Academic Pathways To And From The Community College

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Redesigning America’s Community Colleges

Author : Thomas R. Bailey
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674368282
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (743 download)

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Book Synopsis Redesigning America’s Community Colleges by : Thomas R. Bailey

Download or read book Redesigning America’s Community Colleges written by Thomas R. Bailey and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-09 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, 1,200 community colleges enroll over ten million students each year—nearly half of the nation’s undergraduates. Yet fewer than 40 percent of entrants complete an undergraduate degree within six years. This fact has put pressure on community colleges to improve academic outcomes for their students. Redesigning America’s Community Colleges is a concise, evidence-based guide for educational leaders whose institutions typically receive short shrift in academic and policy discussions. It makes a compelling case that two-year colleges can substantially increase their rates of student success, if they are willing to rethink the ways in which they organize programs of study, support services, and instruction. Community colleges were originally designed to expand college enrollments at low cost, not to maximize completion of high-quality programs of study. The result was a cafeteria-style model in which students pick courses from a bewildering array of choices, with little guidance. The authors urge administrators and faculty to reject this traditional model in favor of “guided pathways”—clearer, more educationally coherent programs of study that simplify students’ choices without limiting their options and that enable them to complete credentials and advance to further education and the labor market more quickly and at less cost. Distilling a wealth of data amassed from the Community College Research Center (Teachers College, Columbia University), Redesigning America’s Community Colleges offers a fundamental redesign of the way two-year colleges operate, stressing the integration of services and instruction into more clearly structured programs of study that support every student’s goals.

College Success

Author : Amy Baldwin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781951693169
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (931 download)

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Book Synopsis College Success by : Amy Baldwin

Download or read book College Success written by Amy Baldwin and published by . This book was released on 2020-03 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Making College Work

Author : Harry J. Holzer
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815730225
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Making College Work by : Harry J. Holzer

Download or read book Making College Work written by Harry J. Holzer and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2017-08-15 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical solutions for improving higher education opportunities for disadvantaged students Too many disadvantaged college students in America do not complete their coursework or receive any college credential, while others earn degrees or certificates with little labor market value. Large numbers of these students also struggle to pay for college, and some incur debts that they have difficulty repaying. The authors provide a new review of the causes of these problems and offer promising policy solutions. The circumstances affecting disadvantaged students stem both from issues on the individual side, such as weak academic preparation and financial pressures, and from institutional failures. Low-income students disproportionately attend schools that are underfunded and have weak performance incentives, contributing to unsatisfactory outcomes for many students. Some solutions, including better financial aid or academic supports, target individual students. Other solutions, such as stronger linkages between coursework and the labor market and more structured paths through the curriculum, are aimed at institutional reforms. All students, and particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, also need better and varied pathways both to college and directly to the job market, beginning in high school. We can improve college outcomes, but must also acknowledge that we must make hard choices and face difficult tradeoffs in the process. While no single policy is guaranteed to greatly improve college and career outcomes, implementing a number of evidence-based policies and programs together has the potential to improve these outcomes substantially.

Immigrant-Origin Students in Community College

Author : Carola Suárez-Orozco
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807778036
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Immigrant-Origin Students in Community College by : Carola Suárez-Orozco

Download or read book Immigrant-Origin Students in Community College written by Carola Suárez-Orozco and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking volume is the first to concentrate specifically on the experiences, challenges, and triumphs of immigrant-origin community college students. Drawing on data from the Research on Immigrants in Community College Study (RICC), chapters highlight the unique needs of these students, the role of classrooms and campus settings, out-of-class time spent on campus, the importance of relationships, expectations versus outcomes, and key recommendations for policy and practice. The text integrates an array of important topics, including developmental challenges, language learning, the undocumented student experience, microaggressions, counseling center use, and academic engagement. Above all, this book looks at what community colleges can do to better help this growing population of new Americans succeed. “This book is a gift of hope and possibility to all of us who know that community colleges are the pathway to educational opportunity and equity for the students who, in the not too distant future, will be the face of America.” —Estela Mara Bensimon, director of the Center for Urban Education, USC Rossier School of Education “Offers detailed analysis and concrete recommendations on how community colleges could better serve students from immigrant backgrounds. It is a must-read for policymakers and practitioners in the field.” —Randy Capps, Migration Policy Institute Contributors: Cynthia M. Alcantar, Stacey Alicea, Saskias Casanova, Janet Cerda, Natacha Cesar-Davis, Monique Corral, Tasha Darbes, Sandra I. Dias, Edwin Hernández, Heather Herrera, Juliana Karras Jean-Gilles, Dalal Katsiaficas, Guadalupe López-Hernández, Margary Martin, Alfredo Novoa, Olivia Osei-Twumasi, McKenna Parnes, Sarah Schwartz, Sukhmani Singh, Cecilia Rios-Aguilar, Carola Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo Suárez-Orozco, Robert Teranishi

