Airpower In Small Wars

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Airpower in Small Wars

Author : James S. Corum
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Airpower in Small Wars by : James S. Corum

Download or read book Airpower in Small Wars written by James S. Corum and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of airpower in wartime calls to mind the massive bombings of World War II, but airplanes have long been instrumental in small wars as well. Ever since its use by the French to put down rebellious Moroccan tribes in 1913, airpower has been employed to fight in limited but often lengthy small conflicts around the globe. This is the first comprehensive history of airpower in small wars-conflicts pitting states against non-state groups such as insurgents, bandits, factions, and terrorists-tracing it from the early years of the twentieth century to the present day. It examines dozens of conflicts with strikingly different scenarios: the Greek Civil War, the Philippine Anti-Huk campaign, French and British colonial wars, the war in South Vietnam before the American escalation, counterinsurgency in southern Africa, Latin American counterguerrilla operations, and counterinsurgency and counterterrorist campaigns in the Middle East over the last four decades. For each war, the authors describe the strategies employed on both sides of the conflict, the air forces engaged, and the specific airpower tactics employed. They discuss the ground campaigns and provide the political background necessary to understand the air campaigns, and in each case they judge the utility of airpower in its broadest sense. In their historic sweep, they show how forms of airpower evolved from planes to police helicopters, aircraft of the civilian air reserve, and today's unmanned aircraft. They also disclose how small wars after World War II required new strategies, operational solutions, and tactics. By taking this broad view of small-war airpower, the authors are able to make assessments about the most effective and least effective means of employing airpower. They offer specific conclusions ranging from the importance of comprehensive strategy to the need for the United States and its allies to expand small-wars training programs. Airpower in Small Wars will be invaluable for educating military professionals and policy makers in the subject as well as for providing a useful framework for developing more effective doctrine for employing airpower in the conflicts we are most likely to see in the twenty-first century.

Biplanes at War

Author : Wray R. Johnson
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813177057
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Biplanes at War by : Wray R. Johnson

Download or read book Biplanes at War written by Wray R. Johnson and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2019-04-16 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike the relative uniformity of conventional warfare, the peculiarities of small wars prevent a clear definition of rules and roles for military forces to follow. During the small wars era, aviation was still in its infancy, and the US military had only recently begun battling in the skies. The US Marine Corps recognized that flexibility and ingenuity would be critical to the successful conduct of small wars and thus employed the new technology of aviation. In Biplanes at War: US Marine Corps Aviation in the Small Wars Era, 1915–1934, author Wray R. Johnson provides a riveting history of the marines' use of aviation between the world wars, a time in which young soldiers were volunteering to fly in combat when flying itself was a dangerous feat. Starting with Haiti in 1915, Biplanes at War follows the marines' aviation experiences in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, China, and Nicaragua, chronicling how marines used aircraft to provide supporting fires (e.g., dive-bombing) to ground troops in close contact with irregular opponents, evacuate the sick and wounded, transport people and cargo (e.g., to assist humanitarian operations), and even support elections in furtherance of democracy. After years of expanding the capabilities of airplanes far beyond what was deemed possible, the small wars era ended, and the US Marines Corps transitioned into an amphibious assault force. The legacy of the marines' ability to adapt and innovate during the small wars era endures and provides a useful case study. Biplanes at War sheds light on how the marines pioneered roles and missions that have become commonplace for air forces today, an accomplishment that has largely gone unrecognized in mainstream histories of aviation and air power.

Air Command and Control in Small Wars

Author : Mark R. Heusinkveld
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781479195602
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (956 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Command and Control in Small Wars by : Mark R. Heusinkveld

