Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry

Download Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128140631
Total Pages : 483 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry by : Francis H. Froes

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry written by Francis H. Froes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-02-15 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry explores the design, processing, metallurgy and applications of additive manufacturing (AM) within the aerospace industry. The book's editors have assembled an international team of experts who discuss recent developments and the future prospects of additive manufacturing. The work includes a review of the advantages of AM over conventionally subtractive fabrication, including cost considerations. Microstructures and mechanical properties are also presented, along with examples of components fabricated by AM. Readers will find information on a broad range of materials and processes used in additive manufacturing. It is ideal reading for those in academia, government labs, component fabricators, and research institutes, but will also appeal to all sectors of the aerospace industry. - Provides information on a broad range of materials and processes used in additive manufacturing - Presents recent developments in the design and applications of additive manufacturing specific to the aerospace industry - Covers a wide array of materials for use in the additive manufacturing of aerospace parts - Discusses current standards in the area of aerospace AM parts

Additive Manufacturing of Metals

Download Additive Manufacturing of Metals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781605956008
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing of Metals by : Leila Ladani

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metals written by Leila Ladani and published by . This book was released on 2020-08 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a technical introduction to additive manufacturing (AM) with a focus on powder bed fusion and metals. It provides the theory and industry-based practices to design, make, and test metal components via AM. After outlining the methods and materials of powder bed methods, the book explains the workings and physical limitations of electron beam and laser melt technologies in manufacturing parts, using a variety of metal powders. In this context, the physics of powder melting is described, as well as the effects of temperature variables on the properties of a part. The critical elements of how powder feedstock is chosen and formulated are explained. Processing methods are described using original design and engineering parameters developed by the author. Information is provided on current test methods of metals produced by AM, as well as how to carry out quality control, monitor reliability, and implement safety standards. For process design, a section is devoted to modeling.Each chapter includes a set of problems for students and practitioners that reflect metals' fabrication in industry.

Additive Manufacturing Technologies

Download Additive Manufacturing Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1493921134
Total Pages : 509 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing Technologies by : Ian Gibson

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing Technologies written by Ian Gibson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers in detail the various aspects of joining materials to form parts. A conceptual overview of rapid prototyping and layered manufacturing is given, beginning with the fundamentals so that readers can get up to speed quickly. Unusual and emerging applications such as micro-scale manufacturing, medical applications, aerospace, and rapid manufacturing are also discussed. This book provides a comprehensive overview of rapid prototyping technologies as well as support technologies such as software systems, vacuum casting, investment casting, plating, infiltration and other systems. This book also: Reflects recent developments and trends and adheres to the ASTM, SI, and other standards Includes chapters on automotive technology, aerospace technology and low-cost AM technologies Provides a broad range of technical questions to ensure comprehensive understanding of the concepts covered

Additive Manufacturing

Download Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351049364
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing by : Manu Srivastava

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing written by Manu Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-09-16 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a growing need for manufacturing optimization all over the world. The immense market of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies dictates a need for a book that will provide knowledge of the various aspects of AM for anyone interested in learning about this fast-growing topic. This book disseminates knowledge of AM amongst scholars at graduate level, post graduate level, doctoral level, as well as industry personnel. The objective is to offer a state-of-the-art book which covers all aspects of AM and incorporates all information regarding trends, historical developments, classifications, materials, tooling, software issues, dynamic design, principles, limitations, and communication interfaces in a one-stop resource. Features: Breaks down systematic coverage of various aspects of AM within four distinct sections Contains details of various AM techniques based on ASTM guidelines Discusses many AM applications with suitable illustrations Includes recent trends in the field of AM Covers engineering materials utilized as raw materials in AM Compares AM techniques with different traditional manufacturing methods

Additive Manufacturing Applications for Metals and Composites

Download Additive Manufacturing Applications for Metals and Composites PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799840557
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing Applications for Metals and Composites by : Balasubramanian, K.R.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing Applications for Metals and Composites written by Balasubramanian, K.R. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-06-19 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals and composites using laser energy, direct energy deposition, electron beam methods, and wire arc melting have recently gained importance due to their advantages in fabricating the complex structure. Today, it has become possible to reliably manufacture dense parts with certain AM processes for many materials, including steels, aluminum and titanium alloys, superalloys, metal-based composites, and ceramic matrix composites. In the near future, the AM material variety will most likely grow further, with high-performance materials such as intermetallic compounds and high entropy alloys already under investigation. Additive Manufacturing Applications for Metals and Composites is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on advancing methods and technological developments within additive manufacturing practices. Special attention is paid to the material design of additive manufacturing of parts, the choice of feedstock materials, the metallurgical behavior and synthesis principle during the manufacturing process, and the resulted microstructures and properties, as well as the relationship between these factors. While highlighting topics such as numerical modeling, intermetallic compounds, and statistical techniques, this publication is ideally designed for students, engineers, researchers, manufacturers, technologists, academicians, practitioners, scholars, and educators.

