America's Forgotten Wars

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Author :
Publisher : Amberley Publishing Limited
ISBN 13 : 1445695316
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis America's Forgotten Wars by : Ian Hernon

Download or read book America's Forgotten Wars written by Ian Hernon and published by Amberley Publishing Limited. This book was released on 2021-05-15 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What were US troops doing in Sumatra in 1832? And why was there a Korean War in 1844? This book puts US history in a whole new different light.

America's Forgotten Wars

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Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313388288
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis America's Forgotten Wars by : Sam C. Sarkesian

Download or read book America's Forgotten Wars written by Sam C. Sarkesian and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 1984-10-24 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “[This book provides] numerous brilliant and sound insights into the nature of low-level conflict. Sarkesian also perceptively describes the imperatives of the military mind set and armed forces structure necessary to help the US government achieve its national objectives in a turbulent world. Despite shortcomings, the book is a good and necessary work for those who want to know about the type of warfare that will engage our military forces for the rest of this century and beyond. Community college and above.”–Choice

The Other Face of Battle

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190920645
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Other Face of Battle by : Wayne E. Lee

Download or read book The Other Face of Battle written by Wayne E. Lee and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking its title from The Face of Battle, John Keegan's canonical book on the nature of warfare, The Other Face of Battle illuminates the American experience of fighting in "irregular" and "intercultural" wars over the centuries. Sometimes known as "forgotten" wars, in part because they lackedtriumphant clarity, they are the focus of the book. David Preston, David Silbey, and Anthony Carlson focus on, respectively, the Battle of Monongahela (1755), the Battle of Manila (1898), and the Battle of Makuan, Afghanistan (2020) - conflicts in which American soldiers were forced to engage in"irregular" warfare, confronting an enemy entirely alien to them. This enemy rejected the Western conventions of warfare and defined success and failure - victory and defeat - in entirely different ways. Symmetry of any kind is lost. Here was not ennobling engagement but atrocity, unanticipatedinsurgencies, and strategic stalemate.War is always hell. These wars, however, profoundly undermined any sense of purpose or proportion. Nightmarish and existentially bewildering, they nonetheless characterize how Americans have experienced combat and what its effects have been. They are therefore worth comparing for what they hold incommon as well as what they reveal about our attitude toward war itself. The Other Face of Battle reminds us that "irregular" or "asymmetrical" warfare is now not the exception but the rule. Understanding its roots seems more crucial than ever.

America's Forgotten Wars

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis America's Forgotten Wars by :

Download or read book America's Forgotten Wars written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

19th Century America's Forgotten Wars

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis 19th Century America's Forgotten Wars by : Charles River Editors

Download or read book 19th Century America's Forgotten Wars written by Charles River Editors and published by . This book was released on 2020-02-17 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes a bibliography for further reading The history of the United States is to a large extent a history of armed conflict. The nation was first forged in war, a tough fight for independence against one of the world's largest empires, and that fight would resume less than a generation later with the War of 1812. Then there were constant low-level conflicts with Native Americans as the nation expanded westwards, and occasionally the country engaged in full-scale war against the Sioux, Comanche, and Apache. The country also fought the Mexican-American War, starting in 1846, and the bloody Civil War starting in 1861. These conflicts helped the United States establish its modern boundaries and what kind of nation it would be. In the 20th century, the United States came into its own as a global power through even more armed conflicts, including World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and campaigns against several Middle Eastern nations. While not all of these wars were won, they did establish the nation as a superpower, a status America retains today. However, there have been many other conflicts, some small, some considerable, that helped shape the country and its foreign policy, even as they have been overlooked. While every student knows of the Vietnam War, few are familiar with the Sumatran Expeditions, and while America's involvement in the Middle East is constantly in today's headlines, the battles against the Barbary Pirates are widely forgotten. In fact, there were conflicts in the 1780s and 1790s that tested the territorial integrity of the country at home. Shays' Rebellion consisted of men who had just years earlier participated in the American Revolution and were not afraid to break down a government they did not like; indeed, many of them reveled in it. The Revolutionary War won America her independence, but the nation still had states and local populations with varying interests. When Massachusetts enacted laws that Daniel Shays and others didn't like, the rebels had no qualms about taking up arms, and while the rebellion was eventually put down, changes were made to prevent similar problems in the future. By the second half of the 19th century, still less than a century old, the United States had become a regional power. It had soundly defeated its southern neighbor, Mexico, and greatly enlarged itself in the process. America's navy and merchant marines were becoming common sights on the high seas, and the country was at the beginning of the end of its drawn-out conquest of the Native Americans. However, it was a country divided deeply along political and economic lines, a tottering edifice many predicted would split apart. Even before the final tremors from the Mexican-American War had stopped disrupting the southern border, the United States found itself in a bloody civil war. For a time, all foreign adventure ceased, but within three decades, U.S. military personnel found themselves in accidental conflict with an isolationist Asian nation, getting drawn into a tribal fight over kingship on a remote set of islands, and inheriting a former empire's long-running foreign insurgency, an insurgency that eerily foreshadowed America's most divisive war of the 20th century. These were wars that, while less remembered than the conflicts with Mexico and Spain, nevertheless helped shape foreign policy and prepared the nation to face greater global responsibilities and challenges in the 20th century. 19th Century America's Forgotten Wars: The History and Legacy of the Overseas Conflicts that Influenced American Imperialism looks at some of the fighting the nation did during the second half of the 19th century as it sought to build an overseas empire. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about some of 19th century America's forgotten wars like never before.

