A Change Of Hate

Download A Change Of Hate full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online A Change Of Hate ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Opposite of Hate

Author : Sally Kohn
Publisher : Algonquin Books
ISBN 13 : 1616207280
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (162 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Opposite of Hate by : Sally Kohn

Download or read book The Opposite of Hate written by Sally Kohn and published by Algonquin Books. This book was released on 2018-04-10 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A stunning debut by a truly gifted writer—an eye-opening read for both liberals and conservatives—and it could not come at a better time.”—Adam Grant, New York Times bestselling author of Option B, with Sheryl Sandberg What is the opposite of hate? As a progressive commentator on Fox News and now CNN, Sally Kohn has made a career out of bridging intractable political differences and learning how to talk respectfully with people whose views she disagrees with passionately. Her viral TED Talk on the need to practice emotional—rather than political—correctness sparked a new way of considering how often we amplify our differences and diminish our connections. But these days even famously “nice” Kohn finds herself wanting to breathe fire at her enemies. It was time, she decided, to look into the epidemic of hate all around us and learn how we can stop it. In The Opposite of Hate, Kohn talks to leading scientists and researchers and investigates the evolutionary and cultural roots of hate and how incivility can be a gateway to much worse. She travels to Rwanda, the Middle East, and across the United States, introducing us to former terrorists and white supremacists, and even some of her own Twitter trolls, drawing surprising lessons from dramatic and inspiring stories of those who left hate behind. As Kohn confronts her own shameful moments, whether it was back when she bullied a classmate or today when she harbors deep partisan resentment, she discovers, “The opposite of hate is the beautiful and powerful reality of how we are all fundamentally linked and equal as human beings. The opposite of hate is connection.” Sally Kohn’s engaging, fascinating, and often funny book will open your eyes and your heart.

American Hate

Author : Arjun Singh Sethi
Publisher : The New Press
ISBN 13 : 1620973723
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis American Hate by : Arjun Singh Sethi

Download or read book American Hate written by Arjun Singh Sethi and published by The New Press. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Amid the ugly realities of contemporary America, American Hate affirms our courage and inspiration, opening a roadmap to reconciliation by means of the victims' own words.” —NPR Books “The collection offers possible solutions for how people, on their own or working with others, can confront hate.” —San Francisco Chronicle An NPR Best Book of 2018 A San Francisco Chronicle Books Pick One of Bitch Media's “13 Books Feminists Should Read in August” One of Paste Magazine's “The 10 Best Books of August 2018” A moving and timely collection of testimonials from people impacted by hate before and after the 2016 presidential election In American Hate: Survivors Speak Out, Arjun Singh Sethi, a community activist and civil rights lawyer, chronicles the stories of individuals affected by hate. In a series of powerful, unfiltered testimonials, survivors tell their stories in their own words and describe how the bigoted rhetoric and policies of the Trump administration have intensified bullying, discrimination, and even violence toward them and their communities. We hear from the family of Khalid Jabara, who was murdered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in August 2016 by a man who had previously harassed and threatened them because they were Arab American. Sethi brings us the story of Jeanette Vizguerra, an undocumented mother of four who took sanctuary in a Denver church in February 2017 because she feared deportation under Trump's cruel immigration enforcement regime. Sethi interviews Taylor Dumpson, a young black woman who was elected student body president at American University only to find nooses hanging across campus on her first day in office. We hear from many more people impacted by the Trump administration, including Native, black, Arab, Latinx, South Asian, Southeast Asian, Muslim, Jewish, Sikh, undocumented, refugee, transgender, queer, and people with disabilities. A necessary book for these times, American Hate explores this tragic moment in U.S. history by empowering survivors whose voices white supremacists and right-wing populist movements have tried to silence. It also provides ideas and practices for resistance that all of us can take to combat hate both now and in the future.

