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A Comparative Analysis Of Unilateral Effects From Mergers Of Firms Offering Differentiated Products
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Book Synopsis A Comparative Analysis of Unilateral Effects from Mergers of Firms Offering Differentiated Products by : Deidre Liddell Hay
Download or read book A Comparative Analysis of Unilateral Effects from Mergers of Firms Offering Differentiated Products written by Deidre Liddell Hay and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Unilateral Effects from Mergers of Firms Offering Differentiated Products by : Deirdre L. Hay
Download or read book Unilateral Effects from Mergers of Firms Offering Differentiated Products written by Deirdre L. Hay and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book considers how courts and regulatory agencies in Australia and in the US can and should assess mergers of firms which produce products or services differentiated in the minds of consumers from other products or services. (Most if not all products and services are differentiated at least to some degree so the topic is relevant to most mergers.) This book seeks the best solution for Australia to the difficulties posed by such mergers. It does so by comparing the approach taken in Australia with that taken in the US. In the US, the main method of merger analysis where there are differentiated products is to consider whether the merger of two firms will create unilateral effects i.e., higher prices, by eliminating the constraint each firm places on the other. In Australia, Courts and the Tribunal, and until recently the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), have not emphasized unilateral effects. Comparatively little use has been made in Australia of economic methods (developed in the US) to isolate and predict unilateral effects of a merger. This book is timely in light of the ACCC's recent Public Competition Assessment in Woolworths Limited - Proposed Acquisition of Kmart and Officeworks from Coles Group Limited in which the ACCC stated explicitly it performed a unilateral effects analysis, and because the Australian Merger Guidelines are likely to be amended soon to include a new section on unilateral effects analysis. Dr. Deirdre Hay is at the law firm Harris Beach PLLC, Ithaca New York. She does antitrust work and represents financial institutions in banking and real estate transactions. She has considerable experience in antitrust counseling, transactional, and litigation matters in both the US and Australia and has practiced intellectual property law in Australia. She has represented international clients before the Department of Justice, the Federal Trade Commission, and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Mergers in Differentiated Products Industries by : Gregory Werden
Download or read book The Effects of Mergers in Differentiated Products Industries written by Gregory Werden and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Simulation as an Alternative to Structural Merger Policy in Differentiated Products Industries by : Gregory Werden
Download or read book Simulation as an Alternative to Structural Merger Policy in Differentiated Products Industries written by Gregory Werden and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analyzing Horizontal Mergers by : Herbert Hovenkamp
Download or read book Analyzing Horizontal Mergers written by Herbert Hovenkamp and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This essay offers a brief, non-technical exposition of the antitrust analysis of horizontal mergers in product differentiated markets where the resulting price increase is thought to be unilateral - that is, only the post-merger firm increases its prices while other firms in the market do not. More realistically, non-merging firms who are reasonably close in product space to the merging firm will also be able to increase their prices when the post-merger firm's prices rise. The unilateral effects theory is robust and has become quite conventional in merger analysis. There is certainly no reason for thinking that it involves any more conjecture than what occurs in traditional concentration-increasing merger analysis. Nevertheless, as with all predictions about mergers, we must live with a certain measure of uncertainty.
Book Synopsis The Economic Assessment of Mergers Under European Competition Law by : Daniel Gore
Download or read book The Economic Assessment of Mergers Under European Competition Law written by Daniel Gore and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a clear, concise and practical overview of the key economic techniques and evidence employed in European merger control.
Book Synopsis U.S. Department of Justice Merger Guidelines by : United States. Department of Justice. Antitrust Division
Download or read book U.S. Department of Justice Merger Guidelines written by United States. Department of Justice. Antitrust Division and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Unilateral Effects Analysis in Merger Review by : Malcolm B. Coate
Download or read book Unilateral Effects Analysis in Merger Review written by Malcolm B. Coate and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many economists believe that unilateral effects analysis should dominate the merger review process for differentiated products. However, it is far from clear if these theoretical models are broadly applicable, as they impose monopoly-style entry assumptions that constrain the competitive process. By abstracting from the complexities of the market process, the standard unilateral effects analysis gives rise to tractable mathematical equilibriums. Of course, the equilibriums may not offer insights if the key assumptions are not valid. This paper will explore the limits to and opportunities for unilateral effects analysis, using the Landes-Posner model of a dominant firm as an initial example, before expanding the discussion to Nash-Bertrand models of competition. These Lerner-based modeling structures are problematic, especially when the entry-related assumptions are not credible. Because economic models may remain applicable even when their assumptions are not valid, the discussion addresses various types of effects evidence that could confirm the predictions of a specific unilateral effects model. Court precedent is reviewed, with an emphasis on a current understanding of the structural presumption, along with the applicability of effects evidence to litigation. By focusing the analysis on facts, unilateral effects analysis serves to aid the merger review process.
