Archaeologies Of Cosmoscapes In The Americas

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Archaeologies of Cosmoscapes in the Americas

Author : J. Grant Stauffer
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1789258464
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaeologies of Cosmoscapes in the Americas by : J. Grant Stauffer

Download or read book Archaeologies of Cosmoscapes in the Americas written by J. Grant Stauffer and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2022-09-30 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines how pre-Columbian societies in the Americas envisioned their cosmos and iteratively modeled it through the creation of particular objects and places. It emphasizes that American societies did this to materialize overarching models and templates for the shape and scope of the cosmos, the working definition of cosmoscape. Noting a tendency to gloss over the ways in which ancestral Americans envisioned the cosmos as intertwined and animated, the authors examine how cosmoscapes are manifested archaeologically, in the forms of objects and physically altered landscapes. This book’s chapters, therefore, offer case studies of cosmoscapes that present themselves as forms of architecture, portable artifacts, and transformed aspects of the natural world. In doing so, it emphasizes that the creation of cosmoscapes offered a means of reconciling peoples experiences of the world with their understandings of them.

Extracting Stone

Author : Anne S. Dowd
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1785706276
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (857 download)

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Book Synopsis Extracting Stone by : Anne S. Dowd

Download or read book Extracting Stone written by Anne S. Dowd and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2024-04-04 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive view of quarrying activities from three key regions in North America. This exciting new addition to the the American Landscapes series provides an in-depth account of how flintknappers obtained and used stone based on archaeological, geological, landscape, and anthropological data. Featuring case studies from three key regions in North America, this book gives readers a comprehensive view of quarrying activities ranging from extracting the raw material to creating finished stone tools. Quarry landscapes were some of the first large-scale land modification efforts among early peoples in the New World. The chronological time periods covered by quarrying activities, show that most intensive use took place during parts of the Archaic and Woodland periods or between roughly 4000–1000 years ago when denser populations existed, but use began as early as the Paleoindian Period, about 13,000–9000 years ago, and ended in the Historic or Protohistoric periods, when colonists and Native Americans mined chert for gunflints and sharpening stones or abrasives. From the procurement systems approach common in the 1980s and 1990s, archaeologists can now employ a landscape approach to quarry studies in tandem with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) computer mapping and digital analysis, Light and RADAR (LiDAR) airborne laser scanning for recording topography, or high resolution satellite imagery. Authors Dowd and Trubitt show how sites functioned in a broad landscape context, which site locations or raw material types were preferred and why, what cultures were responsible for innovative or intensive quarry resource extraction, as well as how land use changed over time. Besides discussions of the way that industrialists used natural resources to change their technology by means of manufacture, trade, and exchange, examples are given of heritage sites that people can visit in the United States and Canada.

Explanations in Iconography

Author : Carol Diaz-Granados
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (885 download)

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Book Synopsis Explanations in Iconography by : Carol Diaz-Granados

Download or read book Explanations in Iconography written by Carol Diaz-Granados and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2023-10-15 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Case studies combine archaeological data and oral tradition to illustrate how the archaeological expression of beliefs and meanings passed down in the oral tradition may be interpreted. Explanations in Iconography: Ancient American Indian Art, Symbol, and Meaning is a significant contribution to the field of archaeology – a contribution in iconography studies that has gradually been coming into its own. Iconography is a rich and fascinating field, as applied to the complex, and heretofore enigmatic, imagery on many ancient Pre-Columbian artifacts. When viewed through the lens of early ethnographic records and American Indian oral traditions, as well as information from knowledgeable American Indian elders, it opens a world of understanding and clarity until recently unknown in the field of anthropological archaeology. It brings us closer to the people who created the artifacts and offers a glimpse into the symbols and beliefs that were important to them. Chapters cover a wide variety of artifacts and imagery from several ancient American Indian cultures. These artifacts include petroglyphs and pictographs (rock art), mounds, engraved shell cups and gorgets, burial architecture and grave furniture, pottery, copper repoussé, and other media. Ancient graphics, engravings, mounds, and all were created to deliver a message to the viewer – and many of those messages are finally coming to light. The artifacts included are from a variety of regions, mainly in the Midwest and Eastern United States. We hope that this volume will encourage others to look more deeply into the meaning behind the ancient imagery and arts and give the past a chance to be known.

