Artificial Intelligence And Industry 40

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Artificial Intelligence and Industry 4.0

Author : Aboul Ella Hassanien
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323906397
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence and Industry 4.0 by : Aboul Ella Hassanien

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and Industry 4.0 written by Aboul Ella Hassanien and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-08-14 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial Intelligence and Industry 4.0 explores recent advancements in blockchain technology and artificial intelligence (AI) as well as their crucial impacts on realizing Industry 4.0 goals. The book explores AI applications in industry including Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology. Chapters explore how AI (machine learning, smart cities, healthcare, Society 5.0, etc.) have numerous potential applications in the Industry 4.0 era. This book is a useful resource for researchers and graduate students in computer science researching and developing AI and the IIoT. Explores artificial intelligence applications within the industrial manufacturing and communications sectors Presents a wide range of machine learning, computer vision, and digital twin applications across the IoT sector Explores how deep learning and cognitive computing tools enable processing vast data sets, precise and comprehensive forecast of risks, and delivering recommended actions

Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0

Author : Alexiei Dingli
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783030610463
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 by : Alexiei Dingli

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 written by Alexiei Dingli and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended to help management and other interested parties such as engineers, to understand the state of the art when it comes to the intersection between AI and Industry 4.0 and get them to realise the huge possibilities which can be unleashed by the intersection of these two fields. We have heard a lot about Industry 4.0, but most of the time, it focuses mainly on automation. In this book, the authors are going a step further by exploring advanced applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, ranging from the use of deep learning algorithms in order to make predictions, up to an implementation of a full-blown Digital Triplet system. The scope of the book is to showcase what is currently brewing in the labs with the hope of migrating these technologies towards the factory floors. Chairpersons and CEOs must read these papers if they want to stay at the forefront of the game, ahead of their competition, while also saving huge sums of money in the process.

Computational Intelligence Assisted Design

Author : Yi Chen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351649213
Total Pages : 535 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Intelligence Assisted Design by : Yi Chen

Download or read book Computational Intelligence Assisted Design written by Yi Chen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-06-19 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational Intelligence Assisted Design framework mobilises computational resources, makes use of multiple Computational Intelligence (CI) algorithms and reduces computational costs. This book provides examples of real-world applications of technology. Case studies have been used to show the integration of services, cloud, big data technology and space missions. It focuses on computational modelling of biological and natural intelligent systems, encompassing swarm intelligence, fuzzy systems, artificial neutral networks, artificial immune systems and evolutionary computation. This book provides readers with wide-scale information on CI paradigms and algorithms, inviting readers to implement and problem solve real-world, complex problems within the CI development framework. This implementation framework will enable readers to tackle new problems without difficulty through a few tested MATLAB source codes

Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 and 5G Technology

Author : Pandian Vasant
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119798760
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 and 5G Technology by : Pandian Vasant

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 and 5G Technology written by Pandian Vasant and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-07-20 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 and 5G Technology Explores innovative and value-added solutions for application problems in the commercial, business, and industry sectors As the pace of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology innovation continues to accelerate, identifying the appropriate AI capabilities to embed in key decision processes has never been more critical to establishing competitive advantage. New and emerging analytics tools and technologies can be configured to optimize business value, change how an organization gains insights, and significantly improve the decision-making process across the enterprise. Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 and 5G Technology helps readers solve real-world technological engineering optimization problems using evolutionary and swarm intelligence, mathematical programming, multi-objective optimization, and other cutting-edge intelligent optimization methods. Contributions from leading experts in the field present original research on both the theoretical and practical aspects of implementing new AI techniques in a variety of sectors, including Big Data analytics, smart manufacturing, renewable energy, smart cities, robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Presents detailed information on meta-heuristic applications with a focus on technology and engineering sectors such as smart manufacturing, smart production, innovative cities, and 5G networks. Offers insights into the use of metaheuristic strategies to solve optimization problems in business, economics, finance, and industry where uncertainty is a factor. Provides guidance on implementing metaheuristics in different applications and hybrid technological systems. Describes various AI approaches utilizing hybrid meta-heuristics optimization algorithms, including meta-search engines for innovative research and hyper-heuristics algorithms for performance measurement. Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 and 5G Technology is a valuable resource for IT specialists, industry professionals, managers and executives, researchers, scientists, engineers, and advanced students an up-to-date reference to innovative computing, uncertainty management, and optimization approaches.

