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A Field Comparison Of Volatile Organic Compound Measurements Using Passive Organic Vapor Monitors And Stainless Steel Canisters
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Book Synopsis A Field Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound Measurements Using Passive Organic Vapor Monitors and Stainless Steel Canisters by : Gregory C. Pratt
Download or read book A Field Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound Measurements Using Passive Organic Vapor Monitors and Stainless Steel Canisters written by Gregory C. Pratt and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field measurements of 10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at three different locations in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Indoor Air Quality by : Yinping Zhang
Download or read book Handbook of Indoor Air Quality written by Yinping Zhang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-23 with total page 2182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People live in indoor environment about 90% of lifetime and an adult inhales about 15 kg air each day, over 75% of the human body’s daily mass intake (air, food, water). Therefore, indoor air quality (IAQ) is very important to human health. This book provides the basic knowledge of IAQ and highlights the research achievements in the past two decades. It covers the following 12 sections: introduction, indoor air chemicals, indoor air particles, measurement and evaluation, source/sink characteristics, indoor chemistry, human exposure to indoor pollutants, health effects and health risk assessment, IAQ and cognitive performance, standards and guidelines, IAQ control, and air quality in various indoor environments. It provides a combination of an introduction to various aspects on IAQ studies, the current state-of-knowledge, various advances and the perspective of IAQ studies. It will be very helpful for the researchers and technicians in the IAQ and the related fields. It is also useful for experts in other fields and general readers who want to obtain a basic understanding of and research advances in the field of IAQ. A group of experts in IAQ research have been recruited to write the chapters. Their research interests and experience cover the scope of the book. In addition, some experienced experts in IAQ field have been invited as advisors or reviewers to give their comments, suggestions and revisions on the handbook framework and the chapter details. Their contribution guarantees the quality of the book. We are very grateful to them. Last but not least, we express our heartfelt thanks to Prof. Spengler, Harvard University, for writing the foreword of the current Handbook of Indoor Air Quality both as a pioneer scientist who contributed greatly to indoor air science and as an Editor-in-chief of Handbook of Indoor Air Quality 2001, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. In addition to hard copies, the book is also published online and will be updated by the authors as needed to keep it aligned with current knowledge. These salient features can make the handbook fresh with the research development.
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Dichlorobenzenes by : United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Dichlorobenzenes written by United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Field Comparison of Three Passive Organic Vapor Monitors with Charcoal Tubes by : Brian Robert McCulloch
Download or read book Field Comparison of Three Passive Organic Vapor Monitors with Charcoal Tubes written by Brian Robert McCulloch and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Demonstration and Validation of the Use of Passive Samplers for Monitoring Soil Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air by : Todd Arthur McAlary
Download or read book Demonstration and Validation of the Use of Passive Samplers for Monitoring Soil Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air written by Todd Arthur McAlary and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis documents a demonstration/validation of passive diffusive samplers for assessing soil vapor, indoor air and outdoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at sites with potential human health risks attributable to subsurface vapor intrusion to indoor air. The study was funded by the United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DoD) and the U.S. Department of the Navy (DoN). The passive samplers tested included: SKC Ultra and Ultra II, Radiello®, Waterloo Membrane Sampler (WMS), Automated Thermal Desorption (ATD) tubes, and 3M OVM 3500. The program included laboratory testing under controlled conditions for 10 VOCs (including chlorinated ethenes, ethanes, and methanes, as well as aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons), spanning a range of properties and including some compounds expected to pose challenges (naphthalene, methyl ethyl ketone). Laboratory tests were performed under conditions of different temperature (17 to 30 oC), relative humidity (30 to 90 % RH), face velocity (0.014 to 0.41 m/s), concentration (1 to 100 parts per billion by volume [ppbv]) and sample duration (1 to 7 days). These conditions were selected to challenge the samplers across a range of conditions likely to be encountered in indoor and outdoor air field sampling programs. A second set of laboratory tests were also conducted at 1, 10 and 100 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to evaluate concentrations of interest for soil vapor monitoring using the same 10 VOCs and constant conditions (80% RH, 30 min exposure, 22 oC). Inter-laboratory testing was performed to assess the variability attributable to the differences between several laboratories used in this study. The program also included field testing of indoor air, outdoor air, sub-slab vapor and deeper soil vapor at several DoD facilities. Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected over durations of 3 to 7 days, and Summa canister samples were collected over the same durations as the passive samples for comparison. Subslab and soil vapor samples were collected with durations ranging from 10 min to 12 days, at depths of about 15 cm (immediately below floor slabs), 1.2 m and 3.7 m. Passive samplers were employed with uptake rates ranging from about 0.05 to almost 100 mL/min and analysis by both thermal desorption and solvent extraction. Mathematical modeling was performed to provide theoretical insight into the potential behavior of passive samplers in the subsurface, and to help select those with uptake rates that would minimize the risk of a negative bias from the starvation effect (which occurs when a passive sampler with a high uptake rate removes VOC vapors from the surroundings faster than they are replenished, resulting in biased concentrations). A flow-through cell apparatus was tested as an option for sampling existing sub-surface probes that are too small to accommodate a passive sampler or sampling a slip-stream of a high-velocity gas (e.g., vent-pipes of mitigation systems). The results of this demonstration show that all of the passive samplers provided data that met the performance criteria for accuracy and precision (relative percent difference less than 45 % for indoor air or 50% for soil vapor compared to conventional active samples and a coefficient of variation less than 30%) under some or most conditions. Exceptions were generally attributable to one or more of five possible causes: poor retention of analytes by the sorbent in the sampler; poor recovery of the analytes from the sorbent; starvation effects, uncertainty in the uptake rate for the specific combination of sampler/compound/conditions, or blank contamination. High (or positive) biases were less common than low biases, and attributed either to blank contamination, or to uncertainty in the uptake rates. Most of the passive samplers provided highly reproducible results throughout the demonstrations. This is encouraging because the accuracy can be established using occasional inter-method verification samples (e.g., conventional samples collected beside the passive samples for the same duration), and the field-calibrated uptake rates will be appropriate for other passive samples collected under similar conditions. Furthermore, this research demonstrated for the first time that passive samplers can be used to quantify soil vapor concentrations with accuracy and precision comparable to conventional methods. Passive samplers are generally easier to use than conventional methods (Summa canisters and active ATD tubes) and minimal training is required for most applications. A modest increase in effort is needed to select the appropriate sampler, sorbent and sample duration for the site-specific chemicals of concern and desired reporting limits compared to Summa canisters and EPA Method TO-15. As the number of samples in a given program increases, the initial cost of sampling design becomes a smaller fraction of the overall total cost, and the passive samplers gain a significant cost advantage because of the simplicity of the sampling protocols and reduced shipping charges.
Book Synopsis Interlaboratory Comparison of Passive Samplers for Organic Vapours Monitoring in Indoor Air Monitoring by : M. De Bortoli
Download or read book Interlaboratory Comparison of Passive Samplers for Organic Vapours Monitoring in Indoor Air Monitoring written by M. De Bortoli and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An interlaboratory experiment was made with the aim of testing passive samplers for volatile organic compounds in indoor air and, at the same time, evaluating the agreement among different laboratories in such determinations. Many 3M OVM-3500 passive samplers were exposed simultaneous ly in a large test chamber to the vapours of 1-butanol, pentanal, 1.1.2-trichloroethane, 1-octene, butyl acetate, 3-heptanone, 1.2-xylene, a-pinene and n-decane. Lots of three samplers were mailed to the participating laboratories, three of which exposed also their active samplers for thermal desorption. Pentanal is substantially underestimated with passive samplers, probably because of irreversible adsorption. If this compound is excluded, the dispersion of the results from the six laboratories analyzing the OVM-3500 samplers is quantified with a standard deviation of 13%. The comparison between passive and active samplers shows a good agreement for apolar compounds, whereas the active sampling method gives 10-50% higher values for polar compounds.
Book Synopsis Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with Graseby/Nutech Corporation by :
Download or read book Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with Graseby/Nutech Corporation written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis National ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCS) data base update by : Jitendra J. Shah
Download or read book National ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCS) data base update written by Jitendra J. Shah and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Organic Chemistry of the Atmosphere by : Lee D. Hansen
Download or read book Organic Chemistry of the Atmosphere written by Lee D. Hansen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-06-24 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume reviews the information currently available regarding the chemistry of organic compounds in the atmosphere. Topics discussed include methods for collecting organic compounds from the atmosphere, the influence of organic compounds on indoor and outdoor air quality, the chemistry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke, organic compounds in rainwater, organic oxysulfur compounds, and the effect of organic compounds on visibility. Many of these topics presented have never been reviewed or have never appeared together in a single volume. Anyone concerned with atmospheric organic compound monitoring or who conducts research on organic compounds and their effect on the atmospheric environment will find this book to be extremely beneficial.