Building Transfer Student Pathways for College and Career Success

Author : Sonya Joseph
Publisher : The National Resource Center for The First-Year Experience
ISBN 13 : 1942072260
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Building Transfer Student Pathways for College and Career Success by : Sonya Joseph

Download or read book Building Transfer Student Pathways for College and Career Success written by Sonya Joseph and published by The National Resource Center for The First-Year Experience. This book was released on 2018-10-04 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in partnership with the National Institute for the Study of Transfer Students. Analysis of bachelor’s degree completion suggests that only about a third of college graduates attend a single institution from start to finish. More than one quarter earn college credits from three or more schools before completing a degree. For most, these student-defined pathways lead to increased time-to-degree and higher costs. Many will simply drop out long before crossing the finish line. Ensuring college completion and success requires an understanding of the evolving nature of transfer transitions and a system-wide approach that reaches beyond two-year and four-year institutions to include high schools participating in dual enrollment programs and military college initiatives. A new edited collection offers insight into institutional and statewide partnerships that create clearly defined pathways to college graduation and career success for all students.

The Costs of Completion

Author : Robin G. Isserles
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421442086
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis The Costs of Completion by : Robin G. Isserles

Download or read book The Costs of Completion written by Robin G. Isserles and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2021-12-07 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To improve community college success, we need to consider the lived realities of students. Our nation's community colleges are facing a completion crisis. The college-going experience of too many students is interrupted, lengthening their time to completing a degree—or worse, causing many to drop out altogether. In The Costs of Completion, Robin G. Isserles contextualizes this crisis by placing blame on the neoliberal policies that have shaped public community colleges over the past thirty years. The disinvestment of state funding, she explains, has created austerity conditions, leading to an overreliance on contingent labor, excessive investments in advisement technologies, and a push to performance outcomes like retention and graduation rates for measuring student and institutional success. The prevailing theory at the root of the community college completion crisis—academic momentum—suggests that students need to build momentum in their first year by becoming academically integrated, thereby increasing their chances of graduating in a timely fashion. A host of what Isserles terms "innovative disruptions" have been implemented as a way to improve on community college completion, but because disruptions are primarily driven by degree attainment, Isserles argues that they place learning and developing as afterthoughts while ignoring the complex lives that define so many community college students. Drawing on more than twenty years of teaching, advising, and researching largely first-generation community college students as well as an analysis of five years of student enrollment patterns, college experiences, and life narratives, Isserles takes pains to center students and their experiences. She proposes initiatives created in accordance with a care ethic, which strive to not only get students through college—quantifying credit accumulation and the like—but also enable our most precarious students to flourish in a college environment. Ultimately, The Costs of Completion offers a deeper, more complex understanding of who community college students are, why and how they enroll, and what higher education institutions can do to better support them.

High-impact Educational Practices

Author : George D. Kuh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis High-impact Educational Practices by : George D. Kuh

Download or read book High-impact Educational Practices written by George D. Kuh and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication¿the latest report from AAC&U¿s Liberal Education and America¿s Promise (LEAP) initiative¿defines a set of educational practices that research has demonstrated have a significant impact on student success. Author George Kuh presents data from the National Survey of Student Engagement about these practices and explains why they benefit all students, but also seem to benefit underserved students even more than their more advantaged peers. The report also presents data that show definitively that underserved students are the least likely students, on average, to have access to these practices.

