out this research. Secondary time series data were collected from audited annual reports and performance reports of the bank; and the required ratios were calculated. In addition, 12 credit experts from the concerned departments and functional units responsible for lending matters in the bank were interviewed. Multiple linear regression equation was used to estimate the model using SPSS version 20 software. The results obtained from regression output indicated that among the studied variables, loan to deposit ratio; financial performance measured in terms of return on equity; and capital adequacy were found to be statistically significant determinant of NPLs. On the other hand, loan growth, cost efficiency and bank size were statistically insignificant in affecting NPL. The findings from the interview result indicates that, variables such as poor credit risk assessment, focusing on collateral based lending, poor loan monitoring and follow-up, poor banker's skill in dealing with lending matters, undiversified loan products, short loan life and lack of credit advisory practices were also the bank specific factors that affect NPLs of CBE. The study suggests that focusing on these NPL indicators could further reduce the probability of default while extending credit in the future. Further studies were recommended by including macroeconomic and other bank specific variables; and by increasing the sampled periods.

Credit Risk Management in the Development Bank of Ethiopia. Effects on the Quality of Loan Portfolio

Author : Kebede Adane
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346298728
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk Management in the Development Bank of Ethiopia. Effects on the Quality of Loan Portfolio by : Kebede Adane

Download or read book Credit Risk Management in the Development Bank of Ethiopia. Effects on the Quality of Loan Portfolio written by Kebede Adane and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-11-18 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, , course: Business Adminstration, language: English, abstract: The main objective of the thesis is to assess the effect of credit risk management on the quality of loans portfolio in the case of Development Bank of Ethiopia. A sample of 84 respondents was drawn from the employees of the Development Bank of Ethiopia by using purposive sampling technique. Both primary and secondary data were used. Data related to loan portfolio and loan position is obtained from the bank whereas, primary data are collected using structured questioners from the employees of the bank. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to conduct the research and Multiple Regression Analysis was run using SPSS Version 21.0 to analyze the data. With regard to credit risk management practices, the result show that DBE has not satisfactory risk Management practice. Precisely, using score 1 (poor) to 5 (best), all the parameters of risk management practice assessment have a score value below 3.40, i.e. Credit Risk Granting and Portfolio Quality Control (3.40), Credit Risk System and Standard (3.20), Credit Risk and Portfolio Quality Control (3.17), Risk Identification, Measurement and Control (3.03), and Risk Environment (2.98). The Bank`s loan portfolio is also more vulnerable to various types of risks, such as to unpredictable risk, predictable, and controllable risks. The bank’s NPL ratio was above 15% for the last five years. The regression result also showed that sound credit granting process and the existence of comprehensive risk management system and standards are the significant variables that affect loan portfolio quality of the Bank. Credit risk management practice of the bank has insignificant effect on loan portfolio quality. Both in terms of Non-performing loan and concentration, DBE has poor loan portfolio quality which is due to the bank’s poor credit risk management practice. Therefore, there is a need to improve and enhance credit risk management practice of the Bank, especially, by improving the credit granting process to have sound credit risk management, and by updating credit risk management system and standards so as to have strong credit management.

Determinants of Successful Loan Repayment Performance in Project Financing

Author : Ayal Kebede
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346317773
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (463 download)

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Book Synopsis Determinants of Successful Loan Repayment Performance in Project Financing by : Ayal Kebede

