A Multiscale Computational Model For Predicting Damage Evolution In Viscoelastic Composites Subjected To Impact Loading

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A Multiscale Computational Model for Predicting Damage Evolution in Viscoelastic Composites Subjected to Impact Loading

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis A Multiscale Computational Model for Predicting Damage Evolution in Viscoelastic Composites Subjected to Impact Loading by :

Download or read book A Multiscale Computational Model for Predicting Damage Evolution in Viscoelastic Composites Subjected to Impact Loading written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of the project was to develop a multiscale computational model capable of predicting the evolution of matrix cracking, delamination, and fiber cracking in viscoelastic composite structures subjected to ballistic impact. The model is three dimensional and computational in nature, utilizing the finite element method, and this model is being implemented to the explicit code DYNA3D. Crack growth is simulated via the cohesive zone model currently under development by the author. The cohesive zone model for predicting damage evolution in laminated composite plates is cast within a three dimensional continuum finite element algorithm capable of simulating the evolution of matrix, fiber, and delamination cracking in composite structures subjected to ballistic impact. Cracking on vastly differing length scales is accounted for by employing global-local techniques, with appropriate damage dependent homogenization techniques introduced to bridge the disparate scales. Finally, simplified generic example problems were solved analytically and compared to computational results obtained with the model as a means of model verification. A damage constitutive model for polymer-matrix composite materials was developed and implemented into a commercially available finite element package.

Computational Modelling of Progressive Damage in Viscoelastic-viscoplastic Composite Materials

Author : Thomas John Berton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Modelling of Progressive Damage in Viscoelastic-viscoplastic Composite Materials by : Thomas John Berton

Download or read book Computational Modelling of Progressive Damage in Viscoelastic-viscoplastic Composite Materials written by Thomas John Berton and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current governmental requirements for greater fuel efficiency are pushing automotive manufacturers to find innovative ways of reducing car weight, while still maintaining mechanical performance to ensure passenger safety. Composite materials would allow for significant weight reduction, while still maintaining a safe environment for the passengers. However, composite materials are known to exhibit significant time-dependent behaviour, as well as progressive damage which affect structural performance. Bio-composites in particular are known to undergo complex damage evolution during their lifetime. In this thesis, a multi-scale computational approach has been adopted to take these effects into account. A new modelling approach based on Synergistic Damage Mechanics to understand damage evolution in composite materials undergoing time-dependent deformation is developed. The model is applied to matrix micro-cracking in laminates. Computational micro-damage mechanics is combined with a continuum level description of stiffness degradation to predict the evolution of micro-cracking while requiring minimal experimental calibration. The time-dependent behaviour is modelled using Schapery's theory of viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity, and the evolution of matrix micro-cracking during creep is predicted. The predictions of the model for different stacking sequences, ply thicknesses and working temperatures show that viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity have a significant effect on the long-term response of laminates undergoing matrix micro-cracking. The multi-scale modelling approach is extended to short fiber bio-composites by constructing a micro-damage model of fiber-matrix debonding using a Cohesive Zone Model. The effect of strain rate on fiber-matrix debonding is analyzed by implementing a non-linear viscoelastic model for the matrix, and it is shown that viscoelastic behaviour leads to a competition between void nucleation and debonding. The effects of fiber stiffness, dimensions and interfacial shear strength are evaluated. Following the micro-damage analyses, the thesis focuses on damage evolution at the structural scale by implementing the damage model in Finite Element Analysis software to analyze the dynamic response of a car bumper. The rate-dependent evolution of damage is predicted for different stacking sequences and material systems.