Rural America's Pathways to College and Career

Author : Rick Dalton
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000372545
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Rural America's Pathways to College and Career by : Rick Dalton

Download or read book Rural America's Pathways to College and Career written by Rick Dalton and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-04-21 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides solutions to the vexing educational challenges that rural communities face and serves as a how-to guide for building college and career readiness within rural schools. Rural America's Pathways to College and Career shares practical tips that can be used by educators and community members to transform rural schools, help students develop essential skills, locate and train college- and career-ready advisors, establish business partnerships, build college readiness, leverage technology, build interest in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) careers, and understand how to pay for college. Based on research and drawing on best practice and poignant stories, Dalton shares examples of success and challenges from interviews conducted with over 200 individuals who have participated in programs across the country. By helping rural youth learn about the opportunities available and by providing them with the support they need to succeed, this book serves as an actionable guide to helping students in rural schools attain postsecondary school success.

White Awareness

Author : Judy H. Katz
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 9780806114668
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (146 download)

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Book Synopsis White Awareness by : Judy H. Katz

Download or read book White Awareness written by Judy H. Katz and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 1978 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stage 1.

13 Ideas That Are Transforming the Community College World

Author : Terry U. O'Banion
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1475844913
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis 13 Ideas That Are Transforming the Community College World by : Terry U. O'Banion

Download or read book 13 Ideas That Are Transforming the Community College World written by Terry U. O'Banion and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America’s community colleges are experiencing the most creative and substantive period of transformation in their 118-year history. There has never been so much research, so much support from foundations, and so much commitment from national leaders to reimagine community colleges for today and for the future. 13 Ideas that Are Transforming the Community College World, edited by Terry U. O’Banion, is the seminal work that captures the major ideas faced by community college leaders in this period of transformation. The book includes 23 authors representing 12 national organizations, perhaps the most significant and substantive list of individuals ever to participate in an edited book on the community college. Each author is a nationally-recognized authority on his or her chapter, and all have played major roles as leaders of national organizations.

Writing Pathways to Student Success

Author : Lillian Craton
Publisher : CSU Open Press
ISBN 13 : 9781607327691
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis Writing Pathways to Student Success by : Lillian Craton

Download or read book Writing Pathways to Student Success written by Lillian Craton and published by CSU Open Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A collection of short essays written by and for instructors of college writing that examine life lessons that both students and instructors learn from first-year composition courses"--Provided by publisher.

High-Achieving Latino Students

Author : Susan J. Paik
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1648020127
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis High-Achieving Latino Students by : Susan J. Paik

Download or read book High-Achieving Latino Students written by Susan J. Paik and published by IAP. This book was released on 2020-03-01 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-Achieving Latino Students: Successful Pathways Toward College and Beyond addresses a long-standing need for a book that focuses on the success, not failure, of Latino students. While much of the existing research works from a deficit lens, this book uses a strength-based approach to support Latino achievement. Bringing together researchers and practitioners, this unique book provides research-based recommendations from early to later school years on “what works” for supporting high achievement. Praise for High-Achieving Latino Students "This book focuses on an important issue about which we know little. There are many lessons here for both scholars and educators who believe that Latino students can succeed. I congratulate the authors for taking on this timely and significant topic." ~ Guadalupe Valdés, Ph.D., Bonnie Katz Tenenbaum Professor in Education, Stanford University. Author of Con Respeto: Bridging the Distances Between Culturally Diverse Families and Schools "This is a must-read book for leaders in institutions of both K-12 and higher education who want to better understand success factors of Latino students in the US. Using a strength-based framework to understand and support Latino achievement is a new paradigm that must be considered by all." ~ Loui Olivas, Ed.D., President, American Association of Hispanics in Higher Education "In addition to being the right book at the right time, these editors should be congratulated for giving us a stellar example of how a research-practice collaboration comes together to produce such a valuable and lasting contribution to the field of school reform and improvement. Those who work in schools, universities, think tanks and policymaking centers have been waiting anxiously for this kind of book, and it’s now here." ~ Carl A. Cohn, Ed.D., Former Executive Director, California Collaborative for Educational Excellence, CA State Board of Education member, and Superintendent "There may not be a silver bullet for solving the so-called problem of Latino underachievement, but well-conceived solutions do exist. This powerful book offers strength- and asset-based frameworks that demonstrate Latino achievement is possible. Read this text to not only get informed, but to also get nurtured and inspired!" ~ Angela Valenzuela, Ph.D., Professor in Education, University of Texas at Austin. Author of Subtractive Schooling: US-Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring

Competency-Based and Social-Situational Approaches for Facilitating Learning in Higher Education

Author : Strohschen, Gabriele I.E.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522584897
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Competency-Based and Social-Situational Approaches for Facilitating Learning in Higher Education by : Strohschen, Gabriele I.E.

