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A Methodology To Inform Neighborhood Scale Water Quality Interventions In Rural Sub Saharan Africa
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Book Synopsis A methodology to inform neighborhood-scale water quality interventions in rural sub-Saharan Africa by : Hilary Michelle Barber
Download or read book A methodology to inform neighborhood-scale water quality interventions in rural sub-Saharan Africa written by Hilary Michelle Barber and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diarrhoea due to the consumption of unsafe drinking water is a major cause of death worldwide, despite many small and large-scale water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention programs and policy processes. Many Sub-Saharan African communities have relied on WASH interventions by governmental and non-governmental organizations to reduce the burden of diarrhoeal diseases, however they often fail to be sustainable. Safe drinking water is achieved by protecting/treating water at all points along the drinking water supply chain (DWSC), from the source to the point-of-use. Gathering data on the sanitary environment and microbiological quality of water along the DWSC can support the design of water quality interventions. In addition, an examination of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of local people on WASH topics could support the design of more socioculturally relevant interventions. The purpose of this research was to develop and pilot a simple yet economical and robust method to inform more socioculturally relevant water quality interventions in rural Sub-Saharan Africa, and to test whether variation in the risks existed at the neighbourhood-scale within three neighbourhoods of a single community in rural Kenya. The results of this study demonstrated that practices, which affect water quality in the DWSC, varied at the neighbourhood-scale. For example, source water quality was poor in the three study neighbourhoods, however the hazards and contaminating practices that posed a risk to water quality varied (i.e., bathing, toileting, laundry). Household water quality was also poor and at risk in all three neighbourhoods, however the practices that represented a risk to household water quality varied (e.g. storage conditions, sanitation practices). Female water collectors were knowledgeable on the causes of diarrhoea, however their preferred approaches toward WASH intervention approaches varied by neighbourhood. The collection and analysis of neighbourhood
Book Synopsis Guidelines for the Development of Small-Scale Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in East Africa by : Dennis B. Warner
Download or read book Guidelines for the Development of Small-Scale Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in East Africa written by Dennis B. Warner and published by Catholic Relief Services. This book was released on 2005-09-21 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document constitutes general technical guidelines for the planning and implementation of small-scale water supply and sanitation activities in rural East Africa, which includes both projects funded under the USAID Title II (Food for Peace) Program and projects funded by other donors. It is intended to assist Catholic Relief Services and its partners in improving the effectiveness, environmental protection and long-term sustainability of water and sanitation activities in the rural, and often food-insecure, areas of East Africa.
Book Synopsis Water Challenges in Rural and Urban Sub-Saharan Africa and their Management by : Joan Nyika
Download or read book Water Challenges in Rural and Urban Sub-Saharan Africa and their Management written by Joan Nyika and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-04-20 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sub-Saharan Africa grapples with many public health issues such as food insecurity, increased prevalence of infectious diseases, limited access to clean water supply, poor nutrition and lack of improved health services for its populace (IMF, 2021). Of all these challenges, the inaccessibility of clean water supply for both the rural and urban populace is the most pressing challenge, which has been exacerbated by extensive pollution and climate change crises. The issue of water access and supply affects both rural and urban populations. At rural areas water is accessed in yard taps and in arid regions through water kiosks managed by private owners. Among the urban poor, water access is compromised by poor supply infrastructure especially among informal settlers and risks such as contamination during the supply chain are imminent This book therefore seeks to close this knowledge gap by 1) generating a water resources inventory for Sub-Saharan Africa region, 2) exploring the water crises in both its urban and rural settings, 3) understanding the causatives of the crises and 4) suggesting viable solutions to manage the water challenges using named case studies. The aim is to improve understanding on the region’s water problems and advise scholars and policymakers on priority research areas and action plans to better water management for sustainable development.
Book Synopsis Rural Water Supply in Africa by : Peter Harvey
Download or read book Rural Water Supply in Africa written by Peter Harvey and published by WEDC, Loughborough University. This book was released on 2004 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed to assist those responsible for planning, implementing and supporting rural water supply prograames to increase sustainability.
