Asian Rivalries

Download Asian Rivalries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804775966
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asian Rivalries by : Sumit Ganguly

Download or read book Asian Rivalries written by Sumit Ganguly and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-17 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book that explores and explains the complex two-level rivalries (domestic and inter-state) that exist between states?such as India and Pakistan?that are engaged in "serial conflict".

Asian Rivalries

Download Asian Rivalries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804781737
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asian Rivalries by : Sumit Ganguly

Download or read book Asian Rivalries written by Sumit Ganguly and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-17 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most typical treatment of international relations is to conceive it as a battle between two antagonistic states volleying back and forth. In reality, interstate relations are often at least two-level games in which decision-makers operate not only in an international environment but also in a competitive domestic context. Given that interstate rivalries are responsible for a disproportionate share of discord in world politics, this book sets out to explain just how these two-level rivalries really work. By reference to specific cases, specialists on Asian rivalries examine three related questions: what is the mix of internal (domestic politics) and external (interstate politics) stimuli in the dynamics of their rivalries; in what types of circumstances do domestic politics become the predominant influence on rivalry dynamics; when domestic politics become predominant, is their effect more likely to lead to the escalation or de-escalation of rivalry hostility? By pulling together the threads laid out by each contributor, the editors create a 'grounded theory' for interstate rivalries that breaks new ground in international relations theory.

New Asian Disorder

Download New Asian Disorder PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 9888754025
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (887 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Asian Disorder by : Lowell Dittmer

Download or read book New Asian Disorder written by Lowell Dittmer and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In New Asian Disorder: Rivalries Embroiling the Pacific Century, Lowell Dittmer and his team explore the recent political disorder in East Asia resulting from growing Sino-American polarization. The rise of China in recent years is widely regarded as a momentous shift in the global balance of power. China is now extending sovereignty into the East China Sea and the South China Sea, constructing a new set of global financial institutions and replacing “universal values” with technologically enhanced nationalism. The country’s “Belt and Road Initiative” is also tainted by the vast ambition to realize the “China Dream” within the foreseeable future. In response to China’s challenge, the United States has abandoned its “constructive engagement” policy towards the rising power and engaged in a trade war. Sino-American relations have been at a historical trough since the normalization of their relationship in the late 1970s. This book sheds new light on the current political disorder in the East Asian international arena. The new Asian disorder is analyzed from three perspectives: the first focuses on identity, the second on political economy, and the third on the triangular dynamic. This collection of essays concludes that, unless and until consensus can be reached on a coherent new framework for cooperation and rule enforcement among different stakeholders in East Asia, the current disorder may be expected to persist. “Focusing on the impact of Xi Jinping and Donald Trump, this book sees rivalries undermining the post–Cold War order but not leading to a full breakdown. Stress is on identities, strategies, and triangles related to the Sino-US rivalry. Dittmer argues that these factors will drive further changes. Readers will find a diversity of approaches on a most critical bilateral relationship.” —Gilbert Rozman, Princeton University; editor of The Asan Forum “A great read to better comprehend the ‘New Asian Disorder’ that the growing China-US rivalry has been contributing to, as well as its implications for the other actors of the region, be they big as Japan or smaller as Australia, Southeast Asian nations or Taiwan.” —Jean-Pierre Cabestan, Hong Kong Baptist University; senior research fellow of the French Research Institute on East Asia, Inalco, Paris

Asia's Space Race

Download Asia's Space Race PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231527578
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asia's Space Race by : James Clay Moltz