Book Synopsis Unilateral Effects Analysis in Differentiated Product Markets by : Malcolm B. Coate
Download or read book Unilateral Effects Analysis in Differentiated Product Markets written by Malcolm B. Coate and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Merger Guidelines highlight unilateral effects analysis as the most prominent theory of concern in differentiated markets. This study evaluates the Federal Trade Commission's historical record to determine what considerations drive the review process, if these considerations depend on the type of differentiated market under review and if policy has changed much over the 20 years since the 1992 Merger Guidelines were issued. Our results highlight the importance of both direct and indirect proxies for diversion, as well as entry and effects evidence. Moreover, an ability to focus the analysis on price-based competition leads to predictions of significantly higher estimates for the probability of a unilateral effects finding, especially when repositioning is difficult. Little change in policy is identified over the 20-year period of the study, although it is possible that the discussion of effects evidence in the 2010 Merger Guidelines has increased the relevance of this consideration.
Book Synopsis The Coordinated Effects of Mergers in Differentiated Product Markets by : Kai-Uwe Kühn
Download or read book The Coordinated Effects of Mergers in Differentiated Product Markets written by Kai-Uwe Kühn and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mergers with Differentiated Products by : Tommaso M. Valletti
Download or read book Mergers with Differentiated Products written by Tommaso M. Valletti and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the 2010 U.S. Horizontal Merger Guidelines, this article provides an overview of the state of economic analysis of unilateral effects in mergers with differentiated products. Drawing on our experience with merger enforcement in Europe, we discuss both static and dynamic competition, with a special emphasis on the calibration of competitive effects. We also discuss the role of market shares and structural presumptions in differentiated product markets.
Book Synopsis Counting Rivals Or Measuring Share by : Malcolm B. Coate
Download or read book Counting Rivals Or Measuring Share written by Malcolm B. Coate and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper explores the Federal Trade Commission's unilateral effects merger policy using a sample of 184 investigations undertaken between 1993 and mid-2010. A review of the files suggests that roughly half of the sample is evaluated with a dominant firm/monopoly model, while the rest of the cases require a more complex unilateral effects analysis. Deterministic modeling based on the number of significant rivals suggests that the four-to-three transaction in a market with impediments to entry represents the marginal merger challenge. Case specific facts explain deviations from this rule and suggest that critical diversion ratios fall into the 25-30 percent range. Share based indices (post-merger market share, change in the Herfindahl, or a share-based Gross Upward Pressure on Price variable) can be used, but require the definition of a market and do not predict outcomes as well as the significant rivals' model. An Appendix details the various reasons why the staff declined to apply a unilateral effects analysis to conclude a merger was likely to substantially lessen competition in a broader sample of differentiated products mergers.
Book Synopsis Developments in Unilateral Effects Analysis by : Richard Murgatroyd
Download or read book Developments in Unilateral Effects Analysis written by Richard Murgatroyd and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arguably the most significant development in horizontal merger assessment in recent years, particularly in the UK and the US, has been the increased use of price pressure tests/indices, which use a relatively limited amount of data from the merging parties and a simple formula to provide an indication of whether a merger is likely to give rise to an increase in prices, i.e. to cause upward pricing pressure. These indices are intended to better capture the extent to which the merging parties are close competitors and hence may be more informative than traditional market share based screens when assessing the prospects for a merger to give rise to unilateral effects in a differentiated products setting.The first part of the paper will review the economics of horizontal mergers and explain the underlying economic intuition upon which pricing pressure indices are based. The paper will then set out the most commonly used of these indices and describe how they may be implemented, elaborating on the empirical inputs and assumptions required, drawing on relevant case law where appropriate. Finally, the paper will comment on the likely future implications of using these indices for merger assessment in South Africa, and the extent to which price pressure indices may be probative regarding the prospects for unilateral effects more generally.
