Artificial Intelligence Based Energy Management Systems For Smart Micro Grids

Download Artificial Intelligence Based Energy Management Systems For Smart Micro Grids full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Artificial Intelligence Based Energy Management Systems For Smart Micro Grids ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids

Author : Baseem Khan
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000589196
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids by : Baseem Khan

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids written by Baseem Khan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modeling and optimization of energy management systems for micro- and mini-grids play an important role in the fields of energy generation dispatch, system operation, protection coordination, power quality issues, and peak demand conflict with grid security. This comprehensive reference text provides an in-depth insight into these topics. This text discusses the use of meta-heuristic and artificial intelligence algorithms for developing energy management systems with energy use prediction for mini- and microgrid systems. It covers important concepts including modeling of microgrid and energy management systems, optimal protection coordination-based microgrid energy management, optimal energy dispatch with energy management systems, and peak demand management with energy management systems. Key Features: Presents a comprehensive discussion of mini- and microgrid concepts Discusses AC and DC microgrid modeling in detail Covers optimization of mini- and microgrid systems using AI and meta-heuristic techniques Provides MATLAB®-based simulations on a mini- and microgrid Comprehensively discussing concepts of microgrids with the help of software-based simulations, this text will be useful as a reference text for graduate students and professionals in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, renewable energy, and clean technology.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids

Author : Baseem Khan
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000589250
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids by : Baseem Khan

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence-Based Energy Management Systems for Smart Microgrids written by Baseem Khan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modeling and optimization of energy management systems for micro- and mini-grids play an important role in the fields of energy generation dispatch, system operation, protection coordination, power quality issues, and peak demand conflict with grid security. This comprehensive reference text provides an in-depth insight into these topics. This text discusses the use of meta-heuristic and artificial intelligence algorithms for developing energy management systems with energy use prediction for mini- and microgrid systems. It covers important concepts including modeling of microgrid and energy management systems, optimal protection coordination-based microgrid energy management, optimal energy dispatch with energy management systems, and peak demand management with energy management systems. Key Features: Presents a comprehensive discussion of mini- and microgrid concepts Discusses AC and DC microgrid modeling in detail Covers optimization of mini- and microgrid systems using AI and meta-heuristic techniques Provides MATLAB®-based simulations on a mini- and microgrid Comprehensively discussing concepts of microgrids with the help of software-based simulations, this text will be useful as a reference text for graduate students and professionals in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, renewable energy, and clean technology.

Intelligent Renewable Energy Systems

Author : Neeraj Priyadarshi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119786274
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Intelligent Renewable Energy Systems by : Neeraj Priyadarshi

Download or read book Intelligent Renewable Energy Systems written by Neeraj Priyadarshi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-01-19 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTELLIGENT RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS This collection of papers on artificial intelligence and other methods for improving renewable energy systems, written by industry experts, is a reflection of the state of the art, a must-have for engineers, maintenance personnel, students, and anyone else wanting to stay abreast with current energy systems concepts and technology. Renewable energy is one of the most important subjects being studied, researched, and advanced in today’s world. From a macro level, like the stabilization of the entire world’s economy, to the micro level, like how you are going to heat or cool your home tonight, energy, specifically renewable energy, is on the forefront of the discussion. This book illustrates modelling, simulation, design and control of renewable energy systems employed with recent artificial intelligence (AI) and optimization techniques for performance enhancement. Current renewable energy sources have less power conversion efficiency because of its intermittent and fluctuating behavior. Therefore, in this regard, the recent AI and optimization techniques are able to deal with data ambiguity, noise, imprecision, and nonlinear behavior of renewable energy sources more efficiently compared to classical soft computing techniques. This book provides an extensive analysis of recent state of the art AI and optimization techniques applied to green energy systems. Subsequently, researchers, industry persons, undergraduate and graduate students involved in green energy will greatly benefit from this comprehensive volume, a must-have for any library. Audience Engineers, scientists, managers, researchers, students, and other professionals working in the field of renewable energy.

Microgrid Technologies

Author : C. Sharmeela
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119710790
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Microgrid Technologies by : C. Sharmeela

Download or read book Microgrid Technologies written by C. Sharmeela and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microgrid technology is an emerging area, and it has numerous advantages over the conventional power grid. A microgrid is defined as Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and interconnected loads with clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as a single controllable entity concerning the grid. Microgrid technology enables the connection and disconnection of the system from the grid. That is, the microgrid can operate both in grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. Microgrid technologies are an important part of the evolving landscape of energy and power systems. Many aspects of microgrids are discussed in this volume, including, in the early chapters of the book, the various types of energy storage systems, power and energy management for microgrids, power electronics interface for AC & DC microgrids, battery management systems for microgrid applications, power system analysis for microgrids, and many others. The middle section of the book presents the power quality problems in microgrid systems and its mitigations, gives an overview of various power quality problems and its solutions, describes the PSO algorithm based UPQC controller for power quality enhancement, describes the power quality enhancement and grid support through a solar energy conversion system, presents the fuzzy logic-based power quality assessments, and covers various power quality indices. The final chapters in the book present the recent advancements in the microgrids, applications of Internet of Things (IoT) for microgrids, the application of artificial intelligent techniques, modeling of green energy smart meter for microgrids, communication networks for microgrids, and other aspects of microgrid technologies. Valuable as a learning tool for beginners in this area as well as a daily reference for engineers and scientists working in the area of microgrids, this is a must-have for any library.