Book Synopsis Innovative Water Resource Use and Management for Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Anthology by : Chanie, Paulos
Download or read book Innovative Water Resource Use and Management for Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Anthology written by Chanie, Paulos and published by OSSREA. This book was released on 2014-04-03 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like in many parts of the world, water resources in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been pivotal for human survival, economic growth, social development, and practicing certain religion and cultural ethos. However, in spite of the intrinsic values of water, its use and management in sub-Saharan Africa has not been without limitations. The demand for water resources is increasing mainly due to rapid population growth, industrialization and urbanization and dealing with water-related issues has been complex and challenging for sustainable growth. Whilst there are various efforts by national governments, non-government organizations and communities to effectively and efficiently utilize and manage water resources, there are few comprehensive studies in sub- Saharan Africa that show the impact of the efforts on poverty reduction. Although certain reports indicate that many SSA countries lack clear vision on how water use can be harnessed with pro-poor growth and how poor communities can be capacitated to use water for poverty reduction, there are little exhaustive studies that clearly show familiar and innovative water use and management interventions followed by communities, national governments and other stakeholders, and demonstrate the challenges and successes of the same. Cognizant of the knowledge gap, in 2012 OSSREA launched a research project on ordinary and innovative water use and management patterns and practices in SSA, with a view to generate new knowledge on unexploited opportunities that could enhance the contribution of water resources to poverty reduction. This anthology documents various issues including water use and management in agriculture especially in irrigation projects in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe; water harvesting in Kenya and Uganda; the role of local water use institutions in Ethiopia; and water source maintenance and protection in Uganda.
Book Synopsis Water System Sustainability in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa by : Sara Jane Marks
Download or read book Water System Sustainability in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa written by Sara Jane Marks and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost one out of two people living in rural Sub-Saharan Africa lack access to an improved drinking water source. Failure of installed infrastructure contributes substantially to the persistently low level of water access in this region. This dissertation identifies factors that explain water system sustainability, with a particular focus on the role of community participation in planning and construction of water systems. First, the relationship between different forms of community participation and handpump sustainability is explored using data collected within 200 rural communities in Ghana. Next, a composite measure for households' sense of ownership for their water system is developed using principal components analysis and then tested against empirical data collected from 1140 households across 50 rural Kenyan villages. This study establishes the first known empirical referent for users' sense of ownership for their water system, and finds that certain types of participation during project planning and construction enhance sense of ownership. Moreover, sense of ownership among users is inversely related to that of water committee members, and the correlates of sense of ownership differ for the two groups. These findings challenge the bulk of published literature on rural water planning in developing countries, which suggests a consistent and positive relationship between community participation, households' sense of ownership for the system, and system sustainability.