Download or read book Determinants of Successful Loan Repayment Performance in Project Financing written by Ayal Kebede and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-12-21 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, , language: English, abstract: This study assesses the determinants of successful loan repayment performance of project financing in the case of Development Bank of Ethiopia. The study uses explanatory design and quantitative research approach. Secondary data was used. The collected data were taken from individual borrowers’ files. Hence, the total sample size was seventy-five (75), of which 40 (53%) were successful financed projects (non-defaulters), whereas the rest 35 (47%) were non-successful ones (defaulters). The data was analysed via correlation followed by logistic regression model using SPSS version 20. The independent variables used in the study are accessibility of market, amount of loan, availability of raw material, distance from project location to raw material destination, distance from project location to output product market, educational level, equity debt ratio, loan processing time, managerial experience of project manager, number of project follow-up, project implementation period, type of management and type of market for the commodity financed. In the study, a logistic regression model was used to identify variables which determine successful loan repayment performance. The paper reveals that the managerial experience of project managers, loan processing time, educational level, number of project supervisions/ follow-ups by the bank, delay in project implementation period and type of management for the financed projects were statistically significant determinant of loan repayment performance of DBE’s financed projects. This study suggests that Development Bank of Ethiopia better intensify its project monitoring and follow-up work in order to make well-informed decisions and provide technical assistance for its credit-assisted projects; give due attention to minimize the bureaucracy that delays the loan processing time; critically analyse the project implementation period at the time of appraising projects and enhance its project implementation capacity; identify and redress the root causes of project delays; and improve its efficacy of customer recruitment system by giving special considerations to educational level of borrowers, managerial experience of project managers and type of management, among others.

Non-Performing Loans in CESEE

Author : Nir Klein
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484318528
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Performing Loans in CESEE by : Nir Klein

Download or read book Non-Performing Loans in CESEE written by Nir Klein and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper investigates the non-performing loans (NPLs) in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) in the period of 1998–2011. The paper finds that the level of NPLs can be attributed to both macroeconomic conditions and banks’ specific factors, though the latter set of factors was found to have a relatively low explanatory power. The examination of the feedback effects broadly confirms the strong macro-financial linkages in the region. While NPLs were found to respond to macroeconomic conditions, such as GDP growth, unemployment, and inflation, the analysis also indicates that there are strong feedback effects from the banking system to the real economy, thus suggesting that the high NPLs that many CESEE countries currently face adversely affect the pace economic recovery.

Non-performing loans between 2015 and 2017. The impact of economic indicators

Author : Antoine Niyungeko
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346281108
Total Pages : 37 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-performing loans between 2015 and 2017. The impact of economic indicators by : Antoine Niyungeko

Download or read book Non-performing loans between 2015 and 2017. The impact of economic indicators written by Antoine Niyungeko and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-10-26 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific Study from the year 2020 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, , language: English, abstract: This paper investigates the impact of economic indicators in their relationship to non-performing loans and the way the indicators change trough times using a cross-sectional analysis from the sample of 70, 69 and 63 world countries. Using the robust regression approach, economic indicators were analysed to find their impact on non-performing loans for the period from 2015 to 2017. The results show that the economic indicators negatively relate to non-performing loans are population growth rate (PG), current balance account (CBA), claims on private sector (CPS) and domestic credit to private sector (DCPS). Economic indicators have a positive impact on non-performing loans are gross domestic product growth (GDPG) and inflation. The findings also show that economic indicators affecting non-performing loans are changing. During the periods analysed, there is an increase in economic indicators affecting non-performing loans. They were only domestic credit to private sector, current balance account and claims on private sector in 2015. In 2016, another factor occurred in addition of those of 2015, inflation. In 2017, additional factors again occurred, population growth and gross domestic product growth. Banks should take recovery measures to reduce non-performing loans. A better assessment of the repayment capacity of the future customers coupled with a permanent follow-up of the customer during the whole credit cycle should be enhanced. Further investigations are needed to understand the interactions, and the relationships between non-performing loans, and the different types of borrowers, namely; individuals, small and medium enterprises, and corporate borrowers for a better customer selection because an increase in domestic credit to private sector reduces non-performing loans. Banks should develop a credit risk assessment model combining internal and customer factors.

Non-Performing Loans in the ECCU

Author : Ms.Kimberly Beaton
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1475555733
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (755 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Performing Loans in the ECCU by : Ms.Kimberly Beaton

Download or read book Non-Performing Loans in the ECCU written by Ms.Kimberly Beaton and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-11-17 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assesses the determinants of NPLs in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) and whether a deterioration in asset quality may result in negative feedback effects from the banking system to economic activity. The results suggest that the deterioration in asset quality can be attributed to both macroeconomic and bank-specific factors. Banks with stronger profitability and lower exposure to the construction sector and household loans tend to have lower NPLs. Further, some evidence indicates that foreign owned banks systematically have lower NPLs than domestic banks, pointing to the presence of important differences across bank practices with an impact on asset quality. Finally, the results emphasize the strength of macrofinancial feedback loops in the ECCU.