Smart Microgrids

Author : Sasi K. Kottayil
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000166082
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Smart Microgrids by : Sasi K. Kottayil

Download or read book Smart Microgrids written by Sasi K. Kottayil and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-08-17 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the need to understand the development, use, construction, and operation of smart microgrids (SMG). Covering selected major operations of SMG like dynamic energy management, demand response, and demand dispatch, it describes the design and operational challenges of different microgrids and provides feasible solutions for systems. Smart Micro Grid presents communication technologies and governing standards used in developing communication networks for realizing various smart services and applications in microgrids. An architecture facilitating bidirectional communication for smart distribution/microgrid is brought out covering aspects of its design, development and validation. The book is aimed at graduate, research students and professionals in power, power systems, and power electronics. Features: • Covers a broad overview of the benefits, the design and operation requirements, standards and communication requirements for deploying microgrids in distribution systems. • Explores issues related to planning, expansion, operation, type of microgrids, interaction among microgrid and distribution networks, demand response, and the technical requirements for the communication network. • Discusses current standards and common practices to develop and operate microgrids. • Describes technical issues and requirements for operating microgrids. • Illustrates smart communication architecture and protocols.

Applications of AI and IOT in Renewable Energy

Author : Rabindra Nath Shaw
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323984010
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Applications of AI and IOT in Renewable Energy by : Rabindra Nath Shaw

Download or read book Applications of AI and IOT in Renewable Energy written by Rabindra Nath Shaw and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-02-09 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications of AI and IOT in Renewable Energy provides a future vision of unexplored areas and applications for Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things in sustainable energy systems. The ideas presented in this book are backed up by original, unpublished technical research results covering topics like smart solar energy systems, intelligent dc motors and energy efficiency study of electric vehicles. In all these areas and more, applications of artificial intelligence methods, including artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and a combination of the above in hybrid systems are included. This book is designed to assist with developing low cost, smart and efficient solutions for renewable energy systems and is intended for researchers, academics and industrial communities engaged in the study and performance prediction of renewable energy systems. - Includes future applications of AI and IOT in renewable energy - Based on case studies to give each chapter real-life context - Provides advances in renewable energy using AI and IOT with technical detail and data

Research Anthology on Smart Grid and Microgrid Development

Author : Information Resources Management Association
Publisher : Engineering Science Reference
ISBN 13 : 9781668436660
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (366 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Research Anthology on Smart Grid and Microgrid Development by : Information Resources Management Association

Download or read book Research Anthology on Smart Grid and Microgrid Development written by Information Resources Management Association and published by Engineering Science Reference. This book was released on 2021-09-24 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This reference book covers the latest innovations and trends within smart grid and microgrid development, detailing benefits, challenges, and opportunities, that will help readers to fully understand the current opportunities that smart grids and microgrids present around the world"--

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Author : Djamila Rekioua
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303034021X
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems by : Djamila Rekioua

Download or read book Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems written by Djamila Rekioua and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the supervision of hybrid systems and presents models for control, optimization and storage. It provides a guide for practitioners as well as graduate and postgraduate students and researchers in both renewable energy and modern power systems, enabling them to quickly gain an understanding of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid renewable systems. The book is accompanied by an online MATLAB package, which offers examples of each application to help readers understand and evaluate the performance of the various hybrid renewable systems cited. With a focus on the different configurations of hybrid renewable energy systems, it offers those involved in the field of renewable energy solutions vital insights into the control, optimization and supervision strategies for the different renewable energy systems.

Machine Learning for Energy Systems

Author : Denis Sidorov
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039433822
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Machine Learning for Energy Systems by : Denis Sidorov

Download or read book Machine Learning for Energy Systems written by Denis Sidorov and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-08 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume deals with recent advances in and applications of computational intelligence and advanced machine learning methods in power systems, heating and cooling systems, and gas transportation systems. The optimal coordinated dispatch of the multi-energy microgrids with renewable generation and storage control using advanced numerical methods is discussed. Forecasting models are designed for electrical insulator faults, the health of the battery, electrical insulator faults, wind speed and power, PV output power and transformer oil test parameters. The loads balance algorithm for an offshore wind farm is proposed. The information security problems in the energy internet are analyzed and attacked using information transmission contemporary models, based on blockchain technology. This book will be of interest, not only to electrical engineers, but also to applied mathematicians who are looking for novel challenging problems to focus on.

Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies

Author : Shady S. Refaat
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119422310
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies by : Shady S. Refaat

Download or read book Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies written by Shady S. Refaat and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-16 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SMART GRID AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Discover foundational topics in smart grid technology as well as an exploration of the current and future state of the industry As the relationship between fossil fuel use and climate change becomes ever clearer, the search is on for reliable, renewable and less harmful sources of energy. Sometimes called the “electronet” or the “energy Internet,” smart grids promise to integrate renewable energy, information, and communication technologies with the existing electrical grid and deliver electricity more efficiently and reliably. Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies delivers a complete vision of smart grid technology and applications, including foundational and fundamental technologies, the technology that enables smart grids, the current state of the industry, and future trends in smart energy. The book offers readers thorough discussions of modern smart grid technology, including advanced metering infrastructure, net zero energy buildings, and communication, data management, and networks in smart grids. The accomplished authors also discuss critical challenges and barriers facing the smart grid industry as well as trends likely to be of importance in its future development. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to smart grid architecture, including traditional grids, the fundamentals of electric power, definitions and classifications of smart grids, and the components of smart grid technology An exploration of the opportunities and challenges posed by renewable energy integration Practical discussions of power electronics in the smart grid, including power electronics converters for distributed generation, flexible alternating current transmission systems, and high voltage direct current transmission systems An analysis of distributed generation Perfect for scientists, researchers, engineers, graduate students, and senior undergraduate students studying and working with electrical power systems and communication systems. Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies will also earn a place in the libraries of economists, government planners and regulators, policy makers, and energy stakeholders working in the smart grid field.

Artificial Intelligence and Heuristics for Smart Energy Efficiency in Smart Cities

Author : Mustapha Hatti
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030920380
Total Pages : 927 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence and Heuristics for Smart Energy Efficiency in Smart Cities by : Mustapha Hatti

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and Heuristics for Smart Energy Efficiency in Smart Cities written by Mustapha Hatti and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 927 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book emphasizes the role of micro-grid systems and connected networks for the strategic storage of energy through the use of information and communication techniques, big data, the cloud, and meta-heuristics to support the greed for artificial intelligence techniques in data and the implementation of global strategies to meet the challenges of the city in the broad sense. The intelligent management of renewable energy in the context of the energy transition requires the use of techniques and tools based on artificial intelligence (AI) to overcome the challenges of the intermittence of resources and the cost of energy. The advent of the smart city makes an increased call for the integration of artificial intelligence and heuristics to meet the challenge of the increasing migration of populations to the city, in order to ensure food, energy, and environmental security of the citizen of the city and his well-being. This book is intended for policymakers, academics, practitioners, and students. Several real cases are exposed throughout the book to illustrate the concepts and methods of the networks and systems presented. This book proposes the development of new technological innovations—mainly ICT—the concept of “Smart City” appears as a means of achieving more efficient and sustainable cities. The overall goal of the book is to develop a comprehensive framework to help public and private stakeholders make informed decisions on smart city investment strategies and develop skills for assessment and prioritization, including resolution of difficulties with deployment and reproducibility.

Handbook of Research on Smart Power System Operation and Control

Author : Alhelou, Hassan Haes
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 152258031X
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Smart Power System Operation and Control by : Alhelou, Hassan Haes

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Smart Power System Operation and Control written by Alhelou, Hassan Haes and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because society depends greatly on electric energy, power system control and protection focuses on ensuring a secure and reliable supply of power. To operate the electric systems in safe mode, the power system component should be equipped with intelligent controllers. The Handbook of Research on Smart Power System Operation and Control is a collection of innovative research on the theoretical and practical developments in smart power system operation and control that takes into account both smart grid and micro-grid systems. While highlighting topics including cybersecurity, smart grid, and wide area monitoring, this book is ideally designed for researchers, students, and industry professionals.

