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An Evaluation Of Polymers As Ignition Sources During Particle Impact In Oxygen
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Book Synopsis An Evaluation of Polymers as Ignition Sources During Particle Impact in Oxygen by : J. Dees
Download or read book An Evaluation of Polymers as Ignition Sources During Particle Impact in Oxygen written by J. Dees and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When contaminant particles are present in oxygen systems they can be entrained in the flowing oxygen and collide with system components causing ignition and burning. This particle impact ignition mechanism has been the cause of many fires in oxygen systems and has been systematically studied in the laboratory. For the laboratory studies, materials for particles and targets are generally classified into three groups: metals, oxides (inert), and polymers. Of the three groups, metallic particles and targets have been tested most frequently. Oxide (inert) particles and targets have been studied occasionally. Polymers, however, have not been systematically studied either as particles or as targets.
Book Synopsis Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-enriched Atmospheres by : Dwight D. Janoff
Download or read book Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-enriched Atmospheres written by Dwight D. Janoff and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1995 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-enriched Atmospheres by : B. E. Newton
Download or read book Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-enriched Atmospheres written by B. E. Newton and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2003 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-enriched Atmospheres by : Ting C. Chou
Download or read book Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-enriched Atmospheres written by Ting C. Chou and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1997 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Risk Evaluation Approach for Polymers in Oxygen Breathing Systems by : Barry E. Newton
Download or read book Risk Evaluation Approach for Polymers in Oxygen Breathing Systems written by Barry E. Newton and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An approach for fire risk assessment of polymers in oxygen breathing systems is presented. The approach separates the fire risk of polymers into the probability of ignition and the consequence (severity) of ignition. Recommended methods for estimating the probability of ignition, the severity of fire damage, and the severity of any toxic combustion product exposure are provided. The ignition probability and severity of fire damage are based on ASTM G63. The severity of toxic combustion product exposure is based on ISO 15001 and a new methodology developed as part of a toxicity risk research program. Consistent with international risk assessment standards for medical devices (ISO 14971), the approach then combines the elements of risk according to the risk evaluation method. To complete the risk assessment, mitigation strategies are also presented for various results of the risk evaluation.
Book Synopsis Polymer Green Flame Retardants by : Constantine D. Papaspyrides
Download or read book Polymer Green Flame Retardants written by Constantine D. Papaspyrides and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2014-08-14 with total page 943 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer Green Flame Retardants covers key issues regarding the response of polymers during fire, the mechanisms of their flame retardation, the regulations imposed on their use, and the health hazards arising from their combustion. Presenting the latest research developments, the book focuses in particular on nanocomposites, believed to be the most promising approach for producing physically superior materials with low flammability and ecological impact. The fire properties of nanocomposites of various matrixes and fillers are discussed, the toxicological characteristics of these materials are analyzed, addressing also their environmental sustainability. Edited by distinguished scientists, including an array of international industry and academia experts, this book will appeal to chemical, mechanical, environmental, material and process engineers, upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines, and generally to researchers developing commercially attractive and environmentally friendly fire-proof products. - Provides recent findings on the manufacture of environmentally sustainable flame retardant polymeric materials - Covers legislation and regulations concerning flame retarded polymeric material use - Includes tables containing the fire properties of the most common polymeric materials
Book Synopsis Issues Related to the Flammability Assessment of Polymers for Hazard Analyses of Oxygen Systems by : A. Porter
Download or read book Issues Related to the Flammability Assessment of Polymers for Hazard Analyses of Oxygen Systems written by A. Porter and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During hazard analyses of oxygen-enriched systems, the flammability of polymers is commonly assessed by reviewing standard limiting oxygen index (LOI) data available in the literature and summarized in ASTM Standard Guide for Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service (ASTM G 63). The data provided by this standard may not correlate with many real-life fire scenarios. Two of the most common issues relate to the direction of flame propagation recommended by the method and the test environment temperature. Modifications of these two parameters could render most polymers flammable, which under standard testing conditions set forth by ASTM G 63 would be considered nonflammable. Modified LOI tests were conducted on 16 polymers to determine the magnitude of these effects. The results indicate that the existing data presented in ASTM G 63 should be used with caution. Furthermore, modified oxygen index data should be included in standard guides for oxygen systems design.
Book Synopsis Combustion of Polymers in a Low Pressure and Low Oxygen Environment by : Mariusz Zarzecki
Download or read book Combustion of Polymers in a Low Pressure and Low Oxygen Environment written by Mariusz Zarzecki and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of low pressure on the behavior of fires is very important to the study of fire safety in the aviation industry. This thesis explores the effect of low pressure on different components of flammability at low pressures, like those encountered at high altitude. An experiment was setup to measure the time to ignition, the mass flux at ignition, as well as the steady burning mass flux for different pressures and oxygen concentrations. The test measured the mass loss, oxygen consumption, soot production and average flame temperature. A square sample of PMMA was burned under different external heat fluxes, total pressures and oxygen concentrations. The experiments were compared to analytical expressions, to try to understand how pressure and oxygen concentration affect the behavior of a fire. Low pressure environment reduced the ignition delay time, indicating a sample is more prone to ignition at lower pressure. On the other hand the sample showed a reduction of steady burning mass flux, indicating the fire is less intense at lower pressure. The results show a good agreement with the analytical analysis.
