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X Ray Scattering Study Of Nematic And Smectic A
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Book Synopsis X-Ray Diffraction Study of Nematic Smectic A and C Liquid Crystals by : B. I. Ostrovskii
Download or read book X-Ray Diffraction Study of Nematic Smectic A and C Liquid Crystals written by B. I. Ostrovskii and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews recent studies of X-ray scattering phenomena in liquid crystals, in particular their relationship to phase-transition physics. Also explored are the main approximations which are used to obtain structural information from the scattering spectre of liquid crystals and to determine the short-range order in the molecule arrangement.
Book Synopsis Small-Angle Scattering by : Ian W. Hamley
Download or read book Small-Angle Scattering written by Ian W. Hamley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-29 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING A comprehensive and timely volume covering contemporary research, practical techniques, and theoretical approaches to SAXS and SANS Small-Angle Scattering: Theory, Instrumentation, Data, and Applications provides authoritative coverage of both small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and grazing incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) including GISAXS and GISANS. This single-volume resource offers readers an up-to-date view of the state of the field, including the theoretical foundations, experimental methods, and practical applications of small-angle scattering (SAS) techniques including laboratory and synchrotron SAXS and reactor/spallation SANS. Organized into six chapters, the text first describes basic theory, instrumentation, and data analysis. The following chapters contain in-depth discussion on various applications of SAXS and SANS and GISAXS and GISANS, and on specific techniques for investigating structure and order in soft materials, biomolecules, and inorganic and magnetic materials. Author Ian Hamley draws from his more than thirty years’ experience working with many systems, instruments, and types of small-angle scattering experiments across most European facilities to present the most complete introduction to the field available. This book: Presents uniquely broad coverage of practical and theoretical approaches to SAXS and SANS Includes practical information on instrumentation and data analysis Offers useful examples and an accessible and concise presentation of topics Covers new developments in the techniques of SAXS and SANS, including GISAXS and GISANS Small-Angle Scattering: Theory, Instrumentation, Data, and Applications is a valuable source of detailed information for researchers and postgraduate students in the field, as well as other researchers using X-ray and neutron scattering to investigate soft materials, other nanostructured materials and biomolecules such as proteins.
Book Synopsis Structure of Liquid Crystal Phases by : P. S. Pershan
Download or read book Structure of Liquid Crystal Phases written by P. S. Pershan and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1988 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current understanding of different phases as well as the phase transitions between them has only been achieved following recent theoretical advances on the effects of dimensionality in statistical physics. P S Pershan explains the connection between these two separate areas and gives some examples of problems where the understanding is still not complete. The most important example is the second order phase transition between the nematic and smectic-A phase. Others include the relation between the several hexatic phases that have been observed and the first order restacking transitions between phases that were all previously identified as smectic-B, but which should more properly be identified as crystalline-B. Some relatively recent experimental developments on the discotic phase, liquid crystal surfaces and lyotropic phases are also included. The book includes 41 major reprints of some of the recent seminal work on the structure of liquid crystals. They are introduced by a brief review of the symmetries and other properties of liquid crystalline phases. In addition, there is a discussion of the differences between true liquid crystalline phases and others that were described as liquid crystalline in the early literature, but which have since been shown to be true three-dimensional crystals. The progression from the isotropic fluid, through the nematic, smectic, and various crystalline phases can be understood in terms of a systematic decrease in symmetry, together with an accompanying variation in structure is explained. A guide to the selected reprints and a sort of ?Rosetta Stone? for these various phases is provided. The goal of this book is to explain the systematics of this progression to students and others that are new to this field, as well as to provide a useful handbook for people already working in the field.
Book Synopsis International Tables for Crystallography, Volume B by : Uri Shmueli
Download or read book International Tables for Crystallography, Volume B written by Uri Shmueli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-27 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Tables for Crystallography are no longer available for purchase from Springer. For further information please contact Wiley Inc. (follow the link on the right hand side of this page). Volume B presents accounts of the numerous aspects of reciprocal space in crystallographic research. After an introductory chapter, Part 1 presents the reader with an account of structure-factor formalisms, an extensive treatment of the theory, algorithms and crystallographic applications of Fourier methods, and fundamental as well as advanced treatments of symmetry in reciprocal space. In Part 2, these general accounts are followed by detailed expositions of crystallographic statistics, the theory of direct methods, Patterson techniques, isomorphous replacement and anomalous scattering, and treatments of the role of electron microscopy and diffraction in crystal structure determination, including applications of direct methods to electron crystallography. Part 3 deals with applications of reciprocal space to molecular geometry and `best'-plane calculations, and contains a treatment of the principles of molecular graphics and modelling and their applications. A convergence-acceleration method of importance in the computation of approximate lattice sums is presented and the part concludes with a discussion of the Ewald method. Part 4 contains treatments of various diffuse-scattering phenomena arising from crystal dynamics, disorder and low dimensionality (liquid crystals), and an exposition of the underlying theories and/or experimental evidence. Polymer crystallography and reciprocal-space images of aperiodic crystals are also treated. Part 5 of the volume contains introductory treatments of the theory of the interaction of radiation with matter (dynamical theory) as applied to X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction techniques. The simplified trigonometric expressions for the structure factors in the 230 three-dimensional space groups, which appeared in Volume I of International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, are now given in Appendix 1.4.3 to Chapter 1.4 of this volume. Volume B is a vital addition to the library of scientists engaged in crystal structure determination, crystallographic computing, crystal physics and other fields of crystallographic research. Graduate students specializing in crystallography will find much material suitable for self-study and a rich source of references to the relevant literature.