Damage Modeling of Composite Structures

Author : Pengfei Liu
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323853536
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Damage Modeling of Composite Structures by : Pengfei Liu

Download or read book Damage Modeling of Composite Structures written by Pengfei Liu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-03-10 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Damage Modeling of Composite Structures: Strength, Fracture, and Finite Element Analysis provides readers with a fundamental overview of the mechanics of composite materials, along with an outline of an array of modeling and numerical techniques used to analyze damage, failure mechanisms and safety tolerance. Strength prediction and finite element analysis of laminated composite structures are both covered, as are modeling techniques for delaminated composites under compression and shear. Viscoelastic cohesive/friction coupled model and finite element analysis for delamination analysis of composites under shear and for laminates under low-velocity impact are all covered at length. A concluding chapter discusses multiscale damage models and finite element analysis of composite structures. - Integrates intralaminar damage and interlaminar delamination under different load patterns, covering intralaminar damage constitutive models, failure criteria, damage evolution laws, and virtual crack closure techniques - Discusses numerical techniques for progressive failure analysis and modeling, as well as numerical convergence and mesh sensitivity, thus allowing for more accurate modeling - Features models and methods that can be seamlessly extended to analyze failure mechanisms and safety tolerance of composites under more complex loads, and in more extreme environments - Demonstrates applications of damage models and numerical methods

Modeling Damage, Fatigue and Failure of Composite Materials

Author : Ramesh Talreja
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443184887
Total Pages : 620 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Damage, Fatigue and Failure of Composite Materials by : Ramesh Talreja

Download or read book Modeling Damage, Fatigue and Failure of Composite Materials written by Ramesh Talreja and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-09-23 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modeling Damage, Fatigue and Failure of Composite Materials, Second Edition provides the latest research in the field of composite materials, an area that has attracted a wealth of research, with significant interest in the areas of damage, fatigue, and failure. The book is fully updated, and is a comprehensive source of physics-based models for the analysis of progressive and critical failure phenomena in composite materials. It focuses on materials modeling while also reviewing treatments for analyzing failure in composite structures. Sections review damage development in composite materials such as generic damage and damage accumulation in textile composites and under multiaxial loading. Part Two focuses on the modeling of failure mechanisms in composite materials, with attention given to fiber/matrix cracking and debonding, compression failure, and delamination fracture. Final sections examine the modeling of damage and materials response in composite materials, including micro-level and multi-scale approaches, the failure analysis of composite materials and joints, and the applications of predictive failure models. - Provides a comprehensive source of physics-based models for the analysis of progressive and critical failure phenomena in composite materials - Assesses failure and life prediction in composite materials - Discusses the applications of predictive failure models such as computational approaches to failure analysis - Covers further developments in computational analyses and experimental techniques, along with new applications in aerospace, automotive, and energy (wind turbine blades) fields - Covers delamination and thermoplastic-based composites

Numerical and Analytical Verification of a Multiscale Computational Model for Impact Problems in Heterogeneous Viscoelastic Materials with Evolving Damage

Download Numerical and Analytical Verification of a Multiscale Computational Model for Impact Problems in Heterogeneous Viscoelastic Materials with Evolving Damage PDF Online Free

Author : Bruno Francisco Bachiega de Araújo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (656 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical and Analytical Verification of a Multiscale Computational Model for Impact Problems in Heterogeneous Viscoelastic Materials with Evolving Damage by : Bruno Francisco Bachiega de Araújo

Download or read book Numerical and Analytical Verification of a Multiscale Computational Model for Impact Problems in Heterogeneous Viscoelastic Materials with Evolving Damage written by Bruno Francisco Bachiega de Araújo and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Progressive Damage Analysis of Laminated Composite (Pdalc)-A Computational Model Implemented in the NASA Comet Finite Element Code

Author : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781729236956
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Progressive Damage Analysis of Laminated Composite (Pdalc)-A Computational Model Implemented in the NASA Comet Finite Element Code by : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa

Download or read book Progressive Damage Analysis of Laminated Composite (Pdalc)-A Computational Model Implemented in the NASA Comet Finite Element Code written by National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-10-25 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A method for analysis of progressive failure in the Computational Structural Mechanics Testbed is presented in this report. The relationship employed in this analysis describes the matrix crack damage and fiber fracture via kinematics-based volume-averaged variables. Damage accumulation during monotonic and cyclic loads is predicted by damage evolution laws for tensile load conditions. The implementation of this damage model required the development of two testbed processors. While this report concentrates on the theory and usage of these processors, a complete list of all testbed processors and inputs that are required for this analysis are included. Sample calculations for laminates subjected to monotonic and cyclic loads were performed to illustrate the damage accumulation, stress redistribution, and changes to the global response that occur during the load history. Residual strength predictions made with this information compared favorably with experimental measurements. Lo, David C. and Coats, Timothy W. and Harris, Charles E. and Allen, David H. Langley Research Center RTOP 538-02-10-01