How to Assess the Benefits of Nonperforming Loan Disposal in Sub-Saharan Africa Using a Simple Analytical Framework

Author : Irina Bunda
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513583093
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis How to Assess the Benefits of Nonperforming Loan Disposal in Sub-Saharan Africa Using a Simple Analytical Framework by : Irina Bunda

Download or read book How to Assess the Benefits of Nonperforming Loan Disposal in Sub-Saharan Africa Using a Simple Analytical Framework written by Irina Bunda and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-06-08 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis, which has hit financial systems across Africa, is likely to deteriorate banks’ balance sheets. The largest threat to banks pertains to their loan portfolios, since many borrowers have faced a sharp collapse in their income, and therefore have difficulty repaying their obligations as they come due. This could lead to a sharp increase in nonperforming loans (NPLs) in the short to medium term.

Assessment of Credit Provision Mechanism of Development Bank of Ethiopia. Case of Arbaminch Branch

Author : Mekuanint Abera Timbula
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668856346
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (688 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of Credit Provision Mechanism of Development Bank of Ethiopia. Case of Arbaminch Branch by : Mekuanint Abera Timbula

Download or read book Assessment of Credit Provision Mechanism of Development Bank of Ethiopia. Case of Arbaminch Branch written by Mekuanint Abera Timbula and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-12-19 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literature Review from the year 2018 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, language: English, abstract: The study was focused on the assessment of credit provision mechanism of development bank of Ethiopia Arbiminch branch. To do so the researcher was used both primary and secondary data, among the primary data interview and questionnaire was used. Secondary data like development bank of Ethiopia Arbaminch branch credit manual, books and other documents was used. The study paper addresses an introductory statement of problem from total population of credit customers of development bank of Ethiopia Arbiminch branch by taking 100 samples through judgmental sampling. The collected data was analyzed and presented using descriptive analysis technique like tables percentages, pie chart, bar graphs. Finally based on findings the possible conclusion and recommendation was developed. The findings of the study indicated that the bank‘s lending procedure has a problem. Such as long processing time, limited loan amount, repetition of documents during renewal, time taking and misunderstanding with the customer as well as the problem on determine the value of collateral security. Key words: Development Bank, credit, Ethiopia

Determinants of Loan Repayment:Study in Development Bank of Ethiopia

Author : Tesfaye Mekonnen
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783659807381
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Determinants of Loan Repayment:Study in Development Bank of Ethiopia by : Tesfaye Mekonnen

Download or read book Determinants of Loan Repayment:Study in Development Bank of Ethiopia written by Tesfaye Mekonnen and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-19 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research will help for any users whether they are students, business people, family and anyone who can used as reference as well as to identify and analyses the determinants of loan repayment.The major determinants identified as loan appraisal, form of disbursement, better educational qualification of borrowers were seen as the major determinant factors for non default loan repayment as it studied by a case study

Non-performing Loans

Author : Florian Manz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783848765065
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-performing Loans by : Florian Manz

Download or read book Non-performing Loans written by Florian Manz and published by . This book was released on 2019-12 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the recent European regulatory policies on non-performing loans (NPL), the dissertation 'Non-Performing Loans: Determinants-Default-Divestiture' presents four stand-alone research papers on the determinants, default and divestiture of NPL, which explore the effectiveness of the proposed restructuring mechanisms. To begin with, determinants of the situation described by the term NPL are diligently examined, with the author employing a systematic literature review at the levels of macroeconomics, banks and loans. Subsequently, three empirical research studies are devoted to an analysis of security pricing in reaction to NPL divestiture activity in the European equity and debt capital market. The results offer the banking industry as well as the EU and its member states a nuanced idea of how to deal with large amounts of risky assets in times of constantly changing economic circumstances.