Download or read book Asia's Space Race written by James Clay Moltz and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2011-12-13 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contrast to the close cooperation practiced among European states, space relations among Asian states have become increasingly tense. If current trends continue, the Asian civilian space competition could become a military race. To better understand these emerging dynamics, James Clay Moltz conducts the first in-depth policy analysis of Asia's fourteen leading space programs, concentrating especially on developments in China, Japan, India, and South Korea. Moltz isolates the domestic motivations driving Asia's space actors, revisiting critical events such as China's 2007 antisatellite weapons test and manned flights, Japan's successful Kaguya lunar mission and Kibo module for the International Space Station (ISS), India's Chandrayaan lunar mission, and South Korea's astronaut visit to the ISS, along with plans to establish independent space-launch capability. He investigates these nations' divergent space goals and their tendency to focus on national solutions and self-reliance rather than regionwide cooperation and multilateral initiatives. He concludes with recommendations for improved intra-Asian space cooperation and regional conflict prevention. Moltz also considers America's efforts to engage Asia's space programs in joint activities and the prospects for future U.S. space leadership. He extends his analysis to the relationship between space programs and economic development in Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, North Korea, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam, making this a key text for international relations and Asian studies scholars.

Enduring Rivalries in the Asia-Pacific

Download Enduring Rivalries in the Asia-Pacific PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107435668
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Enduring Rivalries in the Asia-Pacific by : Steve Chan

Download or read book Enduring Rivalries in the Asia-Pacific written by Steve Chan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-08-22 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enduring rivalries recurrently ensnare states in militarized disputes and wars. Are they poised to intensify in the Asia-Pacific, a region characterized by regime and cultural differences, territorial contests, and competing nationalist and regime claims? It is often argued that these conditions and recent power shifts are likely to lead to conflict escalation and contagion, especially in Sino-American relations. Steve Chan's book challenges this common view and argues instead that Asia-Pacific rivalries are likely to be held in abeyance. He suggests that the majority of leaders in the region wish to base their political legitimacy on their economic performance rather than popular mobilization against foreign enemies. Economic interdependence and political multilateralism have restrained and in some cases reversed rivalries. Although Asia-Pacific states will continue to quarrel, Chan argues that their relations are more stable today than at any other time since 1945.

New Asian Approaches to Africa: Rivalries and Collaborations

Download New Asian Approaches to Africa: Rivalries and Collaborations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vernon Press
ISBN 13 : 1622738683
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (227 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Asian Approaches to Africa: Rivalries and Collaborations by : Takuo Iwata

Download or read book New Asian Approaches to Africa: Rivalries and Collaborations written by Takuo Iwata and published by Vernon Press. This book was released on 2020-03-03 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century has seen an increase in the presence and influence of Asian governments, firms and other stake-holders in Africa. With the changing times, changes in approaches to Africa by four major Asian countries (China, India, Japan and South Korea) have taken place. By tracing the history between these Asian countries and African countries, this collection reflects on the “new” phases of Asian Approaches to Africa. Composed by authors who are not only experienced expert scholars of African Studies, but also prominent specialists on African policies of Asian countries, this collection focuses on the official development assistance (ODA) as well as other crucial issues and actors such as business, civil society, and media to explore the new Asian approaches to Africa in a comprehensive manner. Organised into three sections, this collection explores the experiences of the “forums” (conferences, or summits) for Africa’s development hosted by four major Asian countries, reflects on Asian cultural influence in Africa, and highlights new phases of Asian approaches to Africa. This book looks to the future collaboration of Asian actors/ partners working in/ with Africa, rather than exaggerating rivalries and disputes in order to grasp the potentialities and challenges in the relationship between the two regions; an emerging and ongoing agenda that we will encounter further in the coming years. This book will be of interest to students, researchers and professors in universities, as well as research institutes on Asian and African Studies. It will also be of value to journalists, and government officials; particularly diplomats.