Progressive Damage Analysis of Laminated Composite (Pdalc)-A Computational Model Implemented in the NASA Comet Finite Element Code

Author : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781722644987
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (449 download)

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Book Synopsis Progressive Damage Analysis of Laminated Composite (Pdalc)-A Computational Model Implemented in the NASA Comet Finite Element Code by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Download or read book Progressive Damage Analysis of Laminated Composite (Pdalc)-A Computational Model Implemented in the NASA Comet Finite Element Code written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-10 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A method for analysis of progressive failure in the Computational Structural Mechanics Testbed is presented in this report. The relationship employed in this analysis describes the matrix crack damage and fiber fracture via kinematics-based volume-averaged variables. Damage accumulation during monotonic and cyclic loads is predicted by damage evolution laws for tensile load conditions. The implementation of this damage model required the development of two testbed processors. While this report concentrates on the theory and usage of these processors, a complete list of all testbed processors and inputs that are required for this analysis are included. Sample calculations for laminates subjected to monotonic and cyclic loads were performed to illustrate the damage accumulation, stress redistribution, and changes to the global response that occur during the load history. Residual strength predictions made with this information compared favorably with experimental measurements. Lo, David C. and Coats, Timothy W. and Harris, Charles E. and Allen, David H. Langley Research Center RTOP 538-02-10-01...

Damage Mechanics of Composite Materials

Author : R. Talreja
Publisher : Elsevier Science
ISBN 13 : 9780444888525
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (885 download)

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Book Synopsis Damage Mechanics of Composite Materials by : R. Talreja

Download or read book Damage Mechanics of Composite Materials written by R. Talreja and published by Elsevier Science. This book was released on 1994 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Damage mechanics is concerned with mechanics-based analyses of microstructural events in solids responsible for changes in their response to external loading. The microstructural events can occur as cracks, voids, slipped regions, etc., with a spatial distribution within the volume of a solid. If a solid contains oriented elements in its microsctructure, e.g. fibers, the heterogeneity and asisotropy aspects create situations which form a class of problems worthy of special treatment. This book deals with such treatments with particular emphasis on application to technological composite materials. Chapter one describes the basic principles underlying both the micromechanics approach and the continuum damage mechanics approach. It also reviews the relevant statistical concepts. The next three chapters are devoted to developments of the continuum damage mechanics approach related to characterization of damage with internal variables, evolution of damage and its coupling with other inelastic effects such as plasticity. Chapter 5 describes observations of damage from notches in composite laminates and puts forward some pragmatic modelling ideas for a complex damage configuration. The next two chapters form the bulk of the micromechanics approach in this volume. The first one deals with microcracking and the other with interfacial damage in composite materials.

Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials and Structures

Author : Young Kwon
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387363181
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials and Structures by : Young Kwon

Download or read book Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials and Structures written by Young Kwon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-04 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the state-of-the-art in multiscale modeling and simulation techniques for composite materials and structures. It focuses on the structural and functional properties of engineering composites and the sustainable high performance of components and structures. The multiscale techniques can be also applied to nanocomposites which are important application areas in nanotechnology. There are few books available on this topic.

Multiscale Modeling of Brittle Composites Using Reduced Order Computational Homogenization

Author : Robert D. Crouch (Jr.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Multiscale Modeling of Brittle Composites Using Reduced Order Computational Homogenization by : Robert D. Crouch (Jr.)

Download or read book Multiscale Modeling of Brittle Composites Using Reduced Order Computational Homogenization written by Robert D. Crouch (Jr.) and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry

Author : Jerzy Leszczynski
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048126878
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry by : Jerzy Leszczynski

Download or read book Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry written by Jerzy Leszczynski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-03 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry" presents contributions on a range of aspects of Computational Chemistry applied to a variety of research fields. The chapters focus on recent theoretical developments which have been used to investigate structures and properties of large systems with minimal computational resources. Studies include those in the gas phase, various solvents, various aspects of computational multiscale modeling, Monte Carlo simulations, chirality, the multiple minima problem for protein folding, the nature of binding in different species and dihydrogen bonds, carbon nanotubes and hydrogen storage, adsorption and decomposition of organophosphorus compounds, X-ray crystallography, proton transfer, structure-activity relationships, a description of the REACH programs of the European Union for chemical regulatory purposes, reactions of nucleic acid bases with endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species and different aspects of nucleic acid bases, base pairs and base tetrads.