Southern Footprints

Author : Gregory A. Waselkov
Publisher : University of Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 0817361537
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Southern Footprints by : Gregory A. Waselkov

Download or read book Southern Footprints written by Gregory A. Waselkov and published by University of Alabama Press. This book was released on 2024 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Southern Footprints celebrates the more than fifty years of research projects carried out by University of South Alabama archaeologists and students as well as staff at the Center for Archaeological Studies in Mobile. Their dynamic work has been public facing through programs and exhibits curated at the University of South Alabama Archaeology Museum. Archaeologists Gregory A. Waselkov, former director of the Center, and Philip J. Carr, current director of the Center, present the "greatest hits" that have transformed knowledge of human history on the Alabama and Mississippi Gulf Coast from the Ice Age until recently. Of the hundreds of archaeological sites, premiere historic sites, such as Old Mobile and Holy Ground, are now archaeological preserves. Essays are arranged chronologically overall and survey the history and archaeology of a wide range of significant sites such as the Gulf Shores canoe canal, Bottle Creek Mounds, Old Mobile, Fort Mims, Spanish Fort, Spring Hill College, and Mobile River Bridge. Waselkov and Carr take care to acknowledge in these stories populations who are typically underdocumented and recognize the contributions of Native Americans and African Americans as uncovered through archaeology. While documenting all material culture and places that have been saved and preserved, they also note the dire impacts of climate change, environmental disasters, development, and neglect and share their urgency to protect these areas of shared history. Copious color photographs showcase the archaeology as it unfolded, often with the help of dedicated volunteers. Southern Footprints will serve as an indispensable reference on the rich Gulf heritage for all to appreciate"--

Transforming the Landscape

Author : Carol Diaz-Granados
Publisher : American Landscapes
ISBN 13 : 9781785706288
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Transforming the Landscape by : Carol Diaz-Granados

Download or read book Transforming the Landscape written by Carol Diaz-Granados and published by American Landscapes. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This beautifully illustrated volume examines American Indian rock art across an expansive region of eastern North America during the Mississippian Period (post AD 900). Unlike portable cultural material, rock art provides in situ evidence of ritual activity that links ideology and place. The focus is on the widespread use of cosmograms depicted in Mississippian rock art imagery. This approach anchors broad distributional patterns of motifs and themes within a powerful framework for cultural interpretation, yielding new insights on ancient concepts of landscape, ceremonialism, and religion. It also provides a unified, comprehensive perspective on Mississippian symbolism. A selection of landscape cosmograms from various parts of North America and Europe taken from the ethnographic records are examined and an overview of American Indian cosmographic landscapes provided to illustrate their centrality to indigenous religious traditions across North America. Authors discuss what a cosmogram-based approach can teach us about people, places, and past environments and what it may reveal that more conventional approaches overlook. Geographical variations across the landscape, regional similarities, and derived meaning found in these data are described. The authors also consider the difficult subject of how to develop a more detailed chronology for eastern rock art.

Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms

Author : F. Kent Reilly
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292774400
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms by : F. Kent Reilly

Download or read book Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms written by F. Kent Reilly and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between AD 900-1600, the native peoples of the Mississippi River Valley and other areas of the Eastern Woodlands of the United States conceived and executed one of the greatest artistic traditions of the Precolumbian Americas. Created in the media of copper, shell, stone, clay, and wood, and incised or carved with a complex set of symbols and motifs, this seven-hundred-year-old artistic tradition functioned within a multiethnic landscape centered on communities dominated by earthen mounds and plazas. Previous researchers have referred to this material as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). This groundbreaking volume brings together ten essays by leading anthropologists, archaeologists, and art historians, who analyze the iconography of Mississippian art in order to reconstruct the ritual activities, cosmological vision, and ideology of these ancient precursors to several groups of contemporary Native Americans. Significantly, the authors correlate archaeological, ethnographic, and art historical data that illustrate the stylistic differences within Mississippian art as well as the numerous changes that occur through time. The research also demonstrates the inadequacy of the SECC label, since Mississippian art is not limited to the Southeast and reflects stylistic changes over time among several linked but distinct religious traditions. The term Mississippian Iconographic Interaction Sphere (MIIS) more adequately describes the corpus of this Mississippian art. Most important, the authors illustrate the overarching nature of the ancient Native American religious system, as a creation unique to the native American cultures of the eastern United States.