Additive Manufacturing

Download Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128184124
Total Pages : 770 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing by : Juan Pou

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing written by Juan Pou and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-05-21 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive Manufacturing explains the background theory, working principles, technical specifications, and latest developments in a wide range of additive manufacturing techniques. Topics addressed include treatments of manufactured parts, surface characterization, and the effects of surface treatments on mechanical behavior. Many different perspectives are covered, including design aspects, technologies, materials and sustainability. Experts in both academia and industry contribute to this comprehensive guide, combining theoretical developments with practical improvements from R&D. This unique guide allows readers to compare the characteristics of different processes, understand how they work, and provide parameters for their effective implementation. This book is part of a four-volume set entitled Handbooks in Advanced Manufacturing. Other titles in the set include Advanced Machining and Finishing, Advanced Welding and Deformation, and Sustainable Manufacturing Processes. - Provides theory, operational parameters, and latest developments in 20 different additive manufacturing processes - Includes contributions from experts in industry and academia with a wide range of disciplinary backgrounds, providing a comprehensive survey of this diverse and influential subject - Includes case studies of innovative additive manufacturing practices from industry

Metal Additive Manufacturing

Download Metal Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119210836
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metal Additive Manufacturing by : Dyuti Sarker

Download or read book Metal Additive Manufacturing written by Dyuti Sarker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-26 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING A comprehensive review of additive manufacturing processes for metallic structures Additive Manufacturing (AM)—also commonly referred to as 3D printing—builds three-dimensional objects by adding materials layer by layer. Recent years have seen unprecedented investment in additive manufacturing research and development by governments and corporations worldwide. This technology has the potential to replace many conventional manufacturing processes, enable the development of new industry practices, and transform the entire manufacturing enterprise. Metal Additive Manufacturing provides an up-to-date review of all essential physics of metal additive manufacturing techniques with emphasis on both laser-based and non-laser-based additive manufacturing processes. This comprehensive volume covers fundamental processes and equipment, governing physics and modelling, design and topology optimization, and more. The text adresses introductory, intermediate, and advanced topics ranging from basic additive manufacturing process classification to practical and material design aspects of additive manufacturability. Written by a panel of expert authors in the field, this authoritative resource: Provides a thorough analysis of AM processes and their theoretical foundations Explains the classification, advantages, and applications of AM processes Describes the equipment required for different AM processes for metallic structures, including laser technologies, positioning devices, feeder and spreader mechanisms, and CAD software Discusses the opportunities, challenges, and current and emerging trends within the field Covers practical considerations, including design for AM, safety, quality assurance, automation, and real-time control of AM processes Includes illustrative cases studies and numerous figures and tables Featuring material drawn from the lead author’s research and professional experience on laser additive manufacturing, Metal Additive Manufacturing is an important source for manufacturing professionals, research and development engineers in the additive industry, and students and researchers involved in mechanical, mechatronics, automatic control, and materials engineering and science.

Additive Manufacturing

Download Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498714781
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing by : T.S. Srivatsan

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing written by T.S. Srivatsan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-09-25 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get Ready for the Future of Additive ManufacturingAdditive Manufacturing: Innovations, Advances, and Applications explores the emerging field of additive manufacturing (AM)-the use of 3D printing to make prototype parts on demand. Often referred to as the third industrial revolution, AM offers many advantages over traditional manufacturing. This pr

Laser Additive Manufacturing

Download Laser Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081004346
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Additive Manufacturing by : Milan Brandt

Download or read book Laser Additive Manufacturing written by Milan Brandt and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Design, Technologies, and Applications provides the latest information on this highly efficient method of layer-based manufacturing using metals, plastics, or composite materials. The technology is particularly suitable for the production of complex components with high precision for a range of industries, including aerospace, automotive, and medical engineering. This book provides a comprehensive review of the technology and its range of applications. Part One looks at materials suitable for laser AM processes, with Part Two discussing design strategies for AM. Parts Three and Four review the most widely-used AM technique, powder bed fusion (PBF) and discuss other AM techniques, such as directed energy deposition, sheet lamination, jetting techniques, extrusion techniques, and vat photopolymerization. The final section explores the range of applications of laser AM. Provides a comprehensive one-volume overview of advances in laser additive manufacturing Presents detailed coverage of the latest techniques used for laser additive manufacturing Reviews both established and emerging areas of application