Hate in the Homeland

Author : Cynthia Miller-Idriss
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691234299
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Hate in the Homeland by : Cynthia Miller-Idriss

Download or read book Hate in the Homeland written by Cynthia Miller-Idriss and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A startling look at the unexpected places where violent hate groups recruit young people Hate crimes. Misinformation and conspiracy theories. Foiled white-supremacist plots. The signs of growing far-right extremism are all around us, and communities across America and around the globe are struggling to understand how so many people are being radicalized and why they are increasingly attracted to violent movements. Hate in the Homeland shows how tomorrow's far-right nationalists are being recruited in surprising places, from college campuses and mixed martial arts gyms to clothing stores, online gaming chat rooms, and YouTube cooking channels. Instead of focusing on the how and why of far-right radicalization, Cynthia Miller-Idriss seeks answers in the physical and virtual spaces where hate is cultivated. Where does the far right do its recruiting? When do young people encounter extremist messaging in their everyday lives? Miller-Idriss shows how far-right groups are swelling their ranks and developing their cultural, intellectual, and financial capacities in a variety of mainstream settings. She demonstrates how young people on the margins of our communities are targeted in these settings, and how the path to radicalization is a nuanced process of moving in and out of far-right scenes throughout adolescence and adulthood. Hate in the Homeland is essential for understanding the tactics and underlying ideas of modern far-right extremism. This eye-opening book takes readers into the mainstream places and spaces where today's far right is engaging and ensnaring young people, and reveals innovative strategies we can use to combat extremist radicalization.

Countering Hate: Leadership Cases of Non-Violent Action

Author : Hoover
Publisher : Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9781792494901
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (949 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Countering Hate: Leadership Cases of Non-Violent Action by : Hoover

Download or read book Countering Hate: Leadership Cases of Non-Violent Action written by Hoover and published by Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. This book was released on 2022-01-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Countering Hate explores how ordinary people have accomplished extraordinary things to counter hate groups in communities across the United States. The book is relevant to college and university students and community members alike, providing examples from across the United States for people to draw from as fertile grounds for inspiring civic engagement and citizenship for healthy democracies in today's turbulent times. Those interested in leadership, applied ethics, political science, sociology, psychology, communications and many other disciplinary fields will find benefit from the study of these cases. The ten case studies presented in the text start with the rise of the hate group, the Aryan Nations, in Hayden, ID and include community responses to hate in Washington, Oregon, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. Each case recognizes that communities have a range of response strategies and delivers multiple examples of non-violent outcomes, persistence, and resiliency on the part of those who stand for the rights of justice, freedom and equality. In many ways, the book tells the story of local heroes and inspiring lessons from ordinary people who unified their towns and provided leadership that can inform actions of today and the future. The closing chapter offers resources for communities to consider as they identify responses that are unique and contextualized for their specific needs. There is no one size fits all strategy, but rather a commitment to sharing options so that every town and city can build a culture of inclusion and act with solidarity. A 2012 report titled "A Crucible Moment: College Learning and Democracy's Future," prepared by the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement makes the case for colleges and universities to become more intentional about teaching civic engagement and preparing students to be active participants in democracy. This learning paradigm encourages connecting teaching and learning with outside the classroom, real-life experiences. Classrooms and communities choosing to read this text are leveraging the cases with a diverse range of learning outcomes. The timing of the release coincides with the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Aryan Nations compound as well as the 40th anniversary of the creation of the Kootenai County Task Force on Human Relations. The electronic classroom version includes quizzes and discussion questions, while the hard copy version includes the case studies with discussion points for community reads.

Viral Hate

Author : Abraham H. Foxman
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1137356227
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Viral Hate by : Abraham H. Foxman

Download or read book Viral Hate written by Abraham H. Foxman and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2013-06-04 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emboldened by anonymity, individuals and organizations from both left and right are freely spewing hateful vitriol on the Internet without worrying about repercussions.Lies, bullying, conspiracy theories, bigoted and racist rants, and calls for violence targeting the most vulnerable circulate openly on the web.And thanks to the guarantees of the First Amendment and the borderless nature of the Internet,governing bodies are largely helpless to control this massive assault on human dignity and safety. Abe Foxman and Christopher Wolf expose the threat that this unregulated flow of bigotry poses to the world.They explore how social media companies like Facebook and YouTube, as well as search engine giant Google, are struggling to reconcile the demands of business with freedom of speech and the disturbing threat posed by today's purveyors of hate. And they explain the best tools available to citizens, parents, educators, law enforcement officers, and policy makers toprotect thetwin values of transparency and responsibility. As Foxman and Wolf show, only an aroused and engaged citizenry can stop the hate contagion before it spirals out of control - with potentially disastrous results.