A Computational-Experimental Approach to Hierarchical Modeling of Damage and Failure in Non-Uniform Composite Materials

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis A Computational-Experimental Approach to Hierarchical Modeling of Damage and Failure in Non-Uniform Composite Materials by :

Download or read book A Computational-Experimental Approach to Hierarchical Modeling of Damage and Failure in Non-Uniform Composite Materials written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress has been made in advancing the state of the art in multiple-scale modeling of damage in composite materials, as delineated below. Interfacial Debonding Analysis in Multiple Fiber Reinforced Composites: Decohesion at multiple fiber interfaces of elastic fiber reinforced composites is modeled by the Voronoi cell finite element model (VCFEM). Interfacial debonding is accommodated by cohesive zone models and simulations are compared with results from experiments, performed using cruciform specimens of fiber polymer-matrix composites. A Multi-level Computational Model for Multi-scale Damage Analysis in Composite and Porous Materials: An adaptive multi-level methodology is developed to create a hierarchy of computational sub-domains with varying resolution for multiple scale problems. It concurrently predicts variables at the structural and microstructural scales and tracks microstructural damage. VCFEM conducts microstructural analysis, while a displacement based FEM code executes the macroscopic analysis. The adaptive process increases efficiency and accuracy. Experimental-Computationai Investigation Of Damage Evolution In Discontinuously Reinforced Composite: A combined experimental-computational approach to study the evolution of microscopic damage to cause failure in commercial SiC particle reinforced DRA's. Aspects of microstructural geometry that are most critical for damage nucleation and evolution are accomplished. Micromechanical modeling of 2D micrographs are conducted with VCFEM. Inferences on the initiation and propagation of damage are made from the 2D simulations.

Uncertainty Quantification in Multiscale Materials Modeling

Author : Yan Wang
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing Limited
ISBN 13 : 0081029411
Total Pages : 604 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Uncertainty Quantification in Multiscale Materials Modeling by : Yan Wang

Download or read book Uncertainty Quantification in Multiscale Materials Modeling written by Yan Wang and published by Woodhead Publishing Limited. This book was released on 2020-03-12 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncertainty Quantification in Multiscale Materials Modeling provides a complete overview of uncertainty quantification (UQ) in computational materials science. It provides practical tools and methods along with examples of their application to problems in materials modeling. UQ methods are applied to various multiscale models ranging from the nanoscale to macroscale. This book presents a thorough synthesis of the state-of-the-art in UQ methods for materials modeling, including Bayesian inference, surrogate modeling, random fields, interval analysis, and sensitivity analysis, providing insight into the unique characteristics of models framed at each scale, as well as common issues in modeling across scales.

Computational Mesomechanics of Composites

Author : Leon L. Mishnaevsky, Jr
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470513187
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Mesomechanics of Composites by : Leon L. Mishnaevsky, Jr

Download or read book Computational Mesomechanics of Composites written by Leon L. Mishnaevsky, Jr and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-08-20 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanical properties of composite materials can be improved by tailoring their microstructures. Optimal microstructures of composites, which ensure desired properties of composite materials, can be determined in computational experiments. The subject of this book is the computational analysis of interrelations between mechanical properties (e.g., strength, damage resistance stiffness) and microstructures of composites. The methods of mesomechanics of composites are reviewed, and applied to the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of different groups of composites. Individual chapters are devoted to the computational analysis of the microstructure- mechanical properties relationships of particle reinforced composites, functionally graded and particle clusters reinforced composites, interpenetrating phase and unidirectional fiber reinforced composites, and machining tools materials.