The Teotihuacan Trinity

Author : Annabeth Headrick
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292749872
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis The Teotihuacan Trinity by : Annabeth Headrick

Download or read book The Teotihuacan Trinity written by Annabeth Headrick and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2013-03-15 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Northeast of modern-day Mexico City stand the remnants of one of the world's largest preindustrial cities, Teotihuacan. Monumental in scale, Teotihuacan is organized along a three-mile-long thoroughfare, the Avenue of the Dead, that leads up to the massive Pyramid of the Moon. Lining the avenue are numerous plazas and temples, which indicate that the city once housed a large population that engaged in complex rituals and ceremonies. Although scholars have studied Teotihuacan for over a century, the precise nature of its religious and political life has remained unclear, in part because no one has yet deciphered the glyphs that may explain much about the city's organization and belief systems. In this groundbreaking book, Annabeth Headrick analyzes Teotihuacan's art and architecture, in the light of archaeological data and Mesoamerican ethnography, to propose a new model for the city's social and political organization. Challenging the view that Teotihuacan was a peaceful city in which disparate groups united in an ideology of solidarity, Headrick instead identifies three social groups that competed for political power—rulers, kin-based groups led by influential lineage heads, and military orders that each had their own animal insignia. Her findings provide the most complete evidence to date that Teotihuacan had powerful rulers who allied with the military to maintain their authority in the face of challenges by the lineage heads. Headrick's analysis also underscores the importance of warfare in Teotihuacan society and clarifies significant aspects of its ritual life, including shamanism and an annual tree-raising ceremony that commemorated the Mesoamerican creation story.

The Petroglyphs and Pictographs of Missouri

Author : Carol Diaz-Granados
Publisher : University of Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 0817309888
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis The Petroglyphs and Pictographs of Missouri by : Carol Diaz-Granados

Download or read book The Petroglyphs and Pictographs of Missouri written by Carol Diaz-Granados and published by University of Alabama Press. This book was released on 2000-03-21 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive guide to the rock art of Missouri presents major design motifs and links those images to Native American beliefs.

Trans Medicine

Author : stef m. shuster
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479842818
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Trans Medicine by : stef m. shuster

Download or read book Trans Medicine written by stef m. shuster and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2021-06-15 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: **Finalist, PROSE Award in Clinical Medicine** A rich examination of the history of trans medicine and current day practice Surfacing in the mid-twentieth century, yet shrouded in social stigma, transgender medicine is now a rapidly growing medical field. In Trans Medicine, stef shuster makes an important intervention in how we understand the development of this field and how it is being used to “treat” gender identity today. Drawing on interviews with medical providers as well as ethnographic and archival research, shuster examines how health professionals approach patients who seek gender-affirming care. From genital reconstructions to hormone injections, the practice of trans medicine charts new medical ground, compelling medical professionals to plan treatments without widescale clinical trials to back them up. Relying on cultural norms and gut instincts to inform their treatment plans, shuster shows how medical providers’ lack of clinical experience and scientific research undermines their ability to interact with patients, craft treatment plans, and make medical decisions. This situation defies how providers are trained to work with patients and creates uncertainty. As providers navigate the developing knowledge surrounding the medical care of trans folk, Trans Medicine offers a rare opportunity to understand how providers make decisions while facing challenges to their expertise and, in the process, have acquired authority not only over clinical outcomes, but over gender itself.

Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare

Author : M. Kathryn Brown
Publisher : Rowman Altamira
ISBN 13 : 9780759102835
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare by : M. Kathryn Brown

Download or read book Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare written by M. Kathryn Brown and published by Rowman Altamira. This book was released on 2003 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collection of articles providing new research on warfare in ancient Maya and other Mesoamerican societies based on archaeological, ethnohistorical, and linguistic evidence

The Rock-Art of Eastern North America

Author : Carol Diaz-Granados
Publisher : University of Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 0817350969
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rock-Art of Eastern North America by : Carol Diaz-Granados