Book Synopsis Community Water, Community Management by : Ton Schouten
Download or read book Community Water, Community Management written by Ton Schouten and published by Practical Action. This book was released on 2003 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Community management has become the leading concept for implementing water supply systems in rural areas . In the light of two decades of experience, this book considers the opportunities and constraints of community management in providing a service to the millions of people who need it:
Book Synopsis Household Water Resources and Rural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa by : Sydney Rosen
Download or read book Household Water Resources and Rural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa written by Sydney Rosen and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sustainability of Rural Water Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa: GIT-based Studies in East-Central Tanzania by : Sekela Twisa
Download or read book Sustainability of Rural Water Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa: GIT-based Studies in East-Central Tanzania written by Sekela Twisa and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Analysis of Risk Management of Community Water Projects in Sub - Saharan Africa by : Tamburo M Renzi Ph D
Download or read book The Analysis of Risk Management of Community Water Projects in Sub - Saharan Africa written by Tamburo M Renzi Ph D and published by AuthorHouse. This book was released on 2023-12-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Projects implementation in may Sub Saharan countries are always established to allieviate perceived need. In the case of water, the aim is to provide clean safe water to communities in needs. In most rural areas and in conflict prone areas, such kind of projects faces enormous challanges. South Sudan have been in war for decade and sectorian conflict affect many communities living in the rural areas. A number of factors affect the management of community water projects. Some of these risk factors are associated with conflict and continued political unrest in many sub saharan Africa. The most striking ones include competition among water service providers, use sub-standard equipment, political leaders interferences, limited finances, insufficient use of existing policies, incomplete project implementation and poor governance. The book is derived from a study carried in order to dentifiy, analyse and respond to risks arising either positively or negatively that affect the water projects rendering community at risk. A mixed research methods that involved both primary and secondary data sources was used to collect date for this book. A purposive sampling method used utilizing semi-structured questionnaires and interviews in order to collect releveance data and analyze the risks involved in the community water kiosks in South Sudan. Successsful community water project require holistic approach that should involves all the stakeholders, strengheneing institutional capacity and enactment of better laws and regulations including contract laws. In addition the use of modern business tools and techniques including cost management, operational management, risk management and project management can greatly enhance the performance of the water kiosk projects.
Book Synopsis Water and the Rural Poor Interventions for Improving Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa by : J-M. Faurés
Download or read book Water and the Rural Poor Interventions for Improving Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa written by J-M. Faurés and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction; Water; agriculture and rural livelihoods; Mapping poverty, water and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa; Interventions in water to improve livelihoods in rural areas.
Book Synopsis The Participatory Development Approach and Clean Water Provision in Rural Sub-saharan Africa by : Meghan Morris
Download or read book The Participatory Development Approach and Clean Water Provision in Rural Sub-saharan Africa written by Meghan Morris and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Health, Wealth, and Happiness by : James Chan Winter
Download or read book Health, Wealth, and Happiness written by James Chan Winter and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The introduction of safe, accessible piped water has transformed human health and development. During the first half of the 19th century, American cities experienced large reductions in total mortality, most of which has been attributed to the introduction of filtered and chlorinated piped drinking water. Providing piped water, either on-premises or nearby, has other benefits as well. Research focusing on low- and middle-income countries has found that households living nearby their water source devote less time to fetching water, freeing up time to pursue work outside the home, caregiving, education, or leisure activities. As of 2017, nearly 800 million people still lack basic access to drinking water, relying on distant or unprotected sources of water that expose them to dangerous levels of pathogens. It is estimated that inadequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is responsible for approximately 800,000 deaths from diarrheal disease alone, primarily affecting young children. This burden of disease is most prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa, where 39% of households lack basic access to water. However, water scarcity impacts household well-being in ways beyond infectious disease burden. In 2007, just 6% of rural Zambian households had piped water access. This forces households, particularly women and girls, to devote substantial time to fetching water every day, leading to low household water consumption and time poverty. The first research chapter of this dissertation (Chapter 2) examines the impacts of a rural piped water system in southern Zambia on household time expenditures and productive uses of water. This quasi-experimental study of four villages used a combination of household surveys, Global Positioning System transponders, and water meters to measure time spent fetching water, water consumption, and how water was being utilized for domestic and productive activities. Households receiving the piped water intervention spent less time fetching water, savings that accrued primarily to women and girls. Household water consumption also increased, which was used for both domestic and productive uses such as gardening. These households reported being happier, healthier, and having more time to participate in work inside or outside the home. This work contributes to the expanding research on the time and economic impacts that piped water supply can have on rural households. Chapter 3 measures how the same piped water intervention affected environmental fecal contamination and child health. This study measures the effects of transitioning from distant, unimproved water sources to piped water supply on both microbiological contamination and child health. Providing households with shared and private piped water access at a conveniently close location was associated with significant reductions in water contamination. However, despite increases in water availability, there were no measured changes in self-reported handwashing frequency or microbiological indicators of hand contamination. This study contributes to the literature on the