Artificial Intelligence and TheFuture of Power

Author : Rajiv Malhotra
Publisher : Rupa Publications India Pvt Limited
ISBN 13 : 9789390356430
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (564 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence and TheFuture of Power by : Rajiv Malhotra

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and TheFuture of Power written by Rajiv Malhotra and published by Rupa Publications India Pvt Limited. This book was released on 2021-01-10 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A recurrent debate surrounding AI concerns the extent of human work that could be replaced by machines over the next twenty years when compared to new jobs created by AI. Numerous reports have addressed this issue, reaching a wide range of conclusions. Experts consider it a reasonable consensus that eventually a significant portion of blue- and white-collar jobs in most industries will become obsolete, or at least transformed, to such an extent that workers will need re-education to remain viable. This percentage of vulnerable jobs will continue to increase over time. The obsolescence will be far worse in developing countries where the standard of education is lower.

Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0

Author : Alexiei Dingli
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030610454
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 by : Alexiei Dingli

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 written by Alexiei Dingli and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-27 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended to help management and other interested parties such as engineers, to understand the state of the art when it comes to the intersection between AI and Industry 4.0 and get them to realise the huge possibilities which can be unleashed by the intersection of these two fields. We have heard a lot about Industry 4.0, but most of the time, it focuses mainly on automation. In this book, the authors are going a step further by exploring advanced applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, ranging from the use of deep learning algorithms in order to make predictions, up to an implementation of a full-blown Digital Triplet system. The scope of the book is to showcase what is currently brewing in the labs with the hope of migrating these technologies towards the factory floors. Chairpersons and CEOs must read these papers if they want to stay at the forefront of the game, ahead of their competition, while also saving huge sums of money in the process.

Handbook of Research on Integrating Industry 4.0 in Business and Manufacturing

Author : Karabegovi?, Isak
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799827267
Total Pages : 661 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Integrating Industry 4.0 in Business and Manufacturing by : Karabegovi?, Isak

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Integrating Industry 4.0 in Business and Manufacturing written by Karabegovi?, Isak and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-03-27 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Industry 4.0, industrial productions are adjusted to complete smart automation, which means introducing self-automation methods, self-configuration, self-diagnosis of problems and removal, cognition, and intelligent decision making. This implementation of Industry 4.0 brings about a change in business paradigms and production models, and this will be reflected at all levels of the production process including supply chains and will involve all workers in the production process from managers to cyber-physical systems designers and customers as end-users. The Handbook of Research on Integrating Industry 4.0 in Business and Manufacturing is an essential reference source that explores the development and integration of Industry 4.0 by examining changes and innovations to manufacturing processes as well as its applications in different industrial areas. Featuring coverage on a wide range of topics such as cyber physical systems, integration criteria, and artificial intelligence, this book is ideally designed for mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, manufacturers, supply chain managers, logistics specialists, investors, managers, policymakers, production scientists, researchers, academicians, and students at the postgraduate level.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

Author : Klaus Schwab
Publisher : Currency
ISBN 13 : 1524758868
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis The Fourth Industrial Revolution by : Klaus Schwab