Download or read book The Rock-Art of Eastern North America written by Carol Diaz-Granados and published by University of Alabama Press. This book was released on 2004-11-28 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Showcases the wealth of new research on sacred imagery found in twelve states and four Canadian provinces In archaeology, rock-art—any long-lasting marking made on a natural surface—is similar to material culture (pottery and tools) because it provides a record of human activity and ideology at that site. Petroglyphs, pictographs, and dendroglyphs (tree carvings) have been discovered and recorded throughout the eastern woodlands of North America on boulders, bluffs, and trees, in caves and in rock shelters. These cultural remnants scattered on the landscape can tell us much about the belief systems of the inhabitants that left them behind. The Rock-Art of Eastern North America brings together 20 papers from recent research at sites in eastern North America, where humidity and the actions of weather, including acid rain, can be very damaging over time. Contributors to this volume range from professional archaeologists and art historians to avocational archaeologists, including a surgeon, a lawyer, two photographers, and an aerospace engineer. They present information, drawings, and photographs of sites ranging from the Seven Sacred Stones in Iowa to the Bald Friar Petroglyphs of Maryland and from the Lincoln Rise Site in Tennessee to the Nisula Site in Quebec. Discussions of the significance of artist gender, the relationship of rock-art to mortuary caves, and the suggestive link to the peopling of the continent are particularly notable contributions. Discussions include the history, ethnography, recording methods, dating, and analysis of the subject sites and integrate these with the known archaeological data.

Prehistoric Games of North American Indians

Author : Barbara Voorhies
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781607815594
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Prehistoric Games of North American Indians by : Barbara Voorhies

Download or read book Prehistoric Games of North American Indians written by Barbara Voorhies and published by . This book was released on 2017-06-15 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Picture Cave

Author : Carol Diaz-Granados
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Picture Cave by : Carol Diaz-Granados

Download or read book Picture Cave written by Carol Diaz-Granados and published by . This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A millennia ago, Native Americans entered the dark recesses of a cave in eastern Missouri and painted an astonishing array of human, animal, and supernatural creatures on its walls. Known as Picture Cave, it was a hallowed site for sacred rituals and rites of passage, for explaining the multi-layered cosmos, for vision quests, for communing with spirits in the "other world," and for burying the dead. The number, variety, and complexity of images make Picture Cave one of the most significant prehistoric sites in North America, similar in importance to Cahokia and Chaco Canyon. Indeed, scholars will be able to use it to reconstruct much of the Native American symbolism of the early Western Mississippian world. The Picture Cave Interdisciplinary Project brought together specialists in American Indian art and iconography, two artists, Osage Indian elders, a museum curator, a folklorist, and an internationally renowned cave archaeologist to produce the first complete documentation of the pictographs on the cave walls and the first interpretations of their meanings and significance. This extensively illustrated volume presents the Project's findings, including an introduction to Picture Cave and prehistoric cave art and technical analyses of pigments, radiocarbon dating, spatial order, and archaeological remains. Interpretations of the cave's imagery, from individual motifs to complex panels; the responses of contemporary artists; and interviews with Osage elders (descendants of the people who made the art), describing what Picture Cave means to them today, are also included. A visual glossary of all the images in Picture Cave as well as panoramic views complete this pathfinding volume.

Ceramics, Chronology, and Community Patterns

Author : Vincas P. Steponaitis
Publisher : University of Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 0817355766
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Ceramics, Chronology, and Community Patterns by : Vincas P. Steponaitis

Download or read book Ceramics, Chronology, and Community Patterns written by Vincas P. Steponaitis and published by University of Alabama Press. This book was released on 2009-05-06 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moundville, located on the Black Warrior River in west-central Alabama, is one of the best known and most intensively studied archaeological sites in North America. Yet, in spite of all these investigations, many aspects of the site's internal chronology remained unknown until the original 1983 publication of this volume. The author embarked on a detailed study of Moundville ceramics housed in museums and collections, and hammered out a new chronology for Moundville.This volume is a clearly written description of the analytical procedures employed on these ceramic samples and the new chronology this study revealed. Using the refined techniques outlined in this volume, it was possible for the author to trace changes in community patterns, which in turn shed light on Moundville's internal development and its place among North America's ancient cultures. This volume is a clearly written description of the analytical procedures employed on these ceramic samples and the new chronology this study revealed. Using the refined techniques outlined in this volume, it was possible for the author to trace changes in community patterns, which in turn shed light on Moundville's internal development and its place among North America's ancient cultures.