health impacts of piped water access, with a focus on the understudied transition from off-plot unimproved water sources to improved piped water supply. Recognizing that infrastructure alone is insufficient to change some household behaviors, Chapter 4 evaluates the impact of a school-based education intervention on the dissemination of WASH-related messages in rural communities. In low-income countries, rural areas have lower rates of access to WASH infrastructure and worse health outcomes than their urban counterparts. However, interventions in rural communities are more expensive on a per-capita basis, due to low population density and geographic isolation. Schools represent an opportunity to reach large numbers of students at once, making school-based programs cost-effective entry points. This study takes advantage of the piloting phase in Zambia of the WASH UP! program, a high-intensity, school-based WASH program developed by the creators of Sesame Street. The program was associated with significant increases in both student knowledge and transmitting WASH messages from the school to the home. However, considering the high-intensity nature of the program, the magnitude of these changes suggests that there is substantial scope for improvement. This study contributes to the behavior change literature by focusing on the impact that young children alone can have on message transmission and the factors that encourage or impede this process. This research combines tools and theory from microbiology, engineering, and social science to characterize the impacts of piped water provision and behavior change messaging on rural households in Zambia. The results of this dissertation provide evidence of the holistic benefits of piped water supply and measure the potential for young children to act as agents of change for positive WASH behaviors within their own families.
Book Synopsis Building Effective Drinking Water Management Policies in Rural Africa by : Christopher Opio
Download or read book Building Effective Drinking Water Management Policies in Rural Africa written by Christopher Opio and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the need to provide clean drinking water is widely recognized as a priority in rural Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a lack of specific data on water quality to build effective drinking water management policies. This discussion paper describes a water quality study undertaken in Northern Uganda, to test the potability and potential contamination of water taken from wells, open water sources and households. Key lessons from the study include the fact that clean well water can be contaminated during transportation to, and storage in, homes. Building on the data from the water quality tests, this paper explores the policy implications for national governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and individuals at the household level. In the absence of more specific, country-by-country studies, the results from this study are applicable across the region due to similarities in water sources and storage practices in rural Africa.
Book Synopsis Evaluating Population-level Effects of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions by : Jade De-Rong Benjamin-Chung
Download or read book Evaluating Population-level Effects of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions written by Jade De-Rong Benjamin-Chung and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Scientists and development stakeholders argue that health interventions proven effective in randomized efficacy trials should be translated into large-scale programs to benefit public health. Substantive evidence supports the scale-up of numerous health interventions, such as water, sanitation, and deworming interventions, and since the establishment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) the funding and motivation for such scale-up has grown. In the field of water and sanitation, numerous interventions have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the reduction of diarrhea and soil-transmitted helminth infection. However, scaling up these interventions to regional or national levels frequently presents implementation challenges, and systematically studying the reasons for scale-up success or failure is essential to refine and sustain public health programs. Another important feature of scaling up interventions is determining how best to integrate interventions at scale and whether intervention delivery should be focused at the individual, household, or community level. Population attributable fraction (PAF) parameters and a new class of parameters which build upon the PAF can be used to estimate the effect of large-scale programs on population health. Evaluation of interventions at scale poses unique questions, and epidemiologic designs and analyses need to be tailored to answer these particular questions. Modern approaches to PAF estimation allow for parameter definition to be tailored one's particular research question and are well suited to the evaluation of population-level effects of large-scale health interventions. Methods: In this dissertation, I illustrate and apply methods to evaluate population-level effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. I specifically focus on methods for and applications with observational, cross-sectional data, and I discuss generalizations to other study designs. In the first chapter, I quantify the association between deworming, improved sanitation, and hygiene interventions and soil-transmitted helminths in a population in rural Bangladesh. I assess the potential for interactions between these interventions and explore associations at both the individual and village level. In the second chapter I assess the quality of implementation of a large-scale water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention implemented by UNICEF and the Government of Bangladesh in rural Bangladesh. It was found that this intervention did not meet most of its health and behavior targets in an interim evaluation. To help understand why, I envision a scenario in which implementation had been better in all areas, and I estimate how much outcomes may have changed under this scenario compared to the outcomes that were observed. In the third chapter, I discuss parameters appropriate for estimating population-level effects of health interventions. Specifically, I describe the estimation of the PAF and two modern parameters which build upon the PAF: the population intervention model and stochastic intervention model parameters. I provide a didactic description of the estimation of these parameters. Significance: This dissertation illustrates the use of rigorous methods to systematically evaluate the effect of individual and combined interventions at scale. Rigorous assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions is difficult, even for small-scale interventions, and very few large-scale WASH interventions have been evaluated rigorously. The parameters I illustrated and estimated in this dissertation have broad applicability to similar assessments of other large-scale public health programs. My findings contribute to the growing empirical evidence base describing best practices for and barriers to delivering interventions at scale. This evidence may contribute to improvements in design, delivery, and prioritization of interventions which in turn could increase the health impact of such interventions when delivered at scale.