Asian Geopolitics and the US–China Rivalry

Download Asian Geopolitics and the US–China Rivalry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000429962
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asian Geopolitics and the US–China Rivalry by : Felix Heiduk

Download or read book Asian Geopolitics and the US–China Rivalry written by Felix Heiduk and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-22 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the ways in which foreign policy actors in Asia have responded to the emerging great power conflict between the US and the People's Republic of China focusing on medium and small states across the Indo-Pacific. The book offers a much-needed counterpoint to existing analyses on the Indo-Pacific and China’s BRI and presents a new perspective by examining how great power politics are locally reinterpreted, conditioned, or at times even contested. It illustrates the policy-level challenges which the US-China rivalry poses for established political and economic practices and outlines how these challenges can be best addressed by smaller states and their societies. A timely assessment of the power play in the Indo-Pacific with the angle of Sino-American rivalry, this book makes an important contribution to the study of Political Science, International Relations, Asian Studies and Security Studies. Chapter 10 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Analyzing Strategic Rivalries in World Politics

Download Analyzing Strategic Rivalries in World Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811666717
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Analyzing Strategic Rivalries in World Politics by : William R. Thompson

Download or read book Analyzing Strategic Rivalries in World Politics written by William R. Thompson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-20 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategic rivalries are contests between states that view one another as threatening competitors and treat each other as enemies. A disproportionate amount of interstate conflict is generated by a relatively small number of these pairs of states engaged in rivalries that can persist for years. Thus, to understand interstate peace and conflict, it is useful to know how rivalries work in general and more specifically. In the past two decades, a strenuous effort has been mounted to introduce the concept of rivalry and demonstrate its utility in unraveling conflict situations. Yet all rivalries are not exactly alike. We need to move to a more rewarding differentiation of how they differ in general. Principal rivalries are those antagonisms that are most significant to the decision makers in a state. The main distinction on issues about which rivals dispute are positional and spatial concerns. Positional rivalries contend over regional and global influence. Spatial rivals contend over which state deserves to control disputed territory. Interventionary rivalries predominate in sub-Saharan Africa. Their primary focus involves neighboring states attempting to influence who rules and how co-ethnics are treated. This book updates the inventory of strategic rivalries from 1816 to 2020. Principal rivalries are identified for the first time and cover the same period. A theory stressing the two main types of rivalry (positional and spatial) is elaborated and tested. Regional variations on the origins and terminations of spatial rivalry are explored and interpreted. In addition, attention is paid to fluctuations in the intensity of positional rivalries by examining the working of the contemporary major power triangle (United States, Soviet Union/Russia, and China) and, more generally, the dynamics of regional power that are rising in terms of their relative capability and status in the system. Variations in cooperation and termination dynamics both in general and according to rivalry type are also examined. Overall, the emphases of the book are split between demonstrating the utility of distinguishing among rivalry types and examining selected rivalry dynamics.

Asian Geopolitics and the US-China Rivalry

Download Asian Geopolitics and the US-China Rivalry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780367618469
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asian Geopolitics and the US-China Rivalry by : Felix Heiduk

Download or read book Asian Geopolitics and the US-China Rivalry written by Felix Heiduk and published by . This book was released on 2021-07 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book analyses the ways in which foreign policy actors in Asia have responded to the emerging great power conflict between the US and the People's Republic of China focusing on medium and small states across the Indo-Pacific. The book offers a much-needed counterpoint to existing analyses on the Indo-Pacific and China's BRI and presents a new perspective by examining how great power politics are locally reinterpreted, conditioned, or at times even contested. It illustrates the policy-level challenges which the US-China rivalry poses for established political and economic practices and outlines how these challenges can be best addressed by smaller states and their societies. A timely assessment of the power play in the Indo-Pacific with the angle of Sino-American rivalry, this book makes an important contribution to the study of Political Science, International Relations, Asian Studies and Security Studies"--

How Rivalries End

Download How Rivalries End PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812208293
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How Rivalries End by : Karen Rasler