Download or read book Air Command and Control in Small Wars written by Mark R. Heusinkveld and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-08-25 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been much discussion about the best use of airpower in small wars, specifically with regard to current operations in Afghanistan. Coalition air forces involved in Operation Enduring Freedom use the same command and control (C2) structures doctrinally established for all types of operations. The Air Force doctrine of centralized control and decentralized execution drives the makeup of C2 within the operation. Is there a better way to structure airpower in small wars? Although neither France nor the United States met their strategic objective, air operations by the French in Algeria and the United States in Vietnam provide contrasting models of C2 structures for a comparative case study. The French saw the importance of a decentralized model to maximize the support of ground troops. To use modern terminology, the French set up a joint task force in each geographic section of Algeria. Each geographic area had its own air command post collocated with the French Army command post within the region. The United States, on the other hand, centralized control of aircraft. United States Air Force (USAF) doctrine, in Vietnam, required that air assets be under the centralized control of a single air commander. Interservice rivalry heated this debate; the USAF was unwilling to allow anyone other than an air commander to control aircraft. The USAF argued that decentralization of airpower could easily have wasted the scarce air resources found in theater. However, it was centralized in name only. Aircraft were commanded and controlled under a variety of organizations to include, 7th Air Force, 13th Air Force, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the US Embassy. Both operations provide insight into the effectiveness and efficiency of the air C2 structures. This monograph asks if the structures used by the air forces in these conflicts can provide lessons for the United States in small wars today. If current structures are not as effective or efficient, commanders can modify the structures, using the insights gained by this monograph, to provide better support to ground operations in today's small wars.

The Air Force Role in Low-Intensity Conflict

Author : David Dean
Publisher : University Press of the Pacific
ISBN 13 : 9780898758924
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (589 download)

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Book Synopsis The Air Force Role in Low-Intensity Conflict by : David Dean

Download or read book The Air Force Role in Low-Intensity Conflict written by David Dean and published by University Press of the Pacific. This book was released on 2002-04-01 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book grew from an opportunity to study a third world air force fighting an externally supported insurgency. The players were the Royal Moroccan Air Force and the Polisario, the latter trying to wrest control of the Western Sahara from the Kingdom of Morocco. The United States has also been a player in the Morocco-Polisario war as the source of much of Moroccos war material, especially the weapons used by the Royal Moroccan Air Force. Help from the United States was especially important when the Polisario deployed Soviet-built SA-6 surface-to-air missiles to counter the growing effectiveness of the Royal Moroccan Air Force. For many reasons, the United States and the US Air Force were not able to assist the Moroccans effectively. The Moroccan-Polisario-US scenario that provides the basis for this study was a tiny aspect of US foreign and military policy in the early 1980s. But it shows a political-military problem that deserves a good deal of thought now. That problem simply stated is: How is the United States going to exert political-military influence in the third world during the next twenty years? Clearly, overall US influence in the third world will be a combination of political, military, economic, and social activity. But the military, in many cases, will be the most visible form of assistance, and one upon which the recipient nation will depend for immediate results. Are the military components as instruments of national policy able to act effectively in the third world? If not, what needs to be done? Colonel Deans study makes a significant contribution to the growing body of literature on low-intensity conflict.

The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War

Author : Robert L. Pfaltzgraff
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428992812
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)

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Book Synopsis The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War by : Robert L. Pfaltzgraff

Download or read book The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War written by Robert L. Pfaltzgraff and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1992 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays reflects the proceedings of a 1991 conference on "The United States Air Force: Aerospace Challenges and Missions in the 1990s," sponsored by the USAF and Tufts University. The 20 contributors comment on the pivotal role of airpower in the war with Iraq and address issues and choices facing the USAF, such as the factors that are reshaping strategies and missions, the future role and structure of airpower as an element of US power projection, and the aerospace industry's views on what the Air Force of the future will set as its acquisition priorities and strategies. The authors agree that aerospace forces will be an essential and formidable tool in US security policies into the next century. The contributors include academics, high-level military leaders, government officials, journalists, and top executives from aerospace and defense contractors.

Command Of The Air

Author : General Giulio Douhet
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782898522
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (828 download)

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Book Synopsis Command Of The Air by : General Giulio Douhet