Book Synopsis Influence of Real-time Information Provided by a Mobile Phone on the Management of Rural Water Supply Quality by : Toni Wilson-Jones
Download or read book Influence of Real-time Information Provided by a Mobile Phone on the Management of Rural Water Supply Quality written by Toni Wilson-Jones and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In South Africa, access to safe drinking water is a human right that is explicitly stated in the constitution. Most metro municipalities are meeting the drinking water quality targets, but the smaller rural environments are failing to provide water of acceptable drinking water quality. Reasons contributing to the high incidence of unacceptable water quality are the rural municipalities' inadequate institutional capacity and lack of management and monitoring of drinking water services. This study investigates the possibilities of supporting rural water service institutions to manage their remote water supply schemes better by addressing the challenge of distance monitoring. Through the creation of real-time information flow between the water service authorities and the water supply caretakers in remote villages, it is to be tested if better information can be received and the status of the rural water supply quality can be monitored. The improvement of information flow is based on introducing a mobile phone application. The hypothesis is that through improving the information flow, decisions on water supply management will be improved. Case study research was conducted in rural municipalities situated in the Northern Cape Province and Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Four different municipalities were chosen to reveal the diverse municipal set-up and different challenges facing rural municipalities. Data was gathered through interviews conducted with the municipal mangers over a seven month period, as well as through field investigations. The findings reveal that the mobile reporting system has improved information flow from water supply caretakers to government service providers. The mobile application allowed for distance monitoring of rural water supply schemes. It has helped address the municipalities' institutional capacity problems by improving access to information relevant to decision making. Through the data records displayed on the mobile application, municipal mangers were able to track the supply caretakers' performance and subsequently hold them accountable. Through an increase in data availability, water quality failures were easily identified, resulting in improved confidence in the quality of rural water supply. The access to real-time information has improved the monitoring and communication of rural water quality. Early intervention and the management of non-compliance improved. The mobile technology provided the municipal managers with a tool to monitor their rural water supply schemes more regularly, but it also became apparent that the management of such schemes only improved if relevant action was taken based on the information received. Greater improvement was seen in municipalities where the tool was used consistently, where time was set aside to follow up on data warnings and protocols existed to follow up on non-compliance issues. Management of the resources did not improve in areas where management staff was severely overstretched and response strategies to problems were non-existent before the implementation of the tool.
Book Synopsis Gender, Time Use, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa by : C. Mark Blackden
Download or read book Gender, Time Use, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa written by C. Mark Blackden and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers in this volume examine the links between gender, time use, and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. They contribute to a broader definition of poverty to include "time poverty," and to a broader definition of work to include household work. The papers present a conceptual framework linking both market and household work, review some of the available literature and surveys on time use in Africa, and use tools and approaches drawn from analysis of consumption-based poverty to develop the concept of a time poverty line and to examine linkages between time poverty, consumption poverty, and ot.