Determinants and Performance of Non-Performing Loans of Selected Commercial Banks in Ghana

Author : Isaac Adu Larbi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Determinants and Performance of Non-Performing Loans of Selected Commercial Banks in Ghana by : Isaac Adu Larbi

Download or read book Determinants and Performance of Non-Performing Loans of Selected Commercial Banks in Ghana written by Isaac Adu Larbi and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-performing loan had been a challenge of banks in Ghana and its impact on their asset quality is very challenging. This study examined the determinants of non-performing loans and their impact on profitability of banks and capital adequacy of banks. The study adopted three specific research objectives which were to examine the determinants of non-performing loans of commercial banks, examine the effect of non-performing loans on the profitability of the selected commercial banks in Ghana and examine the effect of non-performing loans on the capital adequacy of the selected commercial banks. The study adopted a quantitative research approach and used pooled ordinary least square regression as the estimation technique. The study used Pearson correlation test to test the association of the variables and it was found that non-performing loans and profitability have negative relationship and very significant. It was revealed that non-performing loans have negative and significant relationship with capital adequacy. The study further revealed that inflation rate, economic growth, risk tolerance of banks, loan growth, management quality and size were major determinants of non-performing loans and very significant.

Assessing the Factors that Impact Non-Performing Loan Ratio

Author : Nida Abdioglu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing the Factors that Impact Non-Performing Loan Ratio by : Nida Abdioglu

Download or read book Assessing the Factors that Impact Non-Performing Loan Ratio written by Nida Abdioglu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study aims to determine the factors that are effective on non-performing loans ratio after the 2001 local financial crisis. State-owned banks, privately-owned banks and foreign banks that operate in Turkey between the years 2002 and 2014 are examined. According to System-GMM and Difference GMM results, lagged value of non-performing loans, net interest margin, capital adequacy and solvency ratio have negative effects on non-performing loans ratio. On the other hand, interest applied to loans, loans/ deposits ratio, inefficiency and operating efficiency have positive effects on non performing loans. Although the results are consistent with moral hazard and bad managemet hypothesis, they are inconsistent with diversification hypothesis.

Urban Planning and Everyday Urbanisation

Author : Nadine Appelhans
Publisher : transcript Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3839437156
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Urban Planning and Everyday Urbanisation by : Nadine Appelhans

Download or read book Urban Planning and Everyday Urbanisation written by Nadine Appelhans and published by transcript Verlag. This book was released on 2016-12-31 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urbanisation in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, poses challenges to urban living conditions. Despite large scale housing programmes from the side of the government, construction and settling processes have largely remained incremental. Nadine Appelhans focuses on the relation between statutory planning and practices of everyday urbanisation. The findings from Bahir Dar suggest that some mundane regimes of building the city are patronised, while others are considered undesired by policy makers. Based on this insight, the author argues that urban development in Bahir Dar needs to be locally grounded, differentiated and inclusive to avoid further tendencies of segregation.

Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia

Author : Janelle Plummer
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821395327
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia by : Janelle Plummer

Download or read book Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia written by Janelle Plummer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-07-06 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a study of the nature of corruption in Ethiopia. It maps eight key sectors. The diagnostics strongly suggest that, in Ethiopia, corrupt practice in the delivery of basic services is potentially much lower than other low-income countries, but that there are emerging patterns in sector level corruption.

Rural-urban Migration in Developing Countries

Author : Somik V. Lall
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Rural-urban Migration in Developing Countries by : Somik V. Lall

Download or read book Rural-urban Migration in Developing Countries written by Somik V. Lall and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The migration of labor from rural to urban areas is an important part of the urbanization process in developing countries. Even though it has been the focus of abundant research over the past five decades, some key policy questions have not found clear answers yet. To what extent is internal migration a desirable phenomenon and under what circumstances? Should governments intervene and, if so, with what types of interventions? What should be their policy objectives? To shed light on these important issues, the authors survey the existing theoretical models and their conflicting policy implications and discuss the policies that may be justified based on recent relevant empirical studies. A key limitation is that much of the empirical literature does not provide structural tests of the theoretical models, but only provides partial findings that can support or invalidate intuitions and in that sense, support or invalidate the policy implications of the models. The authors' broad assessment of the literature is that migration can be beneficial or at least be turned into a beneficial phenomenon so that in general migration restrictions are not desirable. They also identify some data issues and research topics which merit further investigation. "--World Bank web site.