Download or read book Command Of The Air written by General Giulio Douhet and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-15 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the pantheon of air power spokesmen, Giulio Douhet holds center stage. His writings, more often cited than perhaps actually read, appear as excerpts and aphorisms in the writings of numerous other air power spokesmen, advocates-and critics. Though a highly controversial figure, the very controversy that surrounds him offers to us a testimonial of the value and depth of his work, and the need for airmen today to become familiar with his thought. The progressive development of air power to the point where, today, it is more correct to refer to aerospace power has not outdated the notions of Douhet in the slightest In fact, in many ways, the kinds of technological capabilities that we enjoy as a global air power provider attest to the breadth of his vision. Douhet, together with Hugh “Boom” Trenchard of Great Britain and William “Billy” Mitchell of the United States, is justly recognized as one of the three great spokesmen of the early air power era. This reprint is offered in the spirit of continuing the dialogue that Douhet himself so perceptively began with the first edition of this book, published in 1921. Readers may well find much that they disagree with in this book, but also much that is of enduring value. The vital necessity of Douhet’s central vision-that command of the air is all important in modern warfare-has been proven throughout the history of wars in this century, from the fighting over the Somme to the air war over Kuwait and Iraq.

Airpower in Small Wars Back to the Future - War College Series

Author : Robert O Cioppa
Publisher : War College Series
ISBN 13 : 9781296473341
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (733 download)

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Book Synopsis Airpower in Small Wars Back to the Future - War College Series by : Robert O Cioppa

Download or read book Airpower in Small Wars Back to the Future - War College Series written by Robert O Cioppa and published by War College Series. This book was released on 2015-02-23 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a curated and comprehensive collection of the most important works covering matters related to national security, diplomacy, defense, war, strategy, and tactics. The collection spans centuries of thought and experience, and includes the latest analysis of international threats, both conventional and asymmetric. It also includes riveting first person accounts of historic battles and wars.Some of the books in this Series are reproductions of historical works preserved by some of the leading libraries in the world. As with any reproduction of a historical artifact, some of these books contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. We believe these books are essential to this collection and the study of war, and have therefore brought them back into print, despite these imperfections.We hope you enjoy the unmatched breadth and depth of this collection, from the historical to the just-published works.

The Influence of Airpower upon History

Author : Robin Higham
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813140722
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis The Influence of Airpower upon History by : Robin Higham

Download or read book The Influence of Airpower upon History written by Robin Higham and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From early zeppelins, to the Luftwaffe and the Enola Gay, to the unmanned aerial vehicles of today, air power has long been regarded as an invaluable instrument of war. However, nations have employed aircraft for many other purposes as well; they provide security and surveillance, and they are vital to myriad diplomatic and humanitarian efforts. Air power has become a means for statesmen to advance a variety of goals, opening up new possibilities and problems in times of peace as well as war. The Influence of Air Power upon History examines the many ways in which aviation technology has impacted policymaking since 1903. It analyzes air strategy in nations around the world and explores how a country's presumed technological capability, or lack thereof, has become a crucial aspect of diplomacy. Together, the essays in this insightful volume offer a greater understanding of the history of military force and diplomatic relations in the global community.

Air Power And The Ground War In Vietnam, Ideas And Actions

Author : Dr Donald J. Mrozek
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786250136
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Power And The Ground War In Vietnam, Ideas And Actions by : Dr Donald J. Mrozek

Download or read book Air Power And The Ground War In Vietnam, Ideas And Actions written by Dr Donald J. Mrozek and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultimately, this study is about a smaller Vietnam War than that which is commonly recalled. It focuses on expectations concerning the impact of air power on the ground war and on some of its actual effects, but it avoids major treatment of some of the most dramatic air actions of the war, such as the bombing of Hanoi. To many who fought the war and believe it ought to have been conducted on a still larger scale or with fewer restraints, this study may seem almost perverse, emphasizing as it does the utility of air power in conducting the conflict as a ground war and without total exploitation of our most awe-inspiring technology. Although the chapters in this study are intended to form a coherent and unified argument, each also offers discrete messages. The chapters are not meant to be definitive. They do not exhaust available documentary material, and they often rely heavily on published accounts. Nor do they provide a complete chronological picture of the uses of air power, even with respect to the ground war. Nor is coverage of areas in which air power was employed—South Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and North Vietnam—evenly distributed nor necessarily proportionate to the effort expended in each place during the war. Lastly, some may find one or another form of air power either slightly or insufficiently treated. Such criticisms are beside the point, for the objectives of this study are to explore a comparatively neglected theme—the impact of air power on the ground—and to encourage further utilization of lessons drawn from the Vietnam experience.

Air Power

Author : Stephen Budiansky
Publisher : Viking Adult
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Power by : Stephen Budiansky

Download or read book Air Power written by Stephen Budiansky and published by Viking Adult. This book was released on 2004 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With "Air Power," a gifted writer pens an epic up-to-the-minute history of the airplane in combat--the pilots, the strategists, the weaponry, and the high-tech battles they increasingly dominate.

Air Power in the Age of Primacy

Author : Phil Haun
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108839223
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Power in the Age of Primacy by : Phil Haun

Download or read book Air Power in the Age of Primacy written by Phil Haun and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-12-16 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzes the effectiveness of post-Cold War air wars in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Yemen, Syria, and against terrorist groups.

Small Wars, Big Stakes

Author : School of Advanced Airpower Studies
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781500500290
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Small Wars, Big Stakes by : School of Advanced Airpower Studies

Download or read book Small Wars, Big Stakes written by School of Advanced Airpower Studies and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2014-07-13 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has vital interests to defend in many foreign countries. The strategist must understand the relationship between counterrevolutionary strategy, the military instrument, and airpower if called upon to help a friendly government defeat a revolutionary threat. Four questions can help the strategist explore the nature of this relationship. What is the role of the military instrument in counterrevolutionary warfare? What is the role of airpower in counterrevolutionary warfare? Can airpower achieve strategic effects in counterrevolutionary warfare? Can airpower make major contributions toward the success of counterrevolutionary forces? The strategy development process is a tool that can guide the strategist through a review of revolutionary theory and an analysis of counterrevolutionary strategy. The revolutionary environment must be examined to determine the actors, motivations, aims, and strategies of the revolutionary battlefield. Next, a national counterrevolutionary strategy is formulated that identifies the roles that each instrument of power must play to achieve the desired end-state. Military leaders formulate a subordinate strategy based on the assigned role(s), which includes determining how airpower can best support the national strategy. Strategy execution implies monitoring the instruments of power, reassessing the environment, and modifying ends, ways, and means as appropriate. Theory suggests the government must correctly identify the nature of the revolutionary threat before developing its counterrevolutionary strategy. After determining whether it is facing a partisan or insurgent threat (or something in between), the government tries to identify the correct mixture of persuasive and coercive operations that is needed to win over the people and neutralize the revolutionary threat. Persuasive strategies seek to gain, bolster, or otherwise amass the popular support required for legitimacy. Coercive strategies attempt to neutralize the adversary by making him irrelevant to the political process prior to total military defeat. The military instrument and its airpower tool conduct operations in pursuit of both persuasive and coercive tasks. Three historical cases are analyzed to gain experienced based insights to answer the thesis questions. The cases were the Greek Civil War, 1946-1949; the Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960; and the Insurrection in El Salvador, 1981-1992. In each of these cases the governments struggled to develop a counterrevolutionary strategy. In Greece and Malaya the government successfully neutralized the revolutionary threat. Although the Salvadoran government technically defeated the rebels, they remained an important part of El Salvador's political process. This work offers four conclusions. First, the roles of the military instrument in counterrevolutionary warfare are persuasion and coercion. Next, airpower normally assumes the role assigned to the military instrument, although airpower's unique versatility often permits the simultaneous accomplishment of both persuasive and coercive operations. Third, airpower can create both positive and negative strategic effects. Finally, airpower makes its most important contribution toward the success of counterrevolutionary forces when it is employed in support of ground operations

A History of Air Warfare

Author : John Andreas Olsen
Publisher : Potomac Books, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1597976385
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (979 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Air Warfare by : John Andreas Olsen

Download or read book A History of Air Warfare written by John Andreas Olsen and published by Potomac Books, Inc.. This book was released on 2010 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This one-volume anthology provides a comprehensive analysis of the role that air power has played in military conflicts over the past century. Comprising sixteen essays penned by a global cadre of leading military experts, A History of Air Warfare chronologically examines the utility of air power from the First World War to the second Lebanon war, campaign by campaign. Each essay lays out the objectives, events, and key players of the conflict in question, reviews the role of air power in the strategic and operational contexts, and explores the interplay between the political framework and mil.

Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309096057
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances by : National Research Council

Download or read book Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-07-01 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global spread of science and technology expertise and the growing commercial access to advanced technologies with possible military application are creating potentially serious threats to the technological superiority underpinning U.S. military strength. Key to dealing with this situation is the ability of the U.S. intelligence community to be able to provide adequate and effective warning of evolving, critical technologies. To assist in performing this task, the Technology Warning Division of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to undertake a study examining technology warning issues. This report provides the first part of that study. It presents an assessment of critical, evolving technologies; postulates ways potential adversaries could disrupt these technologies; and provides indicators for the intelligence community to determine if such methods are under development. The intention of this report is to establish the foundation for a long-term relationship with the technology warning community to support the examination of technology warning issues.

The Paths of Heaven The Evolution of Airpower Theory

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis The Paths of Heaven The Evolution of Airpower Theory by :

Download or read book The Paths of Heaven The Evolution of Airpower Theory written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Airpower is not widely understood. Even though it has come to play an increasingly important role in both peace and war, the basic concepts that define and govern airpower remain obscure to many people, even to professional military officers. This fact is largely due to fundamental differences of opinion as to whether or not the aircraft has altered the strategies of war or merely its tactics. If the former, then one can see airpower as a revolutionary leap along the continuum of war; but if the latter, then airpower is simply another weapon that joins the arsenal along with the rifle, machine gun, tank, submarine, and radio. This book implicitly assumes that airpower has brought about a revolution in war. It has altered virtually all aspects of war: how it is fought, by whom, against whom, and with what weapons. Flowing from those factors have been changes in training, organization, administration, command and control, and doctrine. War has been fundamentally transformed by the advent of the airplane.

Airpower in the War Against ISIS

Author : Benjamin S. Lambeth
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781557501820
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Airpower in the War Against ISIS by : Benjamin S. Lambeth

Download or read book Airpower in the War Against ISIS written by Benjamin S. Lambeth and published by . This book was released on 2023-08-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Airpower in the War against ISIS chronicles the planning and conduct of Operation Inherent Resolve by U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) from August 2014 to mid-2018, with a principal focus on the contributions of U.S. Air Forces Central Command (AFCENT). Benjamin S. Lambeth contends that the war's costly and excessive duration resulted from CENTCOM's inaccurate assessment of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), determining it was simply a resurrected Iraqi insurgency rather than recognizing it as the emerging proto-state that it actually was. This erroneous decision, Lambeth argues, saw the application of an inappropriate counterinsurgency strategy and use of rules of engagement that imposed needless restrictions on the most effective use of the precision air assets at CENTCOM's disposal. The author, through expert analysis of recent history, forcefully argues that CENTCOM erred badly by not using its ample air assets at the outset not merely for supporting Iraq's initially noncombat-ready ground troops but also in an independent and uncompromising strategic interdiction campaign against ISIS's most vital center-of-gravity targets in Syria from the effort's first moments onward.

Global Air Power

Author : John Andreas Olsen
Publisher : Potomac Books, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1597977446
Total Pages : 609 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (979 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Air Power by : John Andreas Olsen

Download or read book Global Air Power written by John Andreas Olsen and published by Potomac Books, Inc.. This book was released on 2011 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What influences have shaped air power since human flight became a reality more than a hundred years ago? Global Air Power provides insight into the evolution of air power theory and practice by examining the experience of six of the world’s largest air forces--those of the United Kingdom, the United States, Israel, Russia, India, and China--and of representative smaller air forces in Pacific Asia, Latin America, and continental Europe. The chapters, written by highly regarded scholars and military leaders, explore how various nations have integrated air power into their armed forces and how they have applied air power in both regular and irregular warfare and in peacetime operations. They cover the organizational, professional, and doctrinal issues that air forces confronted in the past, the lessons learned from victory and defeat, and emerging challenges and opportunities. Further, Global Air Power supplements the traditional military perspective with examinations of the ideological, economic, and cultural factors that give air forces their distinctive characters. Chapters show how the interplay among these internal factors, together with external challenges, determines the structure, role, and effectiveness of air forces. Together, these chapters illuminate universal trends as well as similarities and differences among the world’s air forces. Its combination of military history and sociopolitical analysis makes Global Air Power especially valuable to a broad range of historians, air power specialists, and general readers interested in national defense and international relations.