King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict

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Author :
Publisher : The Countryman Press
ISBN 13 : 158157701X
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (815 download)

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Book Synopsis King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict by : Eric B. Schultz

Download or read book King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict written by Eric B. Schultz and published by The Countryman Press. This book was released on 2000-12-01 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: King Philip's War--one of America's first and costliest wars--began in 1675 as an Indian raid on several farms in Plymouth Colony, but quickly escalated into a full-scale war engulfing all of southern New England. At once an in-depth history of this pivotal war and a guide to the historical sites where the ambushes, raids, and battles took place, King Philip's War expands our understanding of American history and provides insight into the nature of colonial and ethnic wars in general. Through a careful reconstruction of events, first-person accounts, period illustrations, and maps, and by providing information on the exact locations of more than fifty battles, King Philip's War is useful as well as informative. Students of history, colonial war buffs, those interested in Native American history, and anyone who is curious about how this war affected a particular New England town, will find important insights into one of the most seminal events to shape the American mind and continent.

The Other Face of Battle

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190920661
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Other Face of Battle by : Wayne E. Lee

Download or read book The Other Face of Battle written by Wayne E. Lee and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking its title from The Face of Battle, John Keegan's canonical book on the nature of warfare, The Other Face of Battle illuminates the American experience of fighting in "irregular" and "intercultural" wars over the centuries. Sometimes known as "forgotten" wars, in part because they lacked triumphant clarity, they are the focus of the book. David Preston, David Silbey, and Anthony Carlson focus on, respectively, the Battle of Monongahela (1755), the Battle of Manila (1898), and the Battle of Makuan, Afghanistan (2020)--conflicts in which American soldiers were forced to engage in "irregular" warfare, confronting an enemy entirely alien to them. This enemy rejected the Western conventions of warfare and defined success and failure--victory and defeat--in entirely different ways. Symmetry of any kind is lost. Here was not ennobling engagement but atrocity, unanticipated insurgencies, and strategic stalemate. War is always hell. These wars, however, profoundly undermined any sense of purpose or proportion. Nightmarish and existentially bewildering, they nonetheless characterize how Americans have experienced combat and what its effects have been. They are therefore worth comparing for what they hold in common as well as what they reveal about our attitude toward war itself. The Other Face of Battle reminds us that "irregular" or "asymmetrical" warfare is now not the exception but the rule. Understanding its roots seems more crucial than ever.

Forgotten Wars

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108944884
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Forgotten Wars by : Włodzimierz Borodziej

Download or read book Forgotten Wars written by Włodzimierz Borodziej and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Włodzimierz Borodziej and Maciej Górny set out to salvage the historical memory of the experience of war in the lands between Riga and Skopje, beginning with the two Balkan conflicts of 1912–1913 and ending with the death of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. The First World War in the East and South-East of Europe was fought by people from a multitude of different nationalities, most of them dressed in the uniforms of three imperial armies: Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian. In this first volume of Forgotten Wars, the authors chart the origins and outbreak of the First World War, the early battles, and the war's impact on ordinary soldiers and civilians through to the end of the Romanian campaign in December 1916, by which point the Central Powers controlled all of the Balkans except for the Peloponnese. Combining military and social history, the authors make extensive use of eyewitness accounts to describe the traumatic experience that established a region stretching between the Baltic, Adriatic, and Black Seas.