Advanced Additive Manufacturing

Download Advanced Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1839628200
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (396 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Additive Manufacturing by : Igor V. Shishkovsky

Download or read book Advanced Additive Manufacturing written by Igor V. Shishkovsky and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-07-20 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive manufacturing (AM) is now being used to produce series components for the most demanding applications. It is a disruptive, if not revolutionary, manufacturing technology. The biggest advantage of this technology is its capacity to make parts with any free form, thus paving the way for free and complex part design. Components and integrated structures with complex designs that would not have been possible just a few years ago can now be made according to various requirements. The net-shape manufacturing capacity of AM allows a considerable saving of materials, conventional thermomechanical processing, and machining processes, making it an environmentally friendly manufacturing technology. This book includes two sections that cover new approaches in AM for biomedical applications and advanced technological solutions.

The Management of Additive Manufacturing

Download The Management of Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319563092
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Management of Additive Manufacturing by : Mojtaba Khorram Niaki

Download or read book The Management of Additive Manufacturing written by Mojtaba Khorram Niaki and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-26 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to additive technology and its application in different business sectors. It explores the fundamental impact additive has on technology, particularly on operations, innovation, supply chains, the environment and customer relations. Subsequently, on the basis of a broad survey of the best technology adopters, it offers advice on how to enhance business value by implementing the technology in different industrial and commercial environments. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a new area of manufacturing that has already brought about phenomenal changes to industry and business models. It affects nearly all aspects of the managerial and organizational thinking that was applied to conventional manufacturing. Currently, the technology is being adopted in manufacturing areas that involve high-value products with complex geometries, and small to medium production volumes. It boosts the productivity of new product development processes by slashing costs, reducing time and promoting creativity and innovativeness. Further, it shrinks supply chains by bringing firms closer to their customers. This unique book offers abundant empirical and practical evidence confirming the value of this new technology.

Precision Metal Additive Manufacturing

Download Precision Metal Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429791283
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Precision Metal Additive Manufacturing by : Richard Leach

Download or read book Precision Metal Additive Manufacturing written by Richard Leach and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-09-21 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive manufacturing (AM) is a fast-growing sector with the ability to evoke a revolution in manufacturing due to its almost unlimited design freedom and its capability to produce personalised parts locally and with efficient material use. AM companies, however, still face technological challenges such as limited precision due to shrinkage, built-in stresses and limited process stability and robustness. Moreover, often post-processing is needed due to high roughness and remaining porosity. Qualified, trained personnel are also in short supply. In recent years, there have been dramatic improvements in AM design methods, process control, post-processing, material properties and material range. However, if AM is going to gain a significant market share, it must be developed into a true precision manufacturing method. The production of precision parts relies on three principles: Production is robust (i.e. all sensitive parameters can be controlled). Production is predictable (for example, the shrinkage that occurs is acceptable because it can be predicted and compensated in the design). Parts are measurable (as without metrology, accuracy, repeatability and quality assurance cannot be known). AM of metals is inherently a high-energy process with many sensitive and inter-related process parameters, making it susceptible to thermal distortions, defects and process drift. The complete modelling of these processes is beyond current computational power, and novel methods are needed to practicably predict performance and inform design. In addition, metal AM produces highly textured surfaces and complex surface features that stretch the limits of contemporary metrology. With so many factors to consider, there is a significant shortage of background material on how to inject precision into AM processes. Shortage in such material is an important barrier for a wider uptake of advanced manufacturing technologies, and a comprehensive book is thus needed. This book aims to inform the reader how to improve the precision of metal AM processes by tackling the three principles of robustness, predictability and metrology, and by developing computer-aided engineering methods that empower rather than limit AM design. Richard Leach is a professor in metrology at the University of Nottingham and heads up the Manufacturing Metrology Team. Prior to this position, he was at the National Physical Laboratory from 1990 to 2014. His primary love is instrument building, from concept to final installation, and his current interests are the dimensional measurement of precision and additive manufactured structures. His research themes include the measurement of surface topography, the development of methods for measuring 3D structures, the development of methods for controlling large surfaces to high resolution in industrial applications and the traceability of X-ray computed tomography. He is a leader of several professional societies and a visiting professor at Loughborough University and the Harbin Institute of Technology. Simone Carmignato is a professor in manufacturing engineering at the University of Padua. His main research activities are in the areas of precision manufacturing, dimensional metrology and industrial computed tomography. He is the author of books and hundreds of scientific papers, and he is an active member of leading technical and scientific societies. He has been chairman, organiser and keynote speaker for several international conferences, and received national and international awards, including the Taylor Medal from CIRP, the International Academy for Production Engineering.