The Content and Context of Hate Speech

Author : Michael Herz
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107375614
Total Pages : 569 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Content and Context of Hate Speech by : Michael Herz

Download or read book The Content and Context of Hate Speech written by Michael Herz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-04-09 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributors to this volume consider whether it is possible to establish carefully tailored hate speech policies that are cognizant of the varying traditions, histories and values of different countries. Throughout, there is a strong comparative emphasis, with examples (and authors) drawn from around the world. All the authors explore whether or when different cultural and historical settings justify different substantive rules given that such cultural relativism can be used to justify content-based restrictions and so endanger freedom of expression. Essays address the following questions, among others: is hate speech in fact so dangerous or harmful to vulnerable minorities or communities as to justify a lower standard of constitutional protection? What harms and benefits accrue from laws that criminalize hate speech in particular contexts? Are there circumstances in which everyone would agree that hate speech should be criminally punished? What lessons can be learned from international case law?

Perspectives on Hate

Author : Robert J. Sternberg
Publisher : American Psychological Association (APA)
ISBN 13 : 9781433831539
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Perspectives on Hate by : Robert J. Sternberg

Download or read book Perspectives on Hate written by Robert J. Sternberg and published by American Psychological Association (APA). This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With hate crimes on the rise, it is more important than ever to understand how hate originates, develops, manifests, and spreads--and how it can be counteracted. In this book, renowned psychologist Robert J. Sternberg assembles a diverse group of experts to examine these central issues from the perspectives of multiple disciplines. The book is anchored by Sternberg's FLOTSAM theory, which identifies key conditions that enable the development and transmission of hate, including fear, license, obedience to authority, trust, sense of belonging to a valued group, amplification of arousal, and modeling. Chapters work through various manifestations of hate: hate as a thought, a feeling, or an action; forms of hate that are rooted in group bias, or that stem from a single relationship; and hate that varies in intensity, from the mundane to the extreme. Authors also explore the various cognitive and emotional processes at work, as well as the political motivations that can spark violent acts of hate. The book also considers the role of hate crime legislation and the relationships among hate speech, free speech, and group violence.

HATE

Author : Nadine Strossen
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019085913X
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis HATE by : Nadine Strossen

Download or read book HATE written by Nadine Strossen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-02 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The updated paperback edition of HATE dispels misunderstandings plaguing our perennial debates about "hate speech vs. free speech," showing that the First Amendment approach promotes free speech and democracy, equality, and societal harmony. As "hate speech" has no generally accepted definition, we hear many incorrect assumptions that it is either absolutely unprotected or absolutely protected from censorship. Rather, U.S. law allows government to punish hateful or discriminatory speech in specific contexts when it directly causes imminent serious harm. Yet, government may not punish such speech solely because its message is disfavored, disturbing, or vaguely feared to possibly contribute to some future harm. "Hate speech" censorship proponents stress the potential harms such speech might further: discrimination, violence, and psychic injuries. However, there has been little analysis of whether censorship effectively counters the feared injuries. Citing evidence from many countries, this book shows that "hate speech" are at best ineffective and at worst counterproductive. Therefore, prominent social justice advocates worldwide maintain that the best way to resist hate and promote equality is not censorship, but rather, vigorous "counterspeech" and activism.