Book Synopsis From Simple Solutions to Strongly Structured Microemulsions by : Shih-Yu Tseng
Download or read book From Simple Solutions to Strongly Structured Microemulsions written by Shih-Yu Tseng and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2022-12-12 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microemulsions are known for their versatile properties widely utilized in fundamental research and industrial applications. They are thermodynamically stable mixtures structured on a colloidal length scale with an amphiphilic film separating water- and oil-rich domains. However, recent studies claim the existence of “surfactant-free microemulsions,” which exhibit structures on a molecular length scale. By means of systematic phase behavior and scattering experiments, this dissertation provides deep insights into the pathway from simple solutions to weakly and strongly structured microemulsions. With bulk-contrast SANS, the scattering behavior of a simple solution system made of water, cyclohexane, 1- and 2-propanol was found to be dominated by critical composition fluctuations (Ornstein-Zernike). Further analysis of critical phenomena revealed the critical exponent doubling that follows the scaling law γ ~ “2” ν. On the other hand, weak scattering signals described with a new model were detected in the film-contrast SANS data due to the nearby tricritical point (TCP). After crossing the TCP, the formation of well-defined amphiphilic films was demonstrated by increasing the amphiphilicity of the amphiphile. Subsequently, the influence of modifications of the amphiphilic film by adding novel diblock polymers was studied. As a result, enhanced efficiency and strengthened structural ordering were achieved in typical alkane microemulsions and novel CO2 microemulsions. Finally, the properties of industry-relevant microemulsions were investigated in two application-oriented projects. One project focused on the phase behavior and the microstructure of polyol-rich CO2 microemulsions, which can be used for the polyurethane (PU) foam production with cell sizes of a few micrometers. The other project focused on the formulation of optimum microemulsions stabilized by highly efficient extended surfactants. The experimental parameters from phase behavior studies helped determine the coefficients of the HLD equation, which can serve as a prediction tool for tackling a wide variety of formulation problems. Above all, this doctoral dissertation elucidated the pathway toward structured microemulsions and demonstrated versatile aspects of microemulsions’ applications.
Book Synopsis Liquid Crystals In Complex Geometries by : G P Crawford
Download or read book Liquid Crystals In Complex Geometries written by G P Crawford and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1996-04-29 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the applied and basic aspects of confined liquid crystals, this book provides a current treatise of the subject matter and places it in the broader context of electrooptic applications.
Book Synopsis Advances in Liquid Crystal Research and Applications by : Lajos Bata
Download or read book Advances in Liquid Crystal Research and Applications written by Lajos Bata and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Liquid Crystal Research and Applications, Volume 1 is a collection of papers presented at the Third Liquid Crystal Conference of the Socialist Countries, held in Budapest on August 27-31, 1979. This volume is comprised of three parts. The first part deals with the phases and structures of liquid crystals through methods employing synthesis, X-ray studies, electron diffraction, and calorimetric determination. The second part discusses molecular dynamics and dynamical methods where mostly dielectric investigations into liquid crystal properties are emphasized. This part includes the developments in the study of molecular dynamics in liquid crystals. Other topics presented in this part are the acousto-optical and ultrasonic relaxation methods. The third part covers the continual properties of liquid crystals: their properties and behavior when exposed to different testing methods and variables. For example, a correlation between viscosity coefficients of starting components and those of their mixtures is attempted, resulting when MBBA and EBBA in different percentages are mixed, that none of their coefficients is found to obey any pronounced law. However, the viscosity coefficients given in the table may serve as reference data for further studies. Physicists; process engineers; and graduate students in physics, chemistry, and materials science fields; and university professors and lecturers related to studies in the field of liquid crystals will find this collection of papers highly informative and rewarding.
Book Synopsis Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals by : Arthur N. Chester
Download or read book Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals written by Arthur N. Chester and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nato Advanced Study Institute "Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals" was held May 2-12, 1991, in Erice, Sicily. This was the 16th conference organized by the International School of Quantum Electronics, under the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture. The subject of "Liquid Crystals" has made amazing progress since the last ISQE Course on this subject in 1985. The present Proceedings give a tutorial introduction to today's most important areas, as well as a review of current results by leading researchers. We have brought together some of the world's acknowledged experts in the field to summarize both the present state of their research and its background. Most of the lecturers attended all the lectures and devoted their spare hours to stimulating discussions. We would like to thank them all for their admirable contributions. The Institute also took advantage of a very active audience; most of the students were active researchers in the field and contributed with discussions and seminars. Some of these student seminars are also included in these Proceedings. We did not modify the original manuscripts in editing this book, but we did group them according to the following topics: 1) "Theoretical Foundations"; 2) "Thermotropic Liquid Crystals"; 3) "Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals"; 4) "Polymeric Liquid Crystals"; and 5) "Lyotropic Liquid Crystals".
Book Synopsis Dynamics Of Planetary Rings And The Prediction Of New Uranian Satellites by : A. M. Fridman
Download or read book Dynamics Of Planetary Rings And The Prediction Of New Uranian Satellites written by A. M. Fridman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Polymer Chemistry by : Fred J. Davis
Download or read book Polymer Chemistry written by Fred J. Davis and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2004-09-30 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been designed to appeal to both chemists working in, and new to, the area of polymer synthesis. It contains detailed instructions for the preparation of a wide-range of polymers by a wide variety of different techniques, and describes how this synthetic methodology can be applied to the development of new materials. It includes details of well-established techniques,e.g. chain-growth or step-growth processes together with more up-to-date examples using methods such as atom-transfer radical polymerisation. Less-well known procedures are also included, e.g. electrochemical synthesis of conducting polymers and the preparation of liquid crystalline elastomers with highly ordered structures. Other topics covered include general polymerisation methodology, controlled/'living' polymerisation methods, the formation of cyclic oligomers during step-growth polymerisation, the synthesis of conducting polymers based on heterocyclic compounds, dendrimers, the preparation of imprinted polymers and liquid crystalline