Landscapes of the Itza

Author : Linnea Wren
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813052033
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Landscapes of the Itza by : Linnea Wren

Download or read book Landscapes of the Itza written by Linnea Wren and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2017-12-12 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An insightful collection, rich in new data and insights; at once the harvest of a generation of fieldwork and the foundation for work to come."--Mary E. Miller, coauthor of The Spectacle of the Late Maya Court: Reflections on the Murals of Bonampak "Reminds us that there are always new things to learn about iconic places like Chichen Itza and that we can fall in love with them all over again."--Jennifer P. Mathews, coeditor of Lifeways in the Northern Maya Lowlands: New Approaches to Archaeology in the Yucatan Peninsula "Long overdue. Brings together new data and interpretations about Chichen Itza through a refreshing mix of art history and archaeology, particularistic interpretation, and cross-cultural modeling."--Scott R. Hutson, author of The Ancient Urban Maya: Neighborhoods, Inequality, and Built Form Chichen Itza, the legendary capital and trading hub of the late Maya civilization, continues to fascinate visitors and researchers with unanswered questions about its people, rulers, rituals, economics, religion, politics, and even chronology. Addressing many of these current debates, contributors to Landscapes of the Itza question when the city's construction was completed, what the purposes of its famous pyramid and other buildings were, whether the city maintained strict territorial borders, and how the city's influence was felt in smaller neighboring settlements such as Popola, Ichmul de Morley, and Ek Balam. Special attention is given to the site's visual culture, including its architecture, epigraphy, ceramics, sculptures, and murals. This volume is a much-needed update on recent archaeological and art historical work being done at Chichen Itza, offering new ways of understanding the site and its role in the Yucatan landscape.

Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes of Ohio

Author : Mark Lynott
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1782977546
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (829 download)

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Book Synopsis Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes of Ohio by : Mark Lynott

Download or read book Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes of Ohio written by Mark Lynott and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2015-02-05 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nearly 2000 years ago, people living in the river valleys of southern Ohio built earthen monuments on a scale that is unmatched in the archaeological record for small-scale societies. The period from c. 200 BC to c. AD 500 (Early to Middle Woodland) witnessed the construction of mounds, earthen walls, ditches, borrow pits and other earthen and stone features covering dozen of hectares at many sites and hundreds of hectares at some. The development of the vast Hopewell Culture geometric earthwork complexes such as those at Mound City, Chilicothe; Hopewell; and the Newark earthworks was accompanied by the establishment of wide-ranging cultural contacts reflected in the movement of exotic and strikingly beautiful artefacts such as elaborate tobacco pipes, obsidian and chert arrowheads, copper axes and regalia, animal figurines and delicately carved sheets of mica. These phenomena, coupled with complex burial rituals, indicate the emergence of a political economy based on a powerful ideology of individual power and prestige, and the creation of a vast cultural landscape within which the monument complexes were central to a ritual cycle encompassing a substantial geographical area. The labour needed to build these vast cultural landscapes exceeds population estimates for the region, and suggests that people from near (and possibly far) travelled to the Scioto and other river valleys to help with construction of these monumental earthen complexes. Here, Mark Lynott draws on more than a decade of research and extensive new datasets to re-examine the spectacular and massive scale Ohio Hopewell landscapes and to explore the society that created them.

Talking Stone

Author : Paul Goldsmith (Cinematographer)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781607815570
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Talking Stone by : Paul Goldsmith (Cinematographer)

Download or read book Talking Stone written by Paul Goldsmith (Cinematographer) and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book acts as a visual vehicle to see the rock art of the Coso Range. The Coso Range sits on the edge of the Mojave Desert, just east of the Sierra Nevada. It is located within the 1.2 million acres Naval Air Weapons Station (NAWS) China Lake and contains distinctive and spectacular displays of rock art. This rock art fills the lava gorges of Renegade Canyon, Big Petroglyph Canyon, and Sheep Canyon with images of bighorn sheep, anthropomorphs, abstract geometric figures and shield-like figures. These are pecked into the dark basalt and most appear to be between 1000 to 3000 years old, although some may be older and date to the earliest occupation of the region roughly 13,000 years ago. Both the text and photography are by Paul Goldsmith, an acclaimed cinematographer. This project is highly visual in nature and provides a photographic tour of the canyons and rock art for those that will never have a chance to visit them"--Provided by publisher.