Book Synopsis Polymer-Oxygen Compatibility Testing by : JM. Waller
Download or read book Polymer-Oxygen Compatibility Testing written by JM. Waller and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oxygen (O2) compatibility of six polymers used in O2 service was evaluated after 48 h exposures at 121 °C (250 °F) to O2 pressures of 620 and 6200 kPa (90 and 900 psia). Three elastomers were tested: chloroprene rubber (C873-70), fluorocarbon rubber (Viton® A), and silicone rubber (MVQ type); and three thermoplastics were tested: polyhexamethylene adipamide (Zytel® 42), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE Teflon® 500A), and polychlorotrifluoroethylene (Neoflon® CTFE M400H). Post-aged changes in mass, dimensions, tensile strength, elongation at break, durometer hardness, and thermomechanical properties were evaluated. For selected materials, gaseous nitrogen- (GN2-) aged controls were used to ascertain the effect of thermal versus oxidative degradation. Finally, the effect of O2 aging on selected ignition (AIT) and combustion (?Hc) properties was determined. As expected, aged polymers were less ignitable and combustible. Special attention was given to Neoflon CTFE; namely, the possible effect of percent crystallinity (quick- versus slow-quenched) on the aging, ignition, and combustion behavior was evaluated.
Download or read book Fire Technology Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Flammability and Sensitivity written by and published by ASTM International. This book was released on with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials by : A. P. Mouritz
Download or read book Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials written by A. P. Mouritz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-30 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to deal with the important topic of the fire behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer composite materials. The book covers all of the key issues on the behaviour of composites in a fire. Also covered are fire protection materials for composites, fire properties of nanocomposites, fire safety regulations and standards, fire test methods, and health hazards from burning composites.
Book Synopsis Test Developments for Polymers in Oxygen-Enriched Environments by : F. Benz
Download or read book Test Developments for Polymers in Oxygen-Enriched Environments written by F. Benz and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two newly developed methods are discussed that examine ignition and flammability characteristics of polymers in oxygen-enriched environments. These methods were tested with three types of polymers (acrylonitrile butadiene, high-density polyethylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene). The first method comprises a tube furnace assembly and a quartz tube through which a test gas is flowed over a polymer sample located in a combustion boat. The combustion gas flowing through the infrared test cell is analyzed for pyrolysis products using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. By measuring the spectral characteristics of the reactant products (spectral absorption bands) as a function of the sample temperature, it is possible to determine some of the pyrolysis properties of the materials. Inspection of the sample while the temperature increases is made possible by viewing the sample through an oblique field-of-view angle to the quartz sampling tube. The sample is monitored visually or recorded with a video camera. Visual monitoring for flame emissions allows for positive identification of the auto-ignition temperature (AIT). With the exception of the high-density polyethylene, the AIT results were in good agreement with previously published values. The FTIR spectrometer was demonstrated to be extremely sensitive for characterizing the compatibility of polymer materials with oxygen. The second method discussed is a modification to a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). This device, which utilizes a silicon photodiode coupled to the DSC chamber via a light pipe assembly, is used to detect radiative flame emissions from a polymer test sample, The modification provides a method of identifying the AIT threshold, while simultaneously measuring endothermic and exothermic responses. The photodiode detector assembly has been adapted for use with the high-pressure DSC cell configuration. The visible wavelength bandpass of the silicon photodiode has a weak response to the radiation heat of the sample or DSC chamber for temperatures under 500 K. Thus, flames with temperatures in excess of 500 K are easily distinguished from the radiative response of the chamber or slow reaction rates (no visible flame emissions). The testing of the DSC demonstrated the merit of using the radiative flame emissions as the primary signature for the identification of the auto-ignition condition. The method reduces or eliminates ambiguity associated with interpretation of exothermic reactions. Thus, the new instrumentation provides viable methods of determining the AIT for polymers in oxygen-enriched environments.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Book Synopsis Fire Retardancy of Polymers by : T. Richard Hull
Download or read book Fire Retardancy of Polymers written by T. Richard Hull and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2009 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globally, fire retardants are needed to satisfy a multibillion dollar market and fire retardancy of polymetric materials is an important component of fire safety. This book covers the latest developments in new fire retardancy systems for engineers needing to use fire safe materials in their projects.
Book Synopsis Solving Problems with Microscopy by : John A. Reffner
Download or read book Solving Problems with Microscopy written by John A. Reffner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-11-20 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solving Problems with Microscopy Comprehensive resource, based on real case examples, on the ability of the microscope for solving problems This book takes a “why to” rather than the common “how to” approach to demonstrate the capabilities of microscopy to solve problems. It provides entertaining and informative case examples and lessons regarding the unique value the microscope brings to problem solving by experienced scientists in various industries, including criminal and civil forensic science, manufacturing, environmental science, pharmaceutical science, cultural heritage, and biological sciences. Sample topics covered in this learning resource include: History of problem solving with microscopy Fortune favors the prepared mind The value of multiple associations The importance of context Knowing your limitations (i.e. knowing what you don’t know) Microscopists and other professional scientists who use microscopy can harness the information in this book to make better and more informed decisions by improving their problem-solving strategies and processes.
Book Synopsis The Combustion of Organic Polymeric Materials by : J. R. Brown
Download or read book The Combustion of Organic Polymeric Materials written by J. R. Brown and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