Download or read book The Fourth Industrial Revolution written by Klaus Schwab and published by Currency. This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World-renowned economist Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, explains that we have an opportunity to shape the fourth industrial revolution, which will fundamentally alter how we live and work. Schwab argues that this revolution is different in scale, scope and complexity from any that have come before. Characterized by a range of new technologies that are fusing the physical, digital and biological worlds, the developments are affecting all disciplines, economies, industries and governments, and even challenging ideas about what it means to be human. Artificial intelligence is already all around us, from supercomputers, drones and virtual assistants to 3D printing, DNA sequencing, smart thermostats, wearable sensors and microchips smaller than a grain of sand. But this is just the beginning: nanomaterials 200 times stronger than steel and a million times thinner than a strand of hair and the first transplant of a 3D printed liver are already in development. Imagine “smart factories” in which global systems of manufacturing are coordinated virtually, or implantable mobile phones made of biosynthetic materials. The fourth industrial revolution, says Schwab, is more significant, and its ramifications more profound, than in any prior period of human history. He outlines the key technologies driving this revolution and discusses the major impacts expected on government, business, civil society and individuals. Schwab also offers bold ideas on how to harness these changes and shape a better future—one in which technology empowers people rather than replaces them; progress serves society rather than disrupts it; and in which innovators respect moral and ethical boundaries rather than cross them. We all have the opportunity to contribute to developing new frameworks that advance progress.

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Author : Adam Bohr
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128184396
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare by : Adam Bohr

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare written by Adam Bohr and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-06-21 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare is more than a comprehensive introduction to artificial intelligence as a tool in the generation and analysis of healthcare data. The book is split into two sections where the first section describes the current healthcare challenges and the rise of AI in this arena. The ten following chapters are written by specialists in each area, covering the whole healthcare ecosystem. First, the AI applications in drug design and drug development are presented followed by its applications in the field of cancer diagnostics, treatment and medical imaging. Subsequently, the application of AI in medical devices and surgery are covered as well as remote patient monitoring. Finally, the book dives into the topics of security, privacy, information sharing, health insurances and legal aspects of AI in healthcare. Highlights different data techniques in healthcare data analysis, including machine learning and data mining Illustrates different applications and challenges across the design, implementation and management of intelligent systems and healthcare data networks Includes applications and case studies across all areas of AI in healthcare data

Artificial Intelligence for a Sustainable Industry 4.0

Author : Shashank Awasthi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030770702
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence for a Sustainable Industry 4.0 by : Shashank Awasthi

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence for a Sustainable Industry 4.0 written by Shashank Awasthi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book outlines the recent advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and addresses how useful it is in achieving truly sustainable solutions. The book also serves as a useful reference literature in developing sustainable engineering solutions to various social and techno-commercial issues of global significance. This book is organized into two sections: section 1 is focused on fundamentals and principles of AI to lay the groundwork for the second section. Section 2 explores the sustainable engineering solutions development using AI, which addresses challenges in various computing techniques and opportunities in engineering design for sustainable development using IoT/AI and smart cities. Applications include waste minimization, re-manufacturing, reuse and recycling technologies using IoT/AI, Industry 4.0, intelligent and smart grid systems, energy conservation using technology, and robotic process automation (RPA). The book is ideal for the engineers, researchers and students interested in how AI can aid in sustainable development applications.

Competing in the Age of AI

Author : Marco Iansiti
Publisher : Harvard Business Press
ISBN 13 : 1633697630
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (336 download)

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Book Synopsis Competing in the Age of AI by : Marco Iansiti

Download or read book Competing in the Age of AI written by Marco Iansiti and published by Harvard Business Press. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "a provocative new book" — The New York Times AI-centric organizations exhibit a new operating architecture, redefining how they create, capture, share, and deliver value. Now with a new preface that explores how the coronavirus crisis compelled organizations such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Verizon, and IKEA to transform themselves with remarkable speed, Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani show how reinventing the firm around data, analytics, and AI removes traditional constraints on scale, scope, and learning that have restricted business growth for hundreds of years. From Airbnb to Ant Financial, Microsoft to Amazon, research shows how AI-driven processes are vastly more scalable than traditional processes, allow massive scope increase, enabling companies to straddle industry boundaries, and create powerful opportunities for learning—to drive ever more accurate, complex, and sophisticated predictions. When traditional operating constraints are removed, strategy becomes a whole new game, one whose rules and likely outcomes this book will make clear. Iansiti and Lakhani: Present a framework for rethinking business and operating models Explain how "collisions" between AI-driven/digital and traditional/analog firms are reshaping competition, altering the structure of our economy, and forcing traditional companies to rearchitect their operating models Explain the opportunities and risks created by digital firms Describe the new challenges and responsibilities for the leaders of both digital and traditional firms Packed with examples—including many from the most powerful and innovative global, AI-driven competitors—and based on research in hundreds of firms across many sectors, this is your essential guide for rethinking how your firm competes and operates in the era of AI.

Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law

Author : Shin-yi Peng
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108957153
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law by : Shin-yi Peng

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law written by Shin-yi Peng and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-14 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are transforming economies, societies, and geopolitics. Enabled by the exponential increase of data that is collected, transmitted, and processed transnationally, these changes have important implications for international economic law (IEL). This volume examines the dynamic interplay between AI and IEL by addressing an array of critical new questions, including: How to conceptualize, categorize, and analyze AI for purposes of IEL? How is AI affecting established concepts and rubrics of IEL? Is there a need to reconfigure IEL, and if so, how? Contributors also respond to other cross-cutting issues, including digital inequality, data protection, algorithms and ethics, the regulation of AI-use cases (autonomous vehicles), and systemic shifts in e-commerce (digital trade) and industrial production (fourth industrial revolution). This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Artificial Intelligence and the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Author : Utpal Chakraborty
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789814800792
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence and the Fourth Industrial Revolution by : Utpal Chakraborty

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and the Fourth Industrial Revolution written by Utpal Chakraborty and published by . This book was released on 2022-05-26 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the overall technology spectrum in AI and the Fourth Industrial Revolution that is set to revolutionize the world as we know it. It is a handbook for CEOs, entrepreneurs, and university VCs, as well as the vast workforce and students with tech or non-tech backgrounds. It covers aspects and case studies from industry, academics, administration, law, finance and accounting, as well as educational technology. The contributors, who are experts in their respective fields and from industry and academia, focus on gesture recognition prototype for specially abled people, jurisprudential approach to artificial intelligence and legal reasoning, automated chatbot for autism spectrum disorder using ai assistance, Big Data analytics and IoT, design of the 3D printed dexterous prosthetic arm, discerning and demonstrating consumer emotion and surfing behavior to develop personalized ontology, emotionally intelligent AI, role of artificial intelligence in advancement of drug discovery and development, opportunities and challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, legal ethical and policy implications of artificial intelligence, Internet of Health Things for smart healthcare and digital well-being, machine learning and computer vision, a computer vision-based system for automation and industrial applications, AI-IoT in home-based healthcare, and AI in super-precision human brain and spine surgery. Buttressed with comprehensive theoretical, methodological, well-established and validated empirical examples, the volume covers the interests of a very vast audience from basic science to engineering and technology experts and learners. It could eventually work as a textbook for engineering and biomedical students, students of master's programs in science, and researchers. The book also serves common public interest by presenting new methods to improve the quality of life in general, with a better integration into society.

The 4th Industrial Revolution

Author : Mark Skilton
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319624792
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis The 4th Industrial Revolution by : Mark Skilton

Download or read book The 4th Industrial Revolution written by Mark Skilton and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book helps decision makers grasp the importance, and applicability to business, of the new technologies and extended connectivity of systems that underlie what is becoming known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution: technologies and systems such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, 3D printing, the internet of things, virtual and augmented reality, big data and mobile networks. The WEF, OECD and UN all agree that humanity is on the cusp of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. As intelligent systems become integrated into every aspect of our lives this revolution will induce cultural and societal change of a magnitude hitherto unforeseen. These technologies challenge the values, customer experience and business propositions that have been the mainstay of almost every business and organization in existence. By redefining and encapsulating new value structures with emerging intelligent technologies, new innovative models are being created, and brought to market. Understanding the potential and impact of these changes will be a fundamental leadership requirement over the coming years. Skilton and Hovsepian provide decision makers with practical, independent and authoritative guidance to help them prepare for the changes we are all likely to witness due to the rapid convergence of technological advances. In short, bite-sized, nuggets, with frameworks supported by a deep set of practical and up-to-the-minute case studies, they shine light on the new business models and enterprise architectures emerging as businesses seek to build strategies to thrive within this brave new world.