Download or read book How Rivalries End written by Karen Rasler and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2013-03-15 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rivalry between nations has a long and sometimes bloody history. Not all political opposition culminates in war—the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union is one example—but in most cases competition between nations and peoples for resources and strategic advantage does lead to violence: nearly 80 percent of the wars fought since 1816 were sparked by contention between rival nations. Long-term discord is a global concern, since competing states may drag allies into their conflict or threaten to use weapons of mass destruction. How Rivalries End is a study of how such rivalries take root and flourish and particularly how some dissipate over time without recourse to war. Political scientists Karen Rasler, William R. Thompson, and Sumit Ganguly examine ten political hot spots, stretching from Egypt and Israel to the two Koreas, where crises and military confrontations have occurred over the last seven decades. Through exacting analysis of thirty-two attempts to deescalate strategic rivalries, they reveal a pattern in successful conflict resolutions: shocks that overcome foreign policy inertia; changes in perceptions of the adversary's competitiveness or threat; positive responses to conciliatory signals; and continuing effort to avoid conflict after hostilities cease. How Rivalries End significantly contributes to our understanding why protracted conflicts sometimes deescalate and even terminate without resort to war.

Regional Security Structures in Asia

Download Regional Security Structures in Asia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136870091
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Regional Security Structures in Asia by : Ashok Kapor

Download or read book Regional Security Structures in Asia written by Ashok Kapor and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kapor argues that explanations of international relations in Asia in the post-Second World War period have relied too much on the Cold War as a key explanatory factor, and have not given enough emphasis to the useful concepts of 'regional power formation', 'conflict formation' and 'conflict resolution'. The author outlines these concepts and goes on to elaborate on them, and to apply them to three key Asian regions - northeast, southeast, and south Asia - discussing practical strategic issues in an historical perspective and arguing that these concepts, and other concepts which he discusses, are extremely helpful in making sense of the complex pattern of international relations in Asia.

Asian Perceptions of Gulf Security

Download Asian Perceptions of Gulf Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000785734
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asian Perceptions of Gulf Security by : Li-Chen Sim

Download or read book Asian Perceptions of Gulf Security written by Li-Chen Sim and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-28 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gulf stability is coming to play a larger role in the foreign policy calculus of many states, but the evolving role of Asian powers is largely under-represented in the International Relations literature. This volume addresses this gap with a set of empirically rich, theory driven case studies written by academics from or based in the countries in question. The underlying assumption is not that Asian powers have already become important security actors in the Gulf, but rather that they perceive the Gulf as a region of increasing strategic relevance. How will leaders in these countries adjust to an evolving regional framework? Will there be coordinated efforts to establish an Asian-centered approach to Gulf stability, or will Asian rivalries make the region a theater of competition? Will US–China tensions force alignment choices among Asian powers? Will Asian states balance, bandwagon, hedge, or adopt some other approach to their Gulf relationships? These questions become even more important as the western boundaries of Asia increasingly come to incorporate the Middle East. The book will appeal to scholars and students in the fields of International Relations, Security Studies, and International Political Economy, as well as area specialists on the Gulf and those working on foreign policy issues on each of the Asian countries included. Professionals in government and non-government agencies will also find it very useful. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

The Sino-Indian Rivalry

Download The Sino-Indian Rivalry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009239635
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Sino-Indian Rivalry by : Šumit Ganguly

Download or read book The Sino-Indian Rivalry written by Šumit Ganguly and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-06-29 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on a wide body of literature on international rivalries, this comprehensive and theoretically grounded work explains the origins and evolution of the Sino-Indian rivalry. Contrary to popular belief, the authors argue that the Sino-Indian rivalry started almost immediately after the emergence of the two countries in the global arena. They demonstrate how the rivalry has systemic implications for both Asia and the global order, intertwining the positional and spatial dimensions that lie at the heart of the Sino-Indian relationship. Showing how this rivalry has evolved from the late 1940s to the present day, the essays in this collection underscore its significance for global politics and highlight how the asymmetries between India and China have the potential to escalate conflict in the future.