Book Synopsis Assessing the Performance of Ambient Air Samplers for Volatile Organic Compounds by : HL. Crist
Download or read book Assessing the Performance of Ambient Air Samplers for Volatile Organic Compounds written by HL. Crist and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Performance audit results of two different ambient air monitoring projects for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are presented. A National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable gas cylinder containing several VOCs in dry nitrogen at parts per billion (ppb) concentration levels was used at the field sampling site to evaluate performance of the sampling and analytical systems. Both Tenax cartridges and evacuated stainless steel canisters (6 L) were used to sample the air. Sample media exposed to the audit gas were returned to the laboratory for analysis.
Book Synopsis Quantitative Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Soil Via Passive Sampling by : David Gannon Jensen
Download or read book Quantitative Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Soil Via Passive Sampling written by David Gannon Jensen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential for the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to our natural environment is pervasive. However, the ability to accurately measure and predict VOC soil vapor concentrations is still limited. A polyethylene (PE) quantitative passive sampler using performance reference compounds and deployed via a hand driven probe is proposed as a solution. Additionally, a 1D diffusion mass transfer model was developed in MATLAB to predict the mass uptake into the PE sampler over time. The model was then implemented to investigate the effects of PE size and deployment time on the detection limit of BTEX compounds. Preliminary testing of the deployment probe indicates that a design to secure the PE around the outside of a driven rod must include a protective cover over the PE during insertion. A perforated pipe design is suggested. After deployment and recovery, the PE is extracted into water. The extraction water is then analyzed by direct aqueous injection to GC/FID. The minimum concentration detectable in soil vapors, by this PE passive sampling method, was determined to be the product of the target compound's air-water partitioning coefficient and the analytical detection limit. Assuming a 5 ng/mL analytical detection limit, the minimum soil vapor detection limit for toluene was approximately 1.25 mg/m 3. This limit would be similar for all BTEX compound and is above sub-slab vapor intrusion screening levels for the more toxic compounds such as benzene. This indicates that direct aqueous injection provides insufficient sensitivity and that purge and trap concentrations of VOCs is likely needed. It was also determined that a PE sampler, with dimensions as small as 5"x5/8"x0.0005", could theoretically reach 10 mg/m 3 sensitivity within a 1 h deployment time. This result suggests potential applications of the sampler for rapid and accurate site characterization of BTEX compounds.
Book Synopsis An Investigation of Several Modifications of the 3M 3500 Organic Vapor Monitor to Improve Performance in Monitoring Low-level Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds by : Cheryl J. Anderson
Download or read book An Investigation of Several Modifications of the 3M 3500 Organic Vapor Monitor to Improve Performance in Monitoring Low-level Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds written by Cheryl J. Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Soil Via Passive Sampling by :
Download or read book Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Soil Via Passive Sampling written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Passive sampling has been used as a qualitative and semi-quantitative method in detecting volatile organic compound (VOCs) concentrations in soil vapors or water. Passive sampling for soil vapor takes an absorptive material and places it underground for a period of time to allow the VOCs to diffuse into the absorptive materials. In this report, I use low density polyethylene (PE) as the absorptive material and determine two key parameters for passive sampling: the PE-water partition coefficient (Kpew) and diffusion coefficient in PE (Dpe). These two parameters help passive sampling to transition from a qualitative method to a quantitative method. The report describes the steps used to carry out the experiments, gives the results for several specific VOCs, and makes an attempt to draw more general conclusions on how to estimate these two parameters according to some other well-known properties.
Book Synopsis Progress in Volatile Organic Compounds Research by : Igor Jerković
Download or read book Progress in Volatile Organic Compounds Research written by Igor Jerković and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been intensively investigated in the last few decades. Their origins differ: plant secondary metabolites, food/beverages aromas, fungal/bacterial volatiles, and others. VOCs typically occur as complex mixtures of compounds (e.g., monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, norisoprenoids, aliphatic/aromatic compounds, sulfur containing compounds, and others). They form through different biochemical pathways and can be modified or created during drying or maturation, thermal treatment, and others. Different conventional or modern methods of VOCs isolation, followed by the analysis with chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, usually provide different chemical profiles and have been under constant modification and upgrading. The ecological interactions are mediated by VOCs (inter- and intra-organismic communication) and they can act as pheromones, attractants, or alleochemicals. Among them, chemical biomarkers of botanical origin or chemotaxonomic markers may be found. Many VOCs possess different biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and other activities. VOCs research from different sources is required to report their distribution and chemical profiles, and to discover new compounds. This Special Issue aims to attract up-to-date contributions on all aspects of VOCs chemistry, from challenges in their isolation to analysis, and on unlocking their biological activities or other useful properties
Book Synopsis Measurement of Passive Uptake Rates for Volatile Organic Compounds on Commercial Thermal Desorption Tubes and the Effect of Ozone on Sampling by :
Download or read book Measurement of Passive Uptake Rates for Volatile Organic Compounds on Commercial Thermal Desorption Tubes and the Effect of Ozone on Sampling written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diffusive or passive sampling methods using commercially filled axial-sampling thermal desorption tubes are widely used for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. The passive sampling method provides a robust, cost effective way to measure air quality with time-averaged concentrations spanning up to a week or more. Sampling rates for VOCs can be calculated using tube geometry and Fick's Law for ideal diffusion behavior or measured experimentally. There is evidence that uptake rates deviate from ideal and may not be constant over time. Therefore, experimentally measured sampling rates are preferred. In this project, a calibration chamber with a continuous stirred tank reactor design and constant VOC source was combined with active sampling to generate a controlled dynamic calibration environment for passive samplers. The chamber air was augmented with a continuous source of 45 VOCs ranging from pentane to diethyl phthalate representing a variety of chemical classes and physiochemical properties. Both passive and active samples were collected on commercially filled Tenax TA thermal desorption tubes over an 11-day period and used to calculate passive sampling rates. A second experiment was designed to determine the impact of ozone on passive sampling by using the calibration chamber to passively load five terpenes on a set of Tenax tubes and then exposing the tubes to different ozone environments with and without ozone scrubbers attached to the tube inlet. During the sampling rate experiment, the measured diffusive uptake was constant for up to seven days for most of the VOCs tested but deviated from linearity for some of the more volatile compounds between seven and eleven days. In the ozone experiment, both exposed and unexposed tubes showed a similar decline in terpene mass over time indicating back diffusion when uncapped tubes were transferred to a clean environment but there was no indication of significant loss by ozone reaction.
Book Synopsis Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants by : National Research Council
Download or read book Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-02-01 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most people in the United States spend far more time indoors than outdoors. Yet, many air pollution regulations and risk assessments focus on outdoor air. These often overlook contact with harmful contaminants that may be at their most dangerous concentrations indoors. A new book from the National Research Council explores the need for strategies to address indoor and outdoor exposures and examines the methods and tools available for finding out where and when significant exposures occur. The volume includes: A conceptual framework and common terminology that investigators from different disciplines can use to make more accurate assessments of human exposure to airborne contaminants. An update of important developments in assessing exposure to airborne contaminants: ambient air sampling and physical chemical measurements, biological markers, questionnaires, time-activity diaries, and modeling. A series of examples of how exposure assessments have been applied-properly and improperly-to public health issues and how the committee's suggested framework can be brought into practice. This volume will provide important insights to improve risk assessment, risk management, pollution control, and regulatory programs.
Book Synopsis Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management by : Nicolás A. Mazzeo
Download or read book Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management written by Nicolás A. Mazzeo and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human beings need to breathe oxygen diluted in certain quantity of inert gas for living. In the atmosphere, there is a gas mixture of, mainly, oxygen and nitrogen, in appropriate proportions. However, the air also contains other gases, vapours and aerosols that humans incorporate when breathing and whose composition and concentration vary spatially. Some of these are physiologically inert. Air pollution has become a problem of major concern in the last few decades as it has caused negative effects on human health, nature and properties. This book presents the results of research studies carried out by international researchers in seventeen chapters which can be grouped into two main sections: a) air quality monitoring and b) air quality assessment and management, and serves as a source of material for all those involved in the field, whether as a student, scientific researcher, industrialist, consultant, or government agency with responsibility in this area.