Early America's Forgotten Wars

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Early America's Forgotten Wars by : Charles River Editors

Download or read book Early America's Forgotten Wars written by Charles River Editors and published by . This book was released on 2020-02-13 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes excerpts of contemporary accounts *Includes a bibliography for further reading "You talk, my good sir, of employing influence to appease the present tumults in Massachusetts. I know not where that influence is to be found, or, if attainable, that it would be a proper remedy for the disorders. Influence is not government. Let us have a government by which our lives, liberties, and properties will be secured, or let us know the worst at once." - George Washington, referencing Shays' Rebellion in a letter to Light-Horse Harry Lee The history of the United States is to a large extent a history of armed conflict. The nation was first forged in war, a tough fight for independence against one of the world's largest empires, and that fight would resume less than a generation later with the War of 1812. Then there were constant low-level conflicts with Native Americans as the nation expanded westwards, and occasionally the country engaged in full-scale war against the Sioux, Comanche, and Apache. The country also fought the Mexican-American War, starting in 1846, and the bloody Civil War starting in 1861. These conflicts helped the United States establish its modern boundaries and what kind of nation it would be. In the 20th century, the United States came into its own as a global power through even more armed conflicts, including World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and campaigns against several Middle Eastern nations. While not all of these wars were won, they did establish the nation as a superpower, a status America retains today.However, there have been many other conflicts, some small, some considerable, that helped shape the country and its foreign policy, even as they have been overlooked. While every student knows of the Vietnam War, few are familiar with the Sumatran Expeditions, and while America's involvement in the Middle East is constantly in today's headlines, the battles against the Barbary Pirates are widely forgotten. In fact, there were conflicts in the 1780s and 1790s that tested the territorial integrity of the country at home. Shays' Rebellion consisted of men who had just years earlier participated in the American Revolution and were not afraid to break down a government they did not like; indeed, many of them reveled in it. The Revolutionary War won America her independence, but the nation still had states and local populations with varying interests. When Massachusetts enacted laws that Daniel Shays and others didn't like, the rebels had no qualms about taking up arms, and while the rebellion was eventually put down, changes were made to prevent similar problems in the future. A few years later, in the wake of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton implementing a tax on whiskey, violence broke out in 1794 among opponents of the tax who numbered in the thousands. President Washington himself felt compelled to raise a militia force and personally lead it to deal with the rebels, the only time an American president has led soldiers in the field. Ultimately, no pitched battle took place once the militia was marched into western Pennsylvania, but dozens were arrested and tried for treason in the wake of the episode. While the breaking up of the revolt was praised by most Americans, some continued to oppose the tax until Jefferson's administration repealed it upon coming to power in 1801. Early America's Forgotten Wars: The History and Legacy of the Overlooked Conflicts that Helped Shape the Young Nation looks at some of the fighting the nation did in the wake of the Revolution against domestic and foreign enemies as it strove to attain and maintain its sovereignty and legitimacy. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about early America's forgotten wars like never before.

America's Forgotten Holiday

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Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814737056
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis America's Forgotten Holiday by : Donna T. Haverty-Stacke

Download or read book America's Forgotten Holiday written by Donna T. Haverty-Stacke and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though now a largely forgotten holiday in the United States, May Day was founded here in 1886 by an energized labor movement as a part of its struggle for the eight-hour day. In ensuing years, May Day took on new meaning, and by the early 1900s had become an annual rallying point for anarchists, socialists, and communists around the world. Yet American workers and radicals also used May Day to advance alternative definitions of what it meant to be an American and what America should be as a nation. Mining contemporary newspapers, party and union records, oral histories, photographs, and rare film footage, America’s Forgotten Holiday explains how May Days celebrants, through their colorful parades and mass meetings, both contributed to the construction of their own radical American identities and publicized alternative social and political models for the nation. This fascinating story of May Day in America reveals how many contours of American nationalism developed in dialogue with political radicals and workers, and uncovers the cultural history of those who considered themselves both patriotic and dissenting Americans.