Design for Additive Manufacturing

Download Design for Additive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128168870
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design for Additive Manufacturing by : Martin Leary

Download or read book Design for Additive Manufacturing written by Martin Leary and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-12-03 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Design for Additive Manufacturing is a complete guide to design tools for the manufacturing requirements of AM and how they can enable the optimization of process and product parameters for the reduction of manufacturing costs and effort. This timely synopsis of state-of-the-art design tools for AM brings the reader right up-to-date on the latest methods from both academia and industry. Tools for both metallic and polymeric AM technologies are presented and critically reviewed, along with their manufacturing attributes. Commercial applications of AM are also explained with case studies from a range of industries, thus demonstrating best-practice in AM design. - Covers all the commonly used tools for designing for additive manufacturing, as well as descriptions of important emerging technologies - Provides systematic methods for optimizing AM process selection for specific production requirement - Addresses design tools for both metallic and polymeric AM technologies - Includes commercially relevant case studies that showcase best-practice in AM design, including the biomedical, aerospace, defense and automotive sectors

Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, Quantifications and Applications

Download Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, Quantifications and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128123273
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, Quantifications and Applications by : Jing Zhang

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, Quantifications and Applications written by Jing Zhang and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2018-05-17 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, Quantifications and Applications is designed to explain the engineering aspects and physical principles of available AM technologies and their most relevant applications. It begins with a review of the recent developments in this technology and then progresses to a discussion of the criteria needed to successfully select an AM technology for the embodiment of a particular design, discussing material compatibility, interfaces issues and strength requirements. The book concludes with a review of the applications in various industries, including bio, energy, aerospace and electronics. This book will be a must read for those interested in a practical, comprehensive introduction to additive manufacturing, an area with tremendous potential for producing high-value, complex, individually customized parts. As 3D printing technology advances, both in hardware and software, together with reduced materials cost and complexity of creating 3D printed items, these applications are quickly expanding into the mass market. - Includes a discussion of the historical development and physical principles of current AM technologies - Exposes readers to the engineering principles for evaluating and quantifying AM technologies - Explores the uses of Additive Manufacturing in various industries, most notably aerospace, medical, energy and electronics

Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials

Download Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662460890
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials by : Dongdong Gu

Download or read book Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials written by Dongdong Gu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-21 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book entitled “Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials” covers the specific aspects of laser additive manufacturing of high-performance new materials components based on an unconventional materials incremental manufacturing philosophy, in terms of materials design and preparation, process control and optimization and theories of physical and chemical metallurgy. This book describes the capabilities and characteristics of the development of new metallic materials components by laser additive manufacturing process, including nanostructured materials, in situ composite materials, particle reinforced metal matrix composites, etc. The topics presented in this book, similar as laser additive manufacturing technology itself, show a significant interdisciplinary feature, integrating laser technology, materials science, metallurgical engineering and mechanical engineering. This is a book for researchers, students, practicing engineers and manufacturing industry professionals interested in laser additive manufacturing and laser materials processing. Dongdong Gu is a Professor at College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), PR China.

Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing

Download Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311054833X
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing by : J. Paulo Davim

Download or read book Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing written by J. Paulo Davim and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-01-20 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive manufacturing (AM) and subtractive manufacturing (SM) offer numerous advantages in the production of single and multiple components. They provide incomparable design independence and are used to fabricate products in several industries, e.g.: aeronautic, automotive, biomedical, etc. The book presents recent results of processes including 3D printing, SLS (selective laser sintering), EBM (electron beam melting) and Precise Cutting and Drilling.

Additive Manufacturing Technologies

Download Additive Manufacturing Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030561275
Total Pages : 685 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing Technologies by : Ian Gibson

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing Technologies written by Ian Gibson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook covers in detail digitally-driven methods for adding materials together to form parts. A conceptual overview of additive manufacturing is given, beginning with the fundamentals so that readers can get up to speed quickly. Well-established and emerging applications such as rapid prototyping, micro-scale manufacturing, medical applications, aerospace manufacturing, rapid tooling and direct digital manufacturing are also discussed. This book provides a comprehensive overview of additive manufacturing technologies as well as relevant supporting technologies such as software systems, vacuum casting, investment casting, plating, infiltration and other systems. Reflects recent developments and trends and adheres to the ASTM, SI and other standards; Includes chapters on topics that span the entire AM value chain, including process selection, software, post-processing, industrial drivers for AM, and more; Provides a broad range of technical questions to ensure comprehensive understanding of the concepts covered.