Consumed by Hate, Redeemed by Love

Author : Thomas A. Tarrants
Publisher : HarperChristian + ORM
ISBN 13 : 1400215331
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Consumed by Hate, Redeemed by Love by : Thomas A. Tarrants

Download or read book Consumed by Hate, Redeemed by Love written by Thomas A. Tarrants and published by HarperChristian + ORM. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Riveting, inspiring, at times hard to believe but utterly true...it gives some measure of hope in these rancorous times." -- John Grisham As an ordinary high school student in the 1960s, Tom Tarrants became deeply unsettled by the social upheaval of the era. In response, he turned for answers to extremist ideology and was soon utterly radicalized. Before long, he became involved in the reign of terror spread by Mississippi's dreaded White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, described by the FBI as the most violent right-wing terrorist organization in America. In 1969, while attempting to bomb the home of a Jewish leader in Meridian, Mississippi, Tom was ambushed by law enforcement and shot multiple times during a high-speed chase. Nearly dead from his wounds, he was arrested and sentenced to thirty years in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm. Unrepentant, Tom and two other inmates made a daring escape from Parchman yet were tracked down by an FBI SWAT team and apprehended in hail of bullets that killed one of the convicts. Tom spent the next three years alone in a six-foot-by-nine-foot cell. There he began a search for truth that led him to the Bible and a reading of the gospels, resulting in his conversion to Jesus Christ and liberation from the grip of racial hatred and violence. Astounded by the change in Tom, many of the very people who worked to put him behind bars began advocating for his release. After serving eight years of a 35-year sentence, Tom left prison. He attended college, moved to Washington, DC, and became copastor of a racially mixed church. He went on to earn a doctorate and became the president of the C. S. Lewis Institute, where he devoted himself to helping others become wholehearted followers of Jesus. A dramatic story of radical transformation, Consumed by Hate, Redeemed by Love demonstrates that hope is not lost even in the most tumultuous of times, even those similar to our own. "As a kid in Mississippi in the late 1960's, I remember the men of our church discussing the Klan's bombing campaign against the Jews. The men did not disapprove. Later, I would use this fascinating chapter of civil rights history as the backdrop for my novel The Chamber. Now, one of the bombers, Thomas Tarrants, tells the real story in this remarkable memoir. It is riveting, inspiring, at times hard to believe but utterly true, and it gives some measure of hope in these rancorous times." --John Grisham "Dramatic...Simply astonishing...Essential reading for these times. If you want to understand how the evil of extremist thought works--and how the gospel of God’s grace can overcome it--read this book." --Mark Batterson, New York Times bestselling author of The Circle Maker, lead pastor of National Community Church "Amazing...Gives hope for what God can do." --Dr. John Perkins, president emeritus, John Perkins Foundation; co-founder emeritus, Christian Community Development Association "A riveting narrative." --Russell Moore, president, the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention "This gripping and inspiring story is as timely as today’s headlines....Put on your seatbelt and prepare to enter into one of the most extraordinary true stories you’ll ever encounter!" --Lee Strobel, best-selling author of The Case for Christ and The Case for Grace "Reveals how easily a political ideology can grow into a radical, extreme, life-taking worldview, all the while masquerading for some supposed form of a 'Christian' faith....A powerful story!" --Eric C. Redmond, associate professor of Bible, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago

Disability Hate Crimes

Author : Mark Sherry
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317150228
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Disability Hate Crimes by : Mark Sherry

Download or read book Disability Hate Crimes written by Mark Sherry and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-23 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disability hate crimes are a global problem. They are often violent and hyper-aggressive, with life-changing effects on victims, and they send consistent messages of intolerance and bigotry. This ground-breaking book shows that disability hate crimes do exist, that they have unique characteristics which distinguish them from other hate crimes, and that more effective policies and practices can and must be developed to respond and prevent them. With particular focus on the UK and USA's contrasting response to this issue, this book will help readers to define hate crimes as well as place them within their wider social context. It discusses the need for legislative recognition and essential improvements on the reporting of incidents and assistance for individual victims of these crimes, as well as the need to address the social exclusion of disabled people and the negative attitudes surrounding their condition.

Responding to Hate Crime

Author : Chakraborti, Neil
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 144730876X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (473 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Responding to Hate Crime by : Chakraborti, Neil

Download or read book Responding to Hate Crime written by Chakraborti, Neil and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2014-05-21 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The policy makers that govern responses to hate crimes and the institutions that research those crimes have up to this point been separate: policy makers have not taken research into consideration, and researchers have conducted their studies with little reference to policies. This book bridges the gap between the two by bringing together internationally renowned hate crime experts from the domains of academia, policy making, and activism. The contributors provide new perspectives on the nature of hate crimes, their victims, and their perpetrators, exploring a range of themes, challenges, and solutions that have otherwise received little attention. The result is a collection of innovative ways of combating hate crime that combines cutting-edge research with the latest in professional innovations, while remaining accessible to a wide audience.

Hate Inc

Author : Matt Taibbi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781682194072
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Hate Inc by : Matt Taibbi

Download or read book Hate Inc written by Matt Taibbi and published by . This book was released on 2021-03 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Hate Crimes in Cyberspace

Author : Danielle Keats Citron
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674368290
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (743 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Hate Crimes in Cyberspace by : Danielle Keats Citron

Download or read book Hate Crimes in Cyberspace written by Danielle Keats Citron and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-22 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author examines the controversies surrounding cyber-harassment, arguing that it should be considered a matter for civil rights law and that social norms of decency and civility must be leveraged to stop it. --Publisher information.

Social Media and Hate

Author : Shakuntala Banaji
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000553515
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Media and Hate by : Shakuntala Banaji

Download or read book Social Media and Hate written by Shakuntala Banaji and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-30 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using expert interviews and focus groups, this book investigates the theoretical and practical intersection of misinformation and social media hate in contemporary societies. Social Media and Hate argues that these phenomena, and the extreme violence and discrimination they initiate against targeted groups, are connected to the socio-political contexts, values and behaviours of users of social media platforms such as Facebook, TikTok, ShareChat, Instagram and WhatsApp. The argument moves from a theoretical discussion of the practices and consequences of sectarian hatred, through a methodological evaluation of quantitative and qualitative studies on this topic, to four qualitative case studies of social media hate, and its effects on groups, individuals and wider politics in India, Brazil, Myanmar and the UK. The technical, ideological and networked similarities and connections between social media hate against people of African and Asian descent, indigenous communities, Muslims, Dalits, dissenters, feminists, LGBTQIA communities, Rohingya and immigrants across the four contexts is highlighted, stressing the need for an equally systematic political response. This is an insightful text for scholars and academics in the fields of Cultural Studies, Community Psychology, Education, Journalism, Media and Communication Studies, Political Science, Social Anthropology, Social Psychology, and Sociology.

Why We Hate

Author : Rush W. Dozier
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 9780809224791
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (247 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Why We Hate by : Rush W. Dozier

Download or read book Why We Hate written by Rush W. Dozier and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2003-06-16 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the post-9/11 struggle for a sane global vision, this antihatred manifesto could not be more timely."--O: The Oprah Magazine In this acclaimed volume, Pulitzer-Prize nominated science writer Rush W. Dozier Jr. demystifies our deadliest emotion--hate. Based on the most recent scientific research in a range of fields, from anthropology to zoology, Why We Hate explains the origins and manifestations of this toxic emotion and offers realistic but hopeful suggestions for defusing it. The strategies offered here can be used in both everyday life to improve relationships with family and friends as well as globally in our efforts to heal the hatreds that fester within and among nations of the world.

Hate Crimes

Author : Jack Levin
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1489961089
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Hate Crimes by : Jack Levin

Download or read book Hate Crimes written by Jack Levin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-09 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Free Speech and Hate Speech in the United States

Author : Chris Demaske
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000203417
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Free Speech and Hate Speech in the United States by : Chris Demaske

Download or read book Free Speech and Hate Speech in the United States written by Chris Demaske and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-07 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Free Speech and Hate Speech in the United States explores the concept and treatment of hate speech in light of escalating social tensions in the global twenty-first century, proposing a shift in emphasis from the negative protection of individual rights toward a more positive support of social equality. Drawing on Axel Honneth’s theory of recognition, the author develops a two-tiered framework for free speech analysis that will promote a strategy for combating hate speech. To illustrate how this framework might impact speech rights in the U.S., she looks specifically at hate speech in the context of symbolic speech, disparaging speech, internet speech and speech on college campuses. Entering into an ongoing debate about the role of speech in society, this book will be of key importance to First Amendment scholars, and to scholars and students of communication studies, media studies, media law, political science, feminist studies, American studies, and history.