Testing Wars in the Public Schools

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Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674075692
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Testing Wars in the Public Schools by : William J. Reese

Download or read book Testing Wars in the Public Schools written by William J. Reese and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-11 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written tests to evaluate students were a radical and controversial innovation when American educators began adopting them in the 1800s. Testing quickly became a key factor in the political battles during this period that gave birth to America's modern public school system. William J. Reese offers a richly detailed history of an educational revolution that has so far been only partially told. Single-classroom schools were the norm throughout the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century. Pupils demonstrated their knowledge by rote recitation of lessons and were often assessed according to criteria of behavior and discipline having little to do with academics. Convinced of the inadequacy of this system, the reformer Horace Mann and allies on the Boston School Committee crafted America's first major written exam and administered it as a surprise in local schools in 1845. The embarrassingly poor results became front-page news and led to the first serious consideration of tests as a useful pedagogic tool and objective measure of student achievement. A generation after Mann's experiment, testing had become widespread. Despite critics' ongoing claims that exams narrowed the curriculum, ruined children's health, and turned teachers into automatons, once tests took root in American schools their legitimacy was never seriously challenged. Testing Wars in the Public Schools puts contemporary battles over scholastic standards and benchmarks into perspective by showcasing the historic successes and limitations of the pencil-and-paper exam.

Central America's Forgotten History

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Author :
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807056480
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Central America's Forgotten History by : Aviva Chomsky

Download or read book Central America's Forgotten History written by Aviva Chomsky and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Restores the region’s fraught history of repression and resistance to popular consciousness and connects the United States’ interventions and influence to the influx of refugees seeking asylum today. At the center of the current immigration debate are migrants from Central America fleeing poverty, corruption, and violence in search of refuge in the United States. In Central America’s Forgotten History, Aviva Chomsky answers the urgent question “How did we get here?” Centering the centuries-long intertwined histories of US expansion and Indigenous and Central American struggles against inequality and oppression, Chomsky highlights the pernicious cycle of colonial and neocolonial development policies that promote cultures of violence and forgetting without any accountability or restorative reparations. Focusing on the valiant struggles for social and economic justice in Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras, Chomsky restores these vivid and gripping events to popular consciousness. Tracing the roots of displacement and migration in Central America to the Spanish conquest and bringing us to the present day, she concludes that the more immediate roots of migration from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras lie in the wars and in the US interventions of the 1980s and the peace accords of the 1990s that set the stage for neoliberalism in Central America. Chomsky also examines how and why histories and memories are suppressed, and the impact of losing historical memory. Only by erasing history can we claim that Central American countries created their own poverty and violence, while the United States’ enjoyment and profit from their bananas, coffee, mining, clothing, and export of arms are simply unrelated curiosities.

Why We Fought

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Author :
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813138744
Total Pages : 877 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Why We Fought by : Peter C. Rollins

Download or read book Why We Fought written by Peter C. Rollins and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2008-07-25 with total page 877 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “wide-ranging and sophisticated anthology” comparing theaters of war to wars in the movie theater (Dennis Showalter, author of Patton and Rommel). Why We Fought makes a powerful case that film can be as valuable a tool as primary documents for improving our understanding of the causes and consequences of war. A comprehensive look at war films, from depictions of the American Revolution to portrayals of September 11 and its aftermath, this volume contrasts recognized history and historical fiction with the versions appearing on the big screen. The text considers a selection of the pivotal war films of all time, including All Quiet on the Western Front, Sands of Iwo Jima, Apocalypse Now, Platoon, and Saving Private Ryan—revealing how film depictions of the country’s wars have shaped our values, politics, and culture, and offering a unique lens through which to view American history. Named as a Choice Outstanding Academic Title

The Savage Wars Of Peace

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Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465038662
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis The Savage Wars Of Peace by : Max Boot

Download or read book The Savage Wars Of Peace written by Max Boot and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2014-03-11 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America's "small wars," "imperial wars," or, as the Pentagon now terms them, "low-intensity conflicts," have played an essential but little-appreciated role in its growth as a world power. Beginning with Jefferson's expedition against the Barbary Pirates, Max Boot tells the exciting stories of our sometimes minor but often bloody landings in Samoa, the Philippines, China, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Mexico, Russia, and elsewhere. Along the way he sketches colorful portraits of little-known military heroes such as Stephen Decatur, "Fighting Fred" Funston, and Smedley Butler. From 1800 to the present day, such undeclared wars have made up the vast majority of our military engagements. Yet the military has often resisted preparing itself for small wars, preferring instead to train for big conflicts that seldom come. Boot re-examines the tragedy of Vietnam through a "small war" prism. He concludes with a devastating critique of the Powell Doctrine and a convincing argument that the armed forces must reorient themselves to better handle small-war missions, because such clashes are an inevitable result of America's far-flung imperial responsibilities.