Download or read book Competency-Based and Social-Situational Approaches for Facilitating Learning in Higher Education written by Strohschen, Gabriele I.E. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-05-15 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the paradigm of education in academia continues to shift towards more diversity and inclusion, educators need to consider incorporating a “both-and” mindset when designing relevant education models in adult education. In order to attain a cross-sector collaboration among diverse stakeholders, innovative education practice settings with instructional strategies that meet the learning needs of every student need to be evaluated and implemented. Competency-Based and Social-Situational Approaches for Facilitating Learning in Higher Education is a critical research resource that discusses project-based and social-situational instructional practices within community engagement as a method for educating adults. The approaches to designing and implementing learning activities show how to optimize community and business knowledge assets to collaboratively design and implement curricula in order to work toward social justice and community development. Divided into three sections, this publication provides extensive coverage on the design and delivery of academic programs, instructional approaches, and more, making it an ideal resource for professionals, adult education practitioners, faculty, administrators, community activists, researchers, and academicians.

Research Anthology on Instilling Social Justice in the Classroom

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799877507
Total Pages : 1673 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Anthology on Instilling Social Justice in the Classroom by : Management Association, Information Resources

Download or read book Research Anthology on Instilling Social Justice in the Classroom written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-11-27 with total page 1673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The issue of social justice has been brought to the forefront of society within recent years, and educational institutions have become an integral part of this critical conversation. Classroom settings are expected to take part in the promotion of inclusive practices and the development of culturally proficient environments that provide equal and effective education for all students regardless of race, gender, socio-economic status, and disability, as well as from all walks of life. The scope of these practices finds itself rooted in curriculum, teacher preparation, teaching practices, and pedagogy in all educational environments. Diversity within school administrations, teachers, and students has led to the need for socially just practices to become the norm for the progression and advancement of education worldwide. In a modern society that is fighting for the equal treatment of all individuals, the classroom must be a topic of discussion as it stands as a root of the problem and can be a major step in the right direction moving forward. Research Anthology on Instilling Social Justice in the Classroom is a comprehensive reference source that provides an overview of social justice and its role in education ranging from concepts and theories for inclusivity, tools, and technologies for teaching diverse students, and the implications of having culturally competent and diverse classrooms. The chapters dive deeper into the curriculum choices, teaching theories, and student experience as teachers strive to instill social justice learning methods within their classrooms. These topics span a wide range of subjects from STEM to language arts, and within all types of climates: PK-12, higher education, online or in-person instruction, and classrooms across the globe. This book is ideal for in-service and preservice teachers, administrators, social justice researchers, practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, academicians, and students interested in how social justice is currently being implemented in all aspects of education.

Breaking Barriers

Author : Stanley S. Litow
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807765589
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Breaking Barriers by : Stanley S. Litow

Download or read book Breaking Barriers written by Stanley S. Litow and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "With job opportunities in decline for youth with no postsecondary degree, and college completion rates especially for students of color stagnating, a high school diploma is no longer enough. To solve this large-scale global problem. High school must be completely redesigned and reinvented providing all students real opportunity with both equity and excellence. P-TECH (Pathways in Technology Early College High School) has done just that by combining public high schools and community colleges in partnership with employers, providing both opportunity and support for all students, regardless of income, race or any screen for admission. Unlike many school models, this innovative and effective approach has spread across the US and around the world, eliminating barriers to replication by engaging all stakeholders. The first P-TECH, opened in a low-income Brooklyn neighborhood, across from a public housing project, and served 100% students of color. It has become the model for school reform across over a dozen US states and nearly twenty countries. Praised by President Obama, governors in red and blue states, and heads of nations, its story is told in this book through the personal stories of students who have destroyed the myths about which students can succeed. Their stories demonstrate that all students, if given the opportunity and support, can reach great heights in high school, college, and career"--

Transforming Educational Pathways for Chicana/o Students

Author : Dolores Delgado Bernal
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807775045
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Transforming Educational Pathways for Chicana/o Students by : Dolores Delgado Bernal

