Shoulder Arthroscopy

Download Shoulder Arthroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shoulder Arthroscopy by : Xavier A. Duralde

Download or read book Shoulder Arthroscopy written by Xavier A. Duralde and published by American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. This book was released on 2008 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Helps to recognize, assess, and manage complications related to shoulder arthroscopy. This resource includes chapters that presents a description of a specific complication of shoulder arthroscopy in the context of patient cases, followed by a discussion of treatment options, case management outcomes, and strategies to minimize complications.

Shoulder Arthroscopy

Download Shoulder Arthroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447154274
Total Pages : 612 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shoulder Arthroscopy by : Giuseppe Milano

Download or read book Shoulder Arthroscopy written by Giuseppe Milano and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-16 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shoulder Arthroscopy – Principles and Practice is a comprehensive and fully up-to-date work covering all major shoulder problems and related arthroscopic treatments. Two sections on basic science and principles of shoulder arthroscopy will provide essential information to build primary knowledge on shoulder arthroscopy issues. Shoulder problems and related treatments will be described according to a learning pathway, which will allow the readers to improve their knowledge and skills in shoulder arthroscopy from simple, standardized techniques to more complex and advanced procedures. All chapters will be written by expert arthroscopic surgeons who will provide decision-making algorithms for diagnosis and treatment of shoulder disorders, step-by step-instructions on arthroscopic techniques, and technical “tips & pearls” on how they would perform the procedure. Dedicated section on outcome measurements will help readers in learning principles of outcome research on the topics of the book.

Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy

Download Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030135058
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy by : Peter J. Millett

Download or read book Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy written by Peter J. Millett and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-11-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is written for the benefit of all surgeons who have an interest in arthroscopic shoulder surgery. It is a compendium of different aspects of shoulder surgery that have been learned over the last 25 years. While there has been a rapid progression of shoulder surgery over the last two decades, particularly with the advancement of operative arthroscopic surgery, certain principles remain. The purpose of this book is not to be an exhaustive detailed account of the various historical aspects of arthroscopic shoulder surgery, but rather to act as an up-to-date, instructional handbook that outlines these principles. The book also helps the practicing shoulder surgeon become familiar some of the latest techniques in arthroscopic shoulder surgery, demonstrating proven approaches and outlining key aspects of common and uncommon procedures. Each chapter starts with the indications for the procedure, moves towards the appropriate evaluation and diagnostic work up, and culminates in specific technical explanation of the surgical procedure itself. Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy is a valuable resource for those who are new to arthroscopic shoulder surgery and for those who are skilled and experienced in operative arthroscopy. It is meant to provide a foundation for basic and advanced arthroscopic techniques that helps surgeons improve their craft and treat their patients better.

Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery

Download Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040136729
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery by : Terry Thompson

Download or read book Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery written by Terry Thompson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-06-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference for the current surgical landscape of arthroscopic shoulder surgery, Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: Complications and Management​provides expert opinions on the management of commonly encountered and unusual complications. As there is currently no other up-to-date resource dedicated wholly to complications in shoulder arthroscopy, this will become a go-to resource. Edited by Dr. Terry L. Thompson, alongside expert contributor perspectives on management and preferred treatment, Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery is a great asset for any practicing orthopedic surgeon performing arthroscopic shoulder surgery, including fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons, sports medicine surgeons, orthopedic surgery residents, and sports medicine and shoulder fellows. By showcasing a broad range of complications and adverse outcomes, this text will assist with cases from adolescents through older adults. Each chapter in Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery includes: Epidemiology Review of the literature Etiology Author’s preferred treatment with pearls Case presentations including radiographic and surgical images Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: Complications and Management ​is a necessary text discussing one of the most rapidly growing procedures in orthopedic surgery and meeting a need within the orthopedic community to discuss complications. Bringing together literature with tips and tricks from established leaders in shoulder surgery makes this an invaluable resource on handling complications of arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder.

Shoulder Arthroscopy

Download Shoulder Arthroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1469887630
Total Pages : 984 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (698 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shoulder Arthroscopy by : Stephen J. Snyder

Download or read book Shoulder Arthroscopy written by Stephen J. Snyder and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2014-07-07 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keep pace with fast-moving advances in shoulder arthroscopy. The newly updated SCOI Shoulder Arthroscopy is based on the top-flight training and innovative practices of the Southern California Orthopedic Institute (SCOI). This updated 3rd edition includes highly practical guided reviews of SCOI’s latest advances in assessment and surgical technique, offering recommendations ranging from operating room layout to arthroscopy education opportunities. See why so many surgeons are calling this the “bible” of shoulder arthroscopy.