Book Synopsis Research Topics in Unilateral Effects Analysis by : Jonathan B. Baker
Download or read book Research Topics in Unilateral Effects Analysis written by Jonathan B. Baker and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter has been prepared for inclusion in the RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON THE ECONOMICS OF ANTITRUST LAW (Einer Elhauge, ed.). It first explains why unilateral effects may result from horizontal mergers, and then describes several key models that have been developed to gauge the likelihood and/or magnitude of unilateral effects, focusing on mergers in differentiated product Bertrand markets. The remaining sections discuss extensions to these models and measurement issues that arise when implementing unilateral effects analysis in practice, highlighting ongoing and potential future topics for research.
Book Synopsis How the Chicago School Overshot the Mark by : Robert Pitofsky
Download or read book How the Chicago School Overshot the Mark written by Robert Pitofsky and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-10-14 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the Chicago School Overshot the Mark is about the rise and recent fall of American antitrust. It is a collection of 15 essays, almost all expressing a deep concern that conservative economic analysis is leading judges and enforcement officials toward an approach that will ultimately harm consumer welfare. For the past 40 years or so, U.S. antitrust has been dominated intellectually by an unusually conservative style of economic analysis. Its advocates, often referred to as "The Chicago School," argue that the free market (better than any unelected band of regulators) can do a better job of achieving efficiency and encouraging innovation than intrusive regulation. The cutting edge of Chicago School doctrine originated in academia and was popularized in books by brilliant and innovative law professors like Robert Bork and Richard Posner. Oddly, a response to that kind of conservative doctrine may be put together through collections of scores of articles but until now cannot be found in any one book. This collection of essays is designed in part to remedy that situation. The chapters in this book were written by academics, former law enforcers, private sector defense lawyers, Republicans and Democrats, representatives of the left, right and center. Virtually all agree that antitrust enforcement today is better as a result of conservative analysis, but virtually all also agree that there have been examples of extreme interpretations and misinterpretations of conservative economic theory that have led American antitrust in the wrong direction. The problem is not with conservative economic analysis but with those portions of that analysis that have "overshot the mark" producing an enforcement approach that is exceptionally generous to the private sector. If the scores of practices that traditionally have been regarded as anticompetitive are ignored, or not subjected to vigorous enforcement, prices will be higher, quality of products lower, and innovation diminished. In the end consumers will pay.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Antitrust Economics by : Paolo Buccirossi
Download or read book Handbook of Antitrust Economics written by Paolo Buccirossi and published by . This book was released on 2008-03-21 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts examine the application of economic theory to antitrust issues in both the United States and Europe, discussing mergers, agreements, abuses of dominance, and the impact of market features. Over the past twenty years, economic theory has begun to play a central role in antitrust matters. In earlier days, the application of antitrust rules was viewed almost entirely in formal terms; now it is widely accepted that the proper interpretation of these rules requires an understanding of how markets work and how firms can alter their efficient functioning. The Handbook of Antitrust Economics offers scholars, students, administrators, courts, companies, and lawyers the economist's view of the subject, describing the application of newly developed theoretical models and improved empirical methods to antitrust and competition law in both the United States and the European Union. (The book uses the U.S. term “antitrust law” and the European “competition law” interchangeably, emphasizing the commonalities between the two jurisdictions.) After a general discussion of the use of empirical methods in antitrust cases, the Handbook covers mergers, agreements, abuses of dominance (or unilateral conducts), and market features that affect the way firms compete. Chapters examine such topics as analyzing the competitive effects of both horizontal and vertical mergers, detecting and preventing cartels, theoretical and empirical analysis of vertical restraints, state aids, the relationship of competition law to the defense of intellectual property, and the application of antitrust law to “bidding markets,” network industries, and two-sided markets. Contributors Mark Armstrong, Jonathan B. Baker, Timothy F. Bresnahan, Paulo Buccirossi, Nicholas Economides, Hans W. Friederiszick, Luke M. Froeb, Richard J. Gilbert, Joseph E. Harrington, Jr., Paul Klemperer, Kai-Uwe Kuhn, Francine Lafontaine, Damien J. Neven, Patrick Rey, Michael H. Riordan, Jean-Charles Rochet, Lars-Hendrick Röller, Margaret Slade, Giancarlo Spagnolo, Jean Tirole, Thibaud Vergé, Vincent Verouden, John Vickers, Gregory J. Werden
Book Synopsis The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited by : Josh Lerner
Download or read book The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited written by Josh Lerner and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2012-04-15 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers contributions to questions relating to the economics of innovation and technological change. Central to the development of new technologies are institutional environments and among the topics discussed are the roles played by universities and the ways in which the allocation of funds affects innovation.