Introduction to AI Techniques for Renewable Energy System

Author : Suman Lata Tripathi
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000392457
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to AI Techniques for Renewable Energy System by : Suman Lata Tripathi

Download or read book Introduction to AI Techniques for Renewable Energy System written by Suman Lata Tripathi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-25 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to AI techniques for Renewable Energy System Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques play an essential role in modeling, analysis, and prediction of the performance and control of renewable energy. The algorithms used to model, control, or predict performances of the energy systems are complicated, involving differential equations, enormous computing power, and time requirements. Instead of complex rules and mathematical routines, AI techniques can learn critical information patterns within a multidimensional information domain. Design, control, and operation of renewable energy systems require a long-term series of meteorological data such as solar radiation, temperature, or wind data. Such long-term measurements are often non-existent for most of the interest locations or, wherever they are available, they suffer from several shortcomings, like inferior quality of data, and in-sufficient long series. The book focuses on AI techniques to overcome these problems. It summarizes commonly used AI methodologies in renewal energy, with a particular emphasis on neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms. It outlines selected AI applications for renewable energy. In particular, it discusses methods using the AI approach for prediction and modeling of solar radiation, seizing, performances, and controls of the solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Features Focuses on a significant area of concern to develop a foundation for the implementation of renewable energy system with intelligent techniques Showcases how researchers working on renewable energy systems can correlate their work with intelligent and machine learning approaches Highlights international standards for intelligent renewable energy systems design, reliability, and maintenance Provides insights on solar cell, biofuels, wind, and other renewable energy systems design and characterization, including the equipment for smart energy systems This book, which includes real-life examples, is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students and academicians studying AI techniques used in renewal energy systems.

What AI Can Do

Author : Manuel Cebral-Loureda
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000908992
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis What AI Can Do by : Manuel Cebral-Loureda

Download or read book What AI Can Do written by Manuel Cebral-Loureda and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-08-01 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The philosopher Spinoza once asserted that no one knows what a body can do, conceiving an intrinsic bodily power with unknown limits. Similarly, we can ask ourselves about Artificial Intelligence (AI): To what extent is the development of intelligence limited by its technical and material substrate? In other words, what can AI do? The answer is analogous to Spinoza’s: Nobody knows the limit of AI. Critically considering this issue from philosophical, interdisciplinary, and engineering perspectives, respectively, this book assesses the scope and pertinence of AI technology and explores how it could bring about both a better and more unpredictable future. What AI Can Do highlights, at both the theoretical and practical levels, the cross-cutting relevance that AI is having on society, appealing to students of engineering, computer science, and philosophy, as well as all who hold a practical interest in the technology.

Trends in Data Engineering Methods for Intelligent Systems

Author : Jude Hemanth
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030793575
Total Pages : 797 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Trends in Data Engineering Methods for Intelligent Systems by : Jude Hemanth

Download or read book Trends in Data Engineering Methods for Intelligent Systems written by Jude Hemanth and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-05 with total page 797 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book briefly covers internationally contributed chapters with artificial intelligence and applied mathematics-oriented background-details. Nowadays, the world is under attack of intelligent systems covering all fields to make them practical and meaningful for humans. In this sense, this edited book provides the most recent research on use of engineering capabilities for developing intelligent systems. The chapters are a collection from the works presented at the 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applied Mathematics in Engineering held within 09-10-11 October 2020 at the Antalya, Manavgat (Turkey). The target audience of the book covers scientists, experts, M.Sc. and Ph.D. students, post-docs, and anyone interested in intelligent systems and their usage in different problem domains. The book is suitable to be used as a reference work in the courses associated with artificial intelligence and applied mathematics.

Standalone Renewable Energy Systems

Author : Rodolfo Dufo-López
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039361848
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (393 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Standalone Renewable Energy Systems by : Rodolfo Dufo-López

Download or read book Standalone Renewable Energy Systems written by Rodolfo Dufo-López and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Standalone (off-grid) renewable energy systems supply electricity in places where there is no access to a standard electrical grid. These systems may include photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, hydro turbines or any other renewable electrical generator. Usually, this kind of system includes electricity storage (commonly lead-acid batteries, but also other types of storage can be used). In some cases, a backup generator (usually powered by fossil fuel, diesel or gasoline) is part of the hybrid system. The modelling of the components, the control of the system and the simulation of the performance of the whole system are necessary to evaluate the system technically and economically. The optimization of the sizing and/or the control is also an important task in this kind of system.

Blockchain-Based Smart Grids

Author : Miadreza Shafie-khah
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128178620
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Blockchain-Based Smart Grids by : Miadreza Shafie-khah

Download or read book Blockchain-Based Smart Grids written by Miadreza Shafie-khah and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Blockchain-Based Smart Grids presents emerging applications of blockchain in electrical system and looks to future developments in the use of blockchain technology in the energy market. Rapid growth of renewable energy resources in power systems and significant developments in the telecommunication systems has resulted in new market designs being employed to cover unpredictable and distributed generation of electricity. This book considers the marriage of blockchain and grid modernization, and discusses the transaction shifts in smart grids, from centralized to peer-to-peer structures. In addition, it addresses the effective application of these structures to speed up processes, resulting in more flexible electricity systems. Aimed at moving towards blockchain-based smart grids with renewable applications, this book is useful to researchers and practitioners in all sectors of smart grids, including renewable energy providers, manufacturers and professionals involved in electricity generation from renewable sources, grid modernization and smart grid applications.