Download or read book Transforming Educational Pathways for Chicana/o Students written by Dolores Delgado Bernal and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book chronicles a 10-year journey to develop and sustain Adelante, a university-school-community partnership designed specifically to address public education’s failure to meet the needs of students of color, particularly Chicana/o students. The authors examine the persistent barriers, mistakes, challenges, and successes that emerged in their community-based partnership with elementary school students, college students, teachers, parents, and educational leaders. Intertwining critical race theories with Chicana feminist theories, they propose a “critical race feminista praxis” and provide real-world examples of what this praxis can look like in the context of a racialized, gendered, and colonial landscape. The book offers practical advice and theoretical insight to those interested in disrupting pervasive inequities that shape the (mis)education of marginalized students. Book Features: Fills a void about how to engage in activist scholarship by describing concrete strategies and practices employed by the authors. Offers theoretical contributions through the braiding together of critical race and Chicana feminist theories. Proposes a partnership model for working with communities of color that promotes pathways to higher education. “Theoretically cutting-edge and with practical on-the-ground application, Transforming Educational Pathways is a brilliant example of how university–school–community collaborations can be reshaped into transformative praxis in the education of Chicanx, Latinx students. The balanced combination of community-engaged work and scholar-activist research in this groundbreaking book powerfully move us further in the spiritual journey of reimagining and transforming the inequities of educational institutions for Chicanx, Latinx students and their families and communities.” —Luis Urrieta, professor, The University of Texas at Austin “Delgado Bernal and Aleman start and end with the transformative idea that all students should be expected to attend college from their earliest experiences in public education—kindergarten. By challenging the deficit notions surrounding Chicana/o students and their communities, the authors provide the most compelling asset-based and theoretically grounded university–community partnership program I’ve seen in the K–8 sector.” —Daniel G. Solorzano, professor, University of California, Los Angeles “Transforming Educational Pathways for Chicana/o Students is a compelling and intimate account of the development of Adelante, an innovative university–school partnership. It is also an inspiring story of the impact of culturally affirming and anticolonial education on Latina/o children and their teachers, university student mentors, and parents. The process of changing deficit-based school culture is a difficult one, as the book shows. Yet, drawing on Gloria Anzaldúa’s feminist theorizing, Delgado Bernal and Alemán offer a theory of school change where collisions, difficult solidarities, and transformative moments constitute a praxis of hope, imagination, and social justice.” —Sofia Villenas, professor, Cornell University

The American Community College

Author : Arthur M. Cohen
Publisher : Jossey-Bass
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The American Community College by : Arthur M. Cohen

Download or read book The American Community College written by Arthur M. Cohen and published by Jossey-Bass. This book was released on 1989-09-25 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph provides a comprehensive overview of community college education in the United States, emphasizing trends affecting two-year colleges within the past decade. Chapter 1 identifies the social forces that contributed to the development and expansion of community colleges and the continuing changes in institutional purposes. Chapter 2 examines the shifting patterns of student characteristics and goals, the reasons for the predominance of part-time attendance, participation and achievement among minority students, attrition issues, and recent moves toward student assessment. Chapter 3 draws on national data to illustrate the differences between full- and part-time faculty and discusses issues related to tenure, salary, workload, faculty evaluation, moonlighting, burnout, and job satisfaction. Chapter 4 reviews the changes that have taken place in college management as a result of changes in institutional size, the advent of collective bargaining, reductions in available funds, and changes in governance and control. Chapter 5 describes various funding patterns and their relationship to organizational shifts. Chapter 6 discusses the rise of learning resource centers and the maintenance of stability in instructional forms in spite of the introduction of a host of reproducible instructional media. Chapter 7 considers student personnel functions, including counseling, guidance, recruitment, retention, orientation, and extracurricular activities. Chapter 8 traces the rise of occupational education, as it has moved from a peripheral to a central position in the curriculum. Chapter 9 focuses on remedial and developmental programs and addresses the controversies surrounding student assessment and placement. Chapter 10 deals with adult and continuing education, lifelong learning, and community services. Chapters 11 and 12 examine curricular trends in the liberal arts and general education, highlighting problems and proposing solutions. Chapter 13 addresses the philosophical and practical questions that have been raised about the transfer function and the community college's role in enhancing student progress toward higher degrees. Finally, chapter 14 offers projections based on current trends in student and faculty demographics, college organization, curriculum, instruction, and student services. (JMC)