Uncertainty Quantification in Laminated Composites

Author : Sudip Dey
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498784461
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Uncertainty Quantification in Laminated Composites by : Sudip Dey

Download or read book Uncertainty Quantification in Laminated Composites written by Sudip Dey and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-19 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last few decades, uncertainty quantification in composite materials and structures has gained a lot of attention from the research community as a result of industrial requirements. This book presents computationally efficient uncertainty quantification schemes following meta-model-based approaches for stochasticity in material and geometric parameters of laminated composite structures. Several metamodels have been studied and comparative results have been presented for different static and dynamic responses. Results for sensitivity analyses are provided for a comprehensive coverage of the relative importance of different material and geometric parameters in the global structural responses.

The Virtual Crack Closure Technique: History, Approach and Applications

Author : Ronald Krueger
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis The Virtual Crack Closure Technique: History, Approach and Applications by : Ronald Krueger

Download or read book The Virtual Crack Closure Technique: History, Approach and Applications written by Ronald Krueger and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of the virtual crack closure technique is presented. The approach used is discussed, the history summarized, and insight into its applications provided. Equations for two-dimensional quadrilateral elements with linear and quadratic shape functions are given. Formula for applying the technique in conjuction with three-dimensional solid elements as well as plate/shell elements are also provided. Necessary modifications for the use of the method with geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis and corrections required for elements at the crack tip with different lengths and widths are discussed. The problems associated with cracks or delaminations propagating between different materials are mentioned briefly, as well as a strategy to minimize these problems. Due to an increased interest in using a fracture mechanics based approach to assess the damage tolerance of composite structures in the design phase and during certification, the engineering problems selected as examples and given as references focus on the application of the technique to components made of composite materials.

Multi-Scale Continuum Mechanics Modelling of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Author : Wim Van Paepegem
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128189851
Total Pages : 766 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Multi-Scale Continuum Mechanics Modelling of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites by : Wim Van Paepegem

Download or read book Multi-Scale Continuum Mechanics Modelling of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites written by Wim Van Paepegem and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multi-scale modelling of composites is a very relevant topic in composites science. This is illustrated by the numerous sessions in the recent European and International Conferences on Composite Materials, but also by the fast developments in multi-scale modelling software tools, developed by large industrial players such as Siemens (Virtual Material Characterization toolkit and MultiMechanics virtual testing software), MSC/e-Xstream (Digimat software), Simulia (micromechanics plug-in in Abaqus), HyperSizer (Multi-scale design of composites), Altair (Altair Multiscale Designer) This book is intended to be an ideal reference on the latest advances in multi-scale modelling of fibre-reinforced polymer composites, that is accessible for both (young) researchers and end users of modelling software. We target three main groups: This book aims at a complete introduction and overview of the state-of-the-art in multi-scale modelling of composites in three axes: • ranging from prediction of homogenized elastic properties to nonlinear material behaviour • ranging from geometrical models for random packing of unidirectional fibres over meso-scale geometries for textile composites to orientation tensors for short fibre composites • ranging from damage modelling of unidirectionally reinforced composites over textile composites to short fibre-reinforced composites The book covers the three most important scales in multi-scale modelling of composites: (i) micro-scale, (ii) meso-scale and (iii) macro-scale. The nano-scale and related atomistic and molecular modelling approaches are deliberately excluded, since the book wants to focus on continuum mechanics and there are already a lot of dedicated books about polymer nanocomposites. A strong focus is put on physics-based damage modelling, in the sense that the chapters devote attention to modelling the different damage mechanisms (matrix cracking, fibre/matrix debonding, delamination, fibre fracture,...) in such a way that the underlying physics of the initiation and growth of these damage modes is respected. The book also gives room to not only discuss the finite element based approaches for multi-scale modelling, but also much faster methods that are popular in industrial software, such as Mean Field Homogenization methods (based on Mori-Tanaka and Eshelby solutions) and variational methods (shear lag theory and more advanced theories). Since the book targets a wide audience, the focus is put on the most common numerical approaches that are used in multi-scale modelling. Very specialized numerical methods like peridynamics modelling, Material Point Method, eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM), isogeometric analysis, SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics),... are excluded. Outline of the book The book is divided in three large parts, well balanced with each a similar number of chapters: