A Unified Approach Toward the Total Syntheses of Prenylated Indole Alkaloid Natural Products

Download A Unified Approach Toward the Total Syntheses of Prenylated Indole Alkaloid Natural Products PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (957 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Unified Approach Toward the Total Syntheses of Prenylated Indole Alkaloid Natural Products by : Eduardo Valentin Mercado-Marin

Download or read book A Unified Approach Toward the Total Syntheses of Prenylated Indole Alkaloid Natural Products written by Eduardo Valentin Mercado-Marin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract A Unified Approach Toward the Total Syntheses of Prenylated Indole Alkaloid Natural Products by Eduardo Valentin Mercado-Marin Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Professor Richmond Sarpong, Chair This dissertation describes our approach toward a unifying synthesis of prenylated indole alkaloid natural products. Chapter 1 is an introduction and provides background to this class of natural products, focusing primarily on the isolation, biological activity, biosynthetic, and previous synthetic work of these natural products. This section also includes a discussion of synthetic approaches to the common bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core embodied in many of these natural products, which sets the stage for our entry into these molecules by a unifying route. Chapter 2 describes our entry into this class of natural products focused primarily on our synthetic and biosynthetic work toward natural products lacking the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core. In particular, we discuss the first chemical syntheses of the prenylated indole alkaloids citrinalin B and cyclopiamine B. Along with unambiguously establishing the structures of these natural products, in collaboration with the Berlinck group, we provide evidence for the existence of a common bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane containing precursor as an intermediate to natural products that lack this structural feature. Lastly, Chapter 3 describes our unified strategy for the synthesis of prenylated indole alkaloid natural products, capitalizing on our results described in Chapter 2. This unifying strategy has resulted in the syntheses of stephacidin A and 17-hydroxy-citrinalin B. Key to the success of this approach in accessing congeners containing and lacking the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core was a complexity building isocyanate capture to forge the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core from a common all fused precursor.

A Unified Approach Toward the Total Synthesis of Lycopodium Alkaloids of the Miscellaneous Class

Download A Unified Approach Toward the Total Synthesis of Lycopodium Alkaloids of the Miscellaneous Class PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (868 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Unified Approach Toward the Total Synthesis of Lycopodium Alkaloids of the Miscellaneous Class by : Sarah Elizabeth House

Download or read book A Unified Approach Toward the Total Synthesis of Lycopodium Alkaloids of the Miscellaneous Class written by Sarah Elizabeth House and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unified approach to the total synthesis of Lycopodium alkaloids belonging to the miscellaneous class has been developed, wherein a single tetracyclic amine is employed as a common intermediate in synthetic studies toward several alkaloids. An overview of Lycopodium alkaloids is presented, including their structural classification, isolation and biological activity. The biosynthesis of alkaloids in the miscellaneous group is discussed in depth. A summary of previous synthetic work focusing on miscellaneous Lycopodium alkaloids is presented, including total syntheses of luciduline, lyconadins A and B and nankakurines A and B.A model study of spirolucidine is discussed. A biomimetic route to access spirolucidine and nankakurine B has been investigated. In this study, a tetracyclic amine that is a key intermedite in the total synthesis of lyconadin A previously developed in our laboratory is elaborated into a tertiary alcohol that mimics the proposed biosynthetic precursor of nankakurine B.A biomimetic ring-contractive [alpha]-hydroxyimine rearrangement to generate nankakurine B has been extensively investigated and found to be disfavored. The conversion of a tricyclic ketone (first synthesized en route to lyconadin A) to the tetracyclic core of serratezomine D has been investigated. The core of this molecule was inaccessible via methods employed in the studies toward lyconadin A. The total synthesis of 1'-epi-dihydrolycolucine from the key common tetracyclic amine intermediate has been achieved. Studies toward the synthesis of serratezomine E served as a platform to develop this method and to determine the stereochemical outcome of this reaction.

Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids

Download Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids by : Reuben Murray White

Download or read book Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids written by Reuben Murray White and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cascade Biocatalysis

Download Cascade Biocatalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527682511
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cascade Biocatalysis by : Sergio Riva

Download or read book Cascade Biocatalysis written by Sergio Riva and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ready reference presents environmentally friendly and stereoselective methods of modern biocatalysis. The experienced and renowned team of editors have gathered top international authors for this book. They cover such emerging topics as chemoenzymatic methods and multistep enzymatic reactions, while showing how these novel methods and concepts can be used for practical applications. Multidisciplinary topics, including directed evolution, dynamic kinetic resolution, and continuous-flow methodology are also discussed. From the contents: * Directed Evolution of Ligninolytic Oxidoreductases: from Functional Expression to Stabilization and Beyond * New Trends in the In Situ Enzymatic Recycling of NAD(P)(H) Cofactors * Monooxygenase-Catalyzed Redox Cascade Biotransformations * Biocatalytic Redox Cascades Involving w-Transaminases * Multi-Enzyme Systems and Cascade Reactions Involving Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases * Chemo-Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates * Synergies of Chemistry and Biochemistry for the Production of Beta-Amino Acids * Racemizable Acyl Donors for Enzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution * Stereoselective Hydrolase-Catalyzed Processes in Continuous-Flow Mode * Perspectives on Multienzyme Process Technology * Nitrile Converting Enzymes Involved in Natural and Synthetic Cascade Reactions * Mining Genomes for Nitrilases * Key-Study on the Kinetic Aspects of the In-Situ NHase/AMase Cascade System of M. imperiale Resting Cells for Nitrile Bioconversion * Enzymatic Stereoselective Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids * New Applications of Transketolase: Cascade Reactions for Assay Development * Aldolases as Catalyst for the Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Analogs * Enzymatic Generation of Sialoconjugate Diversity * Methyltransferases in Biocatalysis * Chemoenzymatic Multistep One-Pot Processes

Medicinal Natural Products

Download Medicinal Natural Products PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471496410
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (964 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medicinal Natural Products by : Paul M. Dewick

Download or read book Medicinal Natural Products written by Paul M. Dewick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002-01-03 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide covers classes of natural products in medicine, whether derived from plants, micro-organisms or animals. Structured according to biosynthetic pathway, it is written from a chemistry-based approach.

Natural Product Biosynthesis

Download Natural Product Biosynthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788010760
Total Pages : 787 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Natural Product Biosynthesis by : Christopher T. Walsh

Download or read book Natural Product Biosynthesis written by Christopher T. Walsh and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-04-28 with total page 787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook describes the types of natural products, the biosynthetic pathways that enable the production of these molecules, and an update on the discovery of novel products in the post-genomic era.

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants

Download Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470714220
Total Pages : 1280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants by : Bob B. Buchanan

Download or read book Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants written by Bob B. Buchanan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-08-31 with total page 1280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With over 1000 original drawings and 500 photographs, this work offers complete coverage of cell biology, plant physiology and molecular biology.

Plant-derived Natural Products

Download Plant-derived Natural Products PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387854983
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (878 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plant-derived Natural Products by : Anne E. Osbourn

Download or read book Plant-derived Natural Products written by Anne E. Osbourn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-07-07 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants produce a huge array of natural products (secondary metabolites). These compounds have important ecological functions, providing protection against attack by herbivores and microbes and serving as attractants for pollinators and seed-dispersing agents. They may also contribute to competition and invasiveness by suppressing the growth of neighboring plant species (a phenomenon known as allelopathy). Humans exploit natural products as sources of drugs, flavoring agents, fragrances and for a wide range of other applications. Rapid progress has been made in recent years in understanding natural product synthesis, regulation and function and the evolution of metabolic diversity. It is timely to bring this information together with contemporary advances in chemistry, plant biology, ecology, agronomy and human health to provide a comprehensive guide to plant-derived natural products. Plant-derived natural products: synthesis, function and application provides an informative and accessible overview of the different facets of the field, ranging from an introduction to the different classes of natural products through developments in natural product chemistry and biology to ecological interactions and the significance of plant-derived natural products for humans. In the final section of the book a series of chapters on new trends covers metabolic engineering, genome-wide approaches, the metabolic consequences of genetic modification, developments in traditional medicines and nutraceuticals, natural products as leads for drug discovery and novel non-food crops.

Total Synthesis of Natural Products

Download Total Synthesis of Natural Products PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642340652
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Total Synthesis of Natural Products by : Jie Jack Li

Download or read book Total Synthesis of Natural Products written by Jie Jack Li and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Total Synthesis of Natural Products' is written and edited by some of today's leaders in organic chemistry. Eleven chapters cover a range of natural products, from steroids to alkaloids. Each chapter contains an introduction to the natural product in question, descriptions of its biological and pharmacological properties and outlines of total synthesis procedures already carried out. Particular emphasis is placed on novel methodologies developed by the respective authors and their research groups. This text is ideal for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, as well as organic chemists in academia and industry.

Amide Bond Activation

Download Amide Bond Activation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039212036
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Amide Bond Activation by : Michal Szostak

Download or read book Amide Bond Activation written by Michal Szostak and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-07-12 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The amide bond represents a privileged motif in chemistry. The recent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in the development of new chemical transformations of amides. These developments cover an impressive range of catalytic N–C bond activation in electrophilic, Lewis acid, radical, and nucleophilic reaction pathways, among other transformations. Equally relevant are structural and theoretical studies that provide the basis for chemoselective manipulation of amidic resonance. This monograph on amide bonds offers a broad survey of recent advances in activation of amides and addresses various approaches in the field.

The Chemistry of Mycotoxins

Download The Chemistry of Mycotoxins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3709113121
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Chemistry of Mycotoxins by : Stefan Bräse

Download or read book The Chemistry of Mycotoxins written by Stefan Bräse and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-02-14 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The biological activity of mycotoxins ranges from weak and/or sometimes positive effects, such as antibacterial activity (see penicillin derivatives derived from Penicillium strains) to strong mutagenic (e. g. aflatoxins, patulin), carcinogenic (e. g. aflatoxins), teratogenic, neurotoxic (e. g. ochratoxins), nephrotoxic (e. g. fumonisins, citrinin), hepatotoxic, and immunotoxic (e. g. ochratoxins, diketopiperazines) activity. Nowadays, many laboratories around the world are specialized in the detection of mycotoxins in food products and contaminated material found in housing. In this volume, a focus on the most important classes of mycotoxins is provided and their chemistry of the last ten years is discussed. In each Section, the individual biological impact is outlined. Sections are arranged according to mycotoxin classes (e. g. aflatoxins) and/or structural classes (e. g. resorcinyl lactones, diketopiperazines). The biology of mycotoxins is also described.

Protecting-Group-Free Organic Synthesis

Download Protecting-Group-Free Organic Synthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119295203
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protecting-Group-Free Organic Synthesis by : Rodney A. Fernandes

Download or read book Protecting-Group-Free Organic Synthesis written by Rodney A. Fernandes and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-20 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a comprehensive account of established protecting-group-free synthetic routes to molecules of medium to high complexity This book supports synthetic chemists in the design of strategies, which avoid or minimize the use of protecting groups so as to come closer to achieving an “ideal synthesis” and back the global need of practicing green chemistry. The only resource of its kind to focus entirely on protecting-group-free synthesis, it is edited by a leading practitioner in the field, and features enlightening contributions by top experts and researchers from across the globe. The introductory chapter includes a concise review of historical developments, and discusses the concepts, need for, and future prospects of protecting-group-free synthesis. Following this, the book presents information on protecting-group-free synthesis of complex natural products and analogues, heterocycles, drugs, and related pharmaceuticals. Later chapters discuss practicing protecting-group-free synthesis using carbohydrates and of glycosyl derivatives, glycol-polymers and glyco-conjugates. The book concludes with a chapter on latent functionality as a tactic toward formal protecting-group-free synthesis. A comprehensive account of established protecting-group-free (PGF) synthetic routes to molecules of medium to high complexity Benefits total synthesis, methodology development and drug synthesis researchers Supports synthetic chemists in the design of strategies, which avoid or minimize the use of protecting groups so as to come closer to achieving an “ideal synthesis” and support the global need of practicing green chemistry Covers a topic that is gaining importance because it renders syntheses more economical Protecting-Group-Free Organic Synthesis: Improving Economy and Efficiency is an important book for academic researchers in synthetic organic chemistry, green chemistry, medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry, and drug discovery.

Alkaloid Synthesis

Download Alkaloid Synthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642255280
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Alkaloid Synthesis by : Hans-Joachim Knoelker

Download or read book Alkaloid Synthesis written by Hans-Joachim Knoelker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-13 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lycopodium Alkaloids: Isolation and Asymmetric Synthesis, by Mariko Kitajima and Hiromitsu Takayama.- Synthesis of Morphine Alkaloids and Derivatives, by Uwe Rinner and Tomas Hudlicky.- Indole Prenylation in Alkaloid Synthesis, by Thomas Lindel, Nils Marsch and Santosh Kumar Adla.- Marine Pyrroloiminoquinone Alkaloids, by Yasuyuki Kita and Hiromichi Fujioka.- Synthetic Studies on Amaryllidaceae and Other Terrestrially Derived Alkaloids, by Martin G. Banwell, Nadia Yuqian Gao, Brett D. Schwartz and Lorenzo V. White.- Synthesis of Pyrrole and Carbazole Alkaloids, by Ingmar Bauer and Hans-Joachim Knölker.-

Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis

Download Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527804072
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis by : Montserrat Diéguez

Download or read book Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis written by Montserrat Diéguez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-21 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important reference for researchers in the field of metal-enzyme hybrid catalysis Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis offers a comprehensive review of the most current strategies, developed over recent decades, for the design, synthesis, and optimization of these hybrid catalysts as well as material about their application. The contributors—noted experts in the field—present information on the preparation, characterization, and optimization of artificial metalloenzymes in a timely and authoritative manner. The authors present a thorough examination of this interesting new platform for catalysis that combines the excellent selective recognition/binding properties of enzymes with transition metal catalysts. The text includes information on the various applications of metal-enzyme hybrid catalysts for novel reactions, offers insights into the latest advances in the field, and contains an informative perspective on the future: Explores the development of artificial metalloenzymes, the modern and strongly evolving research field on the verge of industrial application Contains a comprehensive reference to the research area of metal-enzyme hybrid catalysis that has experienced tremendous growth in recent years Includes contributions from leading researchers in the field Shows how this new catalysis combines the selective recognition/binding properties of enzymes with transition metal catalysts Written for catalytic chemists, bioinorganic chemists, biochemists, and organic chemists, Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis offers a unique reference to the fundamentals, concepts, applications, and the most recent developments for more efficient and sustainable synthesis.

Modern Phytochemical Methods

Download Modern Phytochemical Methods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468490605
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Phytochemical Methods by : Nikolaus H. Fischer

Download or read book Modern Phytochemical Methods written by Nikolaus H. Fischer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains reviews which are based on a symposium, given th at the 30 meeting of The Phytochemical Society of North America, held at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada on August 11-15, 1990. During the past two decades, there have been major new developments in methods which can be applied toward the isolation, separation and structure determination of complex natural products. Therefore, the topic of this symposium, "Modem Phytochemical Methods", is a very timely one. The organizers of the symposium recognized that it would not be possible to cover in detail all new advances in phytochemical methodology. It was therefore decided to emphasize general reviews on recent developments of major separation techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography as well as supercritical fluid chromato graphy. In addition, advances in commonly used structure determination methods, mainly NMR and MS, are reviewed. Other topics include methodo logies of micro-sampling for isolation and analysis of trichome constituents as well as recent breakthroughs on biosynthetic studies of monoterpenes using "enriched" basal cells of trichomes. The volume concludes with a review of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies of biologically active natural products. In Chapter I, K. Hostettmann and his colleagues give a general review of recent developments in the separation of natural products with major emphasis on preparative separations of biologically active plant constituents. The authors present a comparison of droplet countercurrent chromatography (OCCC) with the highly rapid and more versatile centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC).

Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism

Download Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401594236
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism by : R. Verpoorte

Download or read book Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism written by R. Verpoorte and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant secondary metabolism is an economically important source of fine chemicals, such as drugs, insecticides, dyes, flavours, and fragrances. Moreover, important traits of plants such as taste, flavour, smell, colour, or resistance against pests and diseases are also related to secondary metabolites. The genetic modification of plants is feasible nowadays. What does the possibility of engineering plant secondary metabolite pathways mean? In this book, firstly a general introduction is given on plant secondary metabolism, followed by an overview of the possible approaches that could be used to alter secondary metabolite pathways. In a series of chapters from various authorities in the field, an overview is given of the state of the art for important groups of secondary metabolites. No books have been published on this topic so far. This book will thus be a unique source of information for all those involved with plants as chemical factories of fine chemicals and those involved with the quality of food and ornamental plants. It will be useful in teaching graduate courses in the field of metabolic engineering in plants.

Alkaloids - Secrets of Life:

Download Alkaloids - Secrets of Life: PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080475337
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Alkaloids - Secrets of Life: by : Tadeusz Aniszewski

Download or read book Alkaloids - Secrets of Life: written by Tadeusz Aniszewski and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-03-22 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alkaloids, represent a group of interesting and complex chemical compounds, produced by the secondary metabolism of living organisms in different biotopes. They are relatively common chemicals in all kingdoms of living organisms in all environments. Two hundred years of scientific research has still not fully explained the connections between alkaloids and life.Alkaloids-Chemistry, Biological Significance, Applications and Ecological Role provides knowledge on structural typology, biosynthesis and metabolism in relation to recent research work on alkaloids. Considering an organic chemistry approach to alkaloids using biological and ecological explanation. Within the book several questions that persist in this field of research are approached as are some unresearched areas. The book provides beneficial text for an academic and professional audience and serves as a source of knowledge for anyone who is interested in the fascinating subject of alkaloids. Each chapter features an abstract. Appendices are included, as are a listing of alkaloids, plants containing alkaloids and some basic protocols of alkaloid analysis.* Presents the ecological role of alkaloids in nature and ecosystems * Interdisciplinary and reader friendly approach* Up-to-date knowledge