Shoulder Arthroscopy

Download Shoulder Arthroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shoulder Arthroscopy by : Gary M. Gartsman

Download or read book Shoulder Arthroscopy written by Gary M. Gartsman and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2003 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by one of the most respected names in the field, this comprehensive book with its accompanying video material covers the entire spectrum of operative shoulder arthroscopy-from initial operating room set-up through advanced reconstructive procedures. It offers detailed coverage of diagnostic glenohumeral joint and subacromial space anatomy, as well as the latest treatment options for Bankart repair, SLAP repair, and repair of a full range of rotator cuff lesions. It also presents the most current mangement strategies for stiff shoulders and osteoarthritis. Plus, full motion videos on CD-ROM, bound in the book, demonstrates exactly how to complete both simple and complex operations. Includes full motion videos on CD-ROM showing all of the steps required to complete simple as well as complex shoulder arthroscopic operations. Features in-depth coverage of today's hottest and most controversial topics, such as the management of massive and irreparable rotator cuff tears - arthroscopic treatment of osteoarthrosis - and thermal treatment for glenohumeral instability. Details all of the steps necessary to perform a rotator cuff, Bankart, or SLAP repair. Offers detailed discussion, illustrations, and video footage describing capsular tensioning during arthroscopic repair of shoulder instability. Emphasizes outcomes analysis. Presents over 900 figures, photographs, and drawings (over 700 in full color) illustrating key points.

Shoulder Arthroscopy

Download Shoulder Arthroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3662668688
Total Pages : 818 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (626 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shoulder Arthroscopy by : Giuseppe Milano

Download or read book Shoulder Arthroscopy written by Giuseppe Milano and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-10 with total page 818 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive textbook, published in collaboration with ESSKA, now in a revised and updated second edition, covers all major shoulder problems and related arthroscopic treatments. Introductory sections on basic science and the principles of shoulder arthroscopy provide essential information with the aim of enhancing understanding of a wide range of key issues. Shoulder conditions and their treatments are then described according to a learning pathway that will allow readers to improve their knowledge and skills in shoulder arthroscopy, from simple, standardized techniques to more complex and advanced procedures. The new edition includes additional chapters and offers attractive recent surgical solutions to challenging shoulder conditions, such as severe bone loss in shoulder instability and massive and irreparable rotator cuff tears. All chapters are written by expert arthroscopic surgeons who present decision-making algorithms for diagnosis and treatment, provide step-by-step instructions on arthroscopic techniques, identify pitfalls, and describe their personal tips and pearls. A dedicated section on outcomes measurements and experimental models explains the principles of outcome research on the topics addressed in the book.

Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy

Download Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030135039
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy by : Peter J. Millett

Download or read book Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy written by Peter J. Millett and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-18 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is written for the benefit of all surgeons who have an interest in arthroscopic shoulder surgery. It is a compendium of different aspects of shoulder surgery that have been learned over the last 25 years. While there has been a rapid progression of shoulder surgery over the last two decades, particularly with the advancement of operative arthroscopic surgery, certain principles remain. The purpose of this book is not to be an exhaustive detailed account of the various historical aspects of arthroscopic shoulder surgery, but rather to act as an up-to-date, instructional handbook that outlines these principles. The book also helps the practicing shoulder surgeon become familiar some of the latest techniques in arthroscopic shoulder surgery, demonstrating proven approaches and outlining key aspects of common and uncommon procedures. Each chapter starts with the indications for the procedure, moves towards the appropriate evaluation and diagnostic work up, and culminates in specific technical explanation of the surgical procedure itself. Advanced Techniques in Shoulder Arthroscopy is a valuable resource for those who are new to arthroscopic shoulder surgery and for those who are skilled and experienced in operative arthroscopy. It is meant to provide a foundation for basic and advanced arthroscopic techniques that helps surgeons improve their craft and treat their patients better.

Musculoskeletal Diseases 2021-2024

Download Musculoskeletal Diseases 2021-2024 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030712818
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Musculoskeletal Diseases 2021-2024 by : Juerg Hodler

Download or read book Musculoskeletal Diseases 2021-2024 written by Juerg Hodler and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book focuses on imaging of the musculoskeletal diseases. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in this area, driven by clinical as well as technological developments. The authors are all internationally renowned experts in their field. They are also excellent teachers, and provide didactically outstanding chapters. The book is disease-oriented and covers all relevant imaging modalities, with particular emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging. Important aspects of pediatric imaging are also included. IDKD books are completely re-written every four years. As a result, they offer a comprehensive review of the state of the art in imaging. The book is clearly structured with learning objectives, abstracts, subheadings, tables and take-home points, supported by design elements to help readers easily navigate through the text. As an IDKD book, it is particularly valuable for general radiologists, radiology residents, and interventional radiologists who want to update their diagnostic knowledge, and for clinicians interested in imaging as it relates to their specialty.

Burkhart's View of the Shoulder

Download Burkhart's View of the Shoulder PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780781780001
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Burkhart's View of the Shoulder by : Stephen S. Burkhart

Download or read book Burkhart's View of the Shoulder written by Stephen S. Burkhart and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Step-by-step 'how-to' guide to advanced techniques in shoulder arthroscopy. Dr. Burkhart describes the innovative techniques and instruments he has devised to solve the most difficult surgical problems and offers dozens of tips, tricks, and pearls. More than 900 full-colour arthroscopic and clinical photographs and numerous drawings complement the text. The first section explains the principles that underlie successful operative shoulder arthroscopy. The second section gives step-by-step, bulleted instructions and 'tricks and tips' for 70 arthroscopic procedures.

Atlas of Advanced Shoulder Arthroscopy

Download Atlas of Advanced Shoulder Arthroscopy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351372750
Total Pages : 791 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Atlas of Advanced Shoulder Arthroscopy by : Andreas B. Imhoff

Download or read book Atlas of Advanced Shoulder Arthroscopy written by Andreas B. Imhoff and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-15 with total page 791 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arthroscopic surgery has been one of the biggest Orthopedic advances in the last century. It affects people of all ages. Total joint replacement may capture popular imagination, but arthroscopy continues to have a greater effect on more people. This Atlas provides the most up to date resource of advanced arthroscopic techniques, as well as including all the standard procedures. Beautifully illustrated and supported by online videos of the latest techniques, this Atlas will appeal to both experienced shoulder surgeons as well as the orthopedic surgeon seeking to enhance his or her knowledge of shoulder arthroscopy.

Shoulder Arthroscopy and MRI Techniques

Download Shoulder Arthroscopy and MRI Techniques PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642556043
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shoulder Arthroscopy and MRI Techniques by : Georg Lajtai

Download or read book Shoulder Arthroscopy and MRI Techniques written by Georg Lajtai and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-20 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative text on the various techniques in arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder joint. International experts in the field cover the whole spectrum of the state of the art. Clear and self-explanatory illustrations depict the operative procedures in a step-by-step manner. The authors communicate tips and tricks thus enabling the reader to easily reproduce the procedures with the desired results. Through direct comparison between arthroscopic and MRI photographs the surgeon will be able to correlate the two and draw important conclusions. Another focus is placed on post-operative MRI evaluation. The reader is provided with up-to-date information and a valuable guide in his daily routine.

Arthroscopic Techniques of the Shoulder

Download Arthroscopic Techniques of the Shoulder PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SLACK Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9781556428388
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (283 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Arthroscopic Techniques of the Shoulder by : Tal S. David

Download or read book Arthroscopic Techniques of the Shoulder written by Tal S. David and published by SLACK Incorporated. This book was released on 2009 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As minimally invasive surgeries for commonly scoped joints increase, the Visual Arthroscopy Series led by Dr. James Andrews and Dr. Tal David will answer the call for all in orthopedic surgery seeking succinct and highly visual books that will provide step-by step-instructions on arthroscopic techniques for the shoulder, knee, and hip. Arthroscopic Techniques of the Shoulder: A Visual Guide by Dr. Tal David and Dr. James Andrews is unique in its presentation in that it includes intra-operative photos taken with the scope, detailing and illustrating each step along the way in arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder from start to finish. Some chapter topics include: - Diagnostic Arthroscopy - Subacromial Decompression - Rotator Cuff Repairs--supraspinatus, subscapularis and massive tears - Capsular Imprication (Plication) - Capsular Release (Capsulotomy) - Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis Each chapter inside Arthroscopic Techniques of the Shoulder: A Visual Guide is written by an expert arthroscopist who shares their technical "tips & pearls" on how they would perform the procedure. Each chapter Includes: - A description of surgical goals - Step-by-step "how-to" and illustrative instructions - A section of tips and pearls from the authors With the precise instructions of an illustrative cookbook, Arthroscopic Techniques of the Shoulder: A Visual Guide is highly organized and easy-to-read resource perfect for orthopedic residents, fellows, and surgeons involved with sports arthroscopy. Other titles in the Visual Arthroscopy Series: Arthroscopic Techniques of the Hip: A Visual Guide by Dr. Bryan Kelly and Dr. Mark J. Philippon Arthroscopic Techniques of the Knee: A Visual Guide by Dr. Thomas J. Gill

Gartsman's Shoulder Arthroscopy E-Book

Download Gartsman's Shoulder Arthroscopy E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323529593
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gartsman's Shoulder Arthroscopy E-Book by : Hussein Elkousy

Download or read book Gartsman's Shoulder Arthroscopy E-Book written by Hussein Elkousy and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-01-29 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the entire spectrum of operative shoulder arthroscopy, including both routine and complex shoulder procedures, Gartsman’s Shoulder Arthroscopy, 3rd Edition, provides a straightforward, "classroom" approach that walks you through each step of these challenging surgeries. Two master surgeons in the field, Drs. Hussein Elkousy and T. Bradley Edwards, present clear explanations of the standard approach to each procedure, plus variations and complications that frequently arise. Focused, concise coverage includes review of anatomy, indications and contraindications, non-operative options, pre-operative assessment and imaging, and more.

Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Surgery

Download Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Surgery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387393439
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Surgery by : Jeffrey S. Abrams

Download or read book Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Surgery written by Jeffrey S. Abrams and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-17 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text takes a comprehensive approach to rotator cuff disorders, including tears and arthroscopic techniques in surgical management. It addresses the latest topics, such as the conversion of mini-open repair to all arthroscopic repair, and answers key questions raised at instructional courses. Experts in the field present not only arthroscopic shoulder anatomy, cuff tear patterns, repair concepts, and other fundamentals, but also provide coverage of state-of-the-art techniques. The step-by-step approach is supplemented by a wealth of anatomical drawings and color photos.

The Shoulder E-Book

Download The Shoulder E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 143772082X
Total Pages : 1631 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Shoulder E-Book by : Charles A. Rockwood

Download or read book The Shoulder E-Book written by Charles A. Rockwood and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009-01-19 with total page 1631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significantly revised and updated, the new edition of this highly regarded reference on the shoulder continues to impress. A multitude of leading international authorities—30% new to this 4th edition—present today’s most comprehensive, in-depth view of the current state of shoulder practice, all in a beautifully illustrated, full-color 2-volume masterwork. They deliver the most up-to-date coverage of shoulder function and dysfunction, along with practical approaches for patient evaluation and balanced discussions of treatment alternatives—open and arthroscopic, surgical and nonsurgical. Greatly expanded and visually enhanced coverage of arthroscopy, as well as many new chapters, provide expert guidance on the latest minimally invasive approaches. New “Critical Points summary boxes highlight key technical tips and pearls, and two DVDs deliver new videos that demonstrate how to perform open and arthroscopic procedures. And now, as an Expert Consult title, this thoroughly updated 4th edition comes with access to the complete fully searchable contents online, as well as videos of arthroscopic procedures from the DVDs—enabling you to consult it rapidly from any computer with an Internet connection. Includes tips and pearls from leaders in the field, as well as their proven and preferred methods. Offers scientifically based coverage of shoulder function and dysfunction to aid in the decision-making process. Provides a balance between open and arthroscopic techniques so you can chose the right procedures for each patient. Includes the entire contents of the book online, fully searchable, as well as procedural videos from the DVDs, for quick, easy anywhere access. Features 30% new expert contributors and new chapters, including Effectiveness Evaluation and the Shoulder, Revision of Rotator Cuff Problems, Management of Complications of Rotator Cuff Surgery, Management of Infected Shoulder Prosthesis, and others, providing you with abundant fresh insights and new approaches. Provides new and expanded material on the management of advanced arthritis and CTA, infected arthroplasty, procedures to manage the stiff shoulder, and much more keeping you on the cusp of the newest techniques. Offers enhanced coverage of shoulder arthroscopy, including basic and advanced techniques and complications, for expert advice on all of the latest minimally invasive approaches. Devotes an entire new chapter to research frontiers to keep you apprised of what’s on the horizon. Incorporates “Critical Points summary boxes that highlight key technical tips and pearls. Uses a new full-color design for optimal visual guidance of arthroscopic views and procedures. Presents new videos on arthroscopic procedures on 2 DVDs to help you master the latest techniques.

The Cowboy's Companion

Download The Cowboy's Companion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1609137973
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cowboy's Companion by : Paul C. Brady

Download or read book The Cowboy's Companion written by Paul C. Brady and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2012-02-14 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past five years, the techniques used in arthroscopic shoulder surgery have advanced exponentially. The basic principles are the same, but the theories, techniques, and instrumentation have dramatically improved. The Cowboy's Companion: A Trail Guide for the Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgeon is truly a companion book to Burkhart’s View of the Shoulder: A Cowboy's Guide to Advanced Shoulder Arthroscopy, which builds on the principles of the first book and concentrates on the new theories and techniques that have developed since the first book was written. The book is separated into two sections: The Shoulder Roundup, which will be an update on the techniques and ideas that have developed in shoulder surgery and The Shoulder Rodeo, which will be a collection of challenging cases that demonstrate unique approaches to difficult shoulder problems. The text comes with two DVDs that feature advanced interactive technology. The surgical videos will be supplemented with state-of-the-art digitally enhanced illustrations and animations, to create an entirely new 3-dimensional learning environment for the surgeon.