Artificial Intelligence and Industrial Applications

Author : Tawfik Masrour
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031435249
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence and Industrial Applications by : Tawfik Masrour

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence and Industrial Applications written by Tawfik Masrour and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-16 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amid the dynamic growth of artificial intelligence, this book presents a collection of findings and advancements from the second edition of the A2IA-Artificial Intelligence and Industrial Applications conference. The conference, hosted by ENSAM-Meknès at Moulay Ismail University, Morocco, fosters knowledge exchange in AI, focusing primarily on its industrial applications. Covering a wide range of topics, the book highlights the adaptable nature of AI and its increasing impact on industrial sectors. It brings together contributions from an international cohort of researchers, discussing themes such as intelligent manufacturing and maintenance, intelligent supply chain management, various modes of learning including supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement, semi-supervised, and graph-based, as well as neural networks, deep learning, planning, and optimization. A defining feature of this edition is its extensive scope and emphasis on the practical applications of AI, along with its foundational elements. It facilitates an understanding of AI's current state and potential future direction, showcasing recent developments that bridge the gap between theory and practice. Designed for a diverse readership, this book is of interest to AI practitioners, academics, and enthusiasts, as well as to those new to the field. It provides an opportunity to explore AI's critical role in industrial applications, and the practical insights it offers are likely to be beneficial for decision-making within industrial settings.

Artificial Intelligence

Author : Harvard Business Review
Publisher : HBR Insights
ISBN 13 : 9781633697898
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (978 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligence by : Harvard Business Review

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence written by Harvard Business Review and published by HBR Insights. This book was released on 2019 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Companies that don't use AI to their advantage will soon be left behind. Artificial intelligence and machine learning will drive a massive reshaping of the economy and society. What should you and your company be doing right now to ensure that your business is poised for success? These articles by AI experts and consultants will help you understand today's essential thinking on what AI is capable of now, how to adopt it in your organization, and how the technology is likely to evolve in the near future. Artificial Intelligence: The Insights You Need from Harvard Business Review will help you spearhead important conversations, get going on the right AI initiatives for your company, and capitalize on the opportunity of the machine intelligence revolution. Catch up on current topics and deepen your understanding of them with the Insights You Need series from Harvard Business Review. Featuring some of HBR's best and most recent thinking, Insights You Need titles are both a primer on today's most pressing issues and an extension of the conversation, with interesting research, interviews, case studies, and practical ideas to help you explore how a particular issue will impact your company and what it will mean for you and your business.

The Economics of Artificial Intelligence

Author : Ajay Agrawal
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226833127
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

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Book Synopsis The Economics of Artificial Intelligence by : Ajay Agrawal

Download or read book The Economics of Artificial Intelligence written by Ajay Agrawal and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2024-03-05 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely investigation of the potential economic effects, both realized and unrealized, of artificial intelligence within the United States healthcare system. In sweeping conversations about the impact of artificial intelligence on many sectors of the economy, healthcare has received relatively little attention. Yet it seems unlikely that an industry that represents nearly one-fifth of the economy could escape the efficiency and cost-driven disruptions of AI. The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Health Care Challenges brings together contributions from health economists, physicians, philosophers, and scholars in law, public health, and machine learning to identify the primary barriers to entry of AI in the healthcare sector. Across original papers and in wide-ranging responses, the contributors analyze barriers of four types: incentives, management, data availability, and regulation. They also suggest that AI has the potential to improve outcomes and lower costs. Understanding both the benefits of and barriers to AI adoption is essential for designing policies that will affect the evolution of the healthcare system.