Rivalry and Revolution in South and East Asia

Download Rivalry and Revolution in South and East Asia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429784791
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rivalry and Revolution in South and East Asia by : Partha S. Ghosh

Download or read book Rivalry and Revolution in South and East Asia written by Partha S. Ghosh and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-05-23 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1997, this study reveals the forces of nationalism and internationalism at work side by side in the populous and volatile regions of South and East Asia which make up the 11 chapters of this volume. They cover regional security, political economy, territorial disputes and national unification. Problems such as those of Cambodia and the nuclearization of India, Pakistan and North Korea create serious international concern, while unresolved regional issues force nationalistic and military conflict. The irresistible popular pressure for economic integration with the global system, often without any corresponding commitment to political freedom, underlies it all. The cumulative effect of these diverse processes creates an explosive mix of international rivalries and national revolutions which raises the question of the possible arrival of the ‘Asian Century’.

Strategic Rivalries in World Politics

Download Strategic Rivalries in World Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139468790
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Strategic Rivalries in World Politics by : Michael P. Colaresi

Download or read book Strategic Rivalries in World Politics written by Michael P. Colaresi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-01-10 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International conflict is neither random nor inexplicable. It is highly structured by antagonisms between a relatively small set of states that regard each other as rivals. Examining the 173 strategic rivalries in operation throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this book identifies the differences rivalries make in the probability of conflict escalation and analyzes how they interact with serial crises, arms races, alliances and capability advantages. The authors distinguish between rivalries concerning territorial disagreement (space) and rivalries concerning status and influence (position) and show how each leads to markedly different patterns of conflict escalation. They argue that rivals are more likely to engage in international conflict with their antagonists than non-rival pairs of states and conclude with an assessment of whether we can expect democratic peace, economic development and economic interdependence to constrain rivalry-induced conflict.

Asia Alone

Download Asia Alone PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470826207
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asia Alone by : Simon S. C. Tay

Download or read book Asia Alone written by Simon S. C. Tay and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-01 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An insightful examination of the changing relationship between Asia and the United States In this lucidly written and thought-provoking book, author Simon Tay highlights the accelerating trends that point to Asia increasingly forging its own path, independent of the United States. He also describes the fundamental changes and new policy directions needed to maintain and strengthen the bonds between Asia and the United States that have been beneficial to both since the end of the Second World War. On the eve of the global financial crisis of 2008, the economies of the United States and its Asian partners were deeply interdependent. But the different approaches taken to the crisis by Asian and Western leaders point to a new separation that may have negative consequences for the economies and businesses of both regions. To avoid a dangerous divide that may make us all the poorer, Tay reveals what leaders, policy-makers, companies, and citizens can do to find a balance that enriches us all. Written by a leading public intellectual CNN's Fareed Zakaria describes as "one of the most intelligent and reliable guides to the region" Touches on major issues in foreign policy and economics that will impact Asian nations and the United States over the near future Explains the changing nature of economic relations in the global economy For foreign policy followers, politicians, and businesspeople, Asia Alone charts a path forward—together.

East Asia's Other Miracle

Download East Asia's Other Miracle PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019108378X
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis East Asia's Other Miracle by : Alex J. Bellamy

Download or read book East Asia's Other Miracle written by Alex J. Bellamy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-09-29 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: East Asia, until recently the scene of widespread blood-letting, has achieved relative peace. A region that at the height of the Cold War had accounted for around eighty percent of the world's mass atrocities has experienced such a decline in violence that by 2015 it accounted for less than five percent. This book explains East Asia's 'other' miracle and asks whether it is merely a temporary blip in the historical cycle or the dawning of a new, and more peaceful, era for the region. It argues that the decline of mass atrocities in East Asia resulted from four interconnected factors: the consolidation of states and emergence of responsible sovereigns; the prioritization of economic development through trade; the development of norms and habits of multilateralism, and transformations in the practice of power politics. Particular attention is paid to North Korea and Myanmar, countries whose experience has bucked regional trends largely because these states have not succeeded in consolidating themselves to the point where they no longer depend on violence to survive. Although the region faces several significant future challenges, this book argues that the much reduced incidence of mass atrocities in East Asia is likely to be sustained into the foreseeable future.