The Forgotten Wars

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Author :
Publisher : Oratia Media Ltd
ISBN 13 : 0947506837
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis The Forgotten Wars by : Ron Crosby

Download or read book The Forgotten Wars written by Ron Crosby and published by Oratia Media Ltd. This book was released on 2020-10-14T00:00:00Z with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Distinguished author and lawyer Ron Crosby brilliantly rewrites his seminal The Musket Wars on a thematic basis, simplifying it to a concise work full of maps and illustrations for the general reader. Years of presentations to schools and groups is reflected in this dynamic new approach. Muskets, potatoes and other introductions fundamentally altered the balance of power in 19th-century Aotearoa, leading to inter-iwi conflicts over almost 40 years that claimed tens of thousands of lives (killing, wounding or displacing up to half of the Māori population). This important work will further understanding of how the boom of muskets continues to echo in New Zealand today. And it needs to — the wars are still neglected by government and glossed over by other histories. The Forgotten Wars ensures these epic conflicts will be remembered.

Taxing Wars

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190865326
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Taxing Wars by : Sarah Kreps

Download or read book Taxing Wars written by Sarah Kreps and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-01 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why have the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq lasted longer than any others in American history? The conventional wisdom suggests that the move to an all-volunteer force and unmanned technologies such as drones have reduced the apparent burden of war so much that they have allowed these conflicts to continue almost unnoticed for years. Taxing Wars suggests that the burden in blood is just one side of the coin. The way Americans bear the burden in treasure has also changed, and these changes have both eroded accountability and contributed to the phenomenon of perpetual war. Sarah Kreps chronicles the entire history of how America has paid for its wars-and how its methods have changed. Early on, the United States imposed war taxes that both demanded sacrifices from all Americans and served as reminders of their participation. Indeed, thinkers from Immanuel Kant to Adam Smith argued that these reminders were exactly the reason why democracies tended to fight shorter and less costly wars. Bearing these burdens caused the populace to sue for peace when the costs mounted. Leaders in a democracy, responsive to their citizens, would have incentives to heed that opposition and bring wars to as expeditious an end as possible. Since the Korean War, the United States has increasingly moved away from war taxes. Instead, borrowing-and its comparatively less visible connection with the war-has become a permanent feature of contemporary wars. The move serves leaders well because reducing the apparent burden of war has helped mute public opposition and any decision-making constraints. But by masking accountability, however, the move away from war taxes undermines the basis for democratic restraint in wartime. Contemporary wars have become correspondingly longer and costlier as the public has become disconnected from those burdens. Given the trends identified in Taxing Wars, the recent past-epitomized by our lengthy wars in Afghanistan and Iraq-is likely to be prologue.

Shadow Warfare

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Author :
Publisher : Catapult
ISBN 13 : 161902473X
Total Pages : 625 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Shadow Warfare by : Larry Hancock

Download or read book Shadow Warfare written by Larry Hancock and published by Catapult. This book was released on 2015-03-17 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contrary to its contemporary image, deniable covert operations are not something new. Such activities have been ordered by every president and every administration since the Second World War. In many instances covert operations have relied on surrogates, with American personnel involved only at a distance, insulated by layers of deniability. Shadow Warfare traces the evolution of these covert operations, detailing the tactics and tools used from the Truman era through those of the contemporary Obama Administrations. It also explores the personalities and careers of many of the most noted shadow warriors of the past sixty years, tracing the decade–long relationship between the CIA and the military. Shadow Warfare presents a balanced, non–polemic exploration of American secret warfare, detailing its patterns, consequences and collateral damage and presenting its successes as well as failures. Shadow Wars explores why every president from Franklin Roosevelt on, felt compelled to turn to secret, deniable military action. It also delves into the political dynamic of the president's relationship with Congress and the fact that despite decades of combat, the U.S. Congress has chosen not to exercise its responsibility to declare a single state of war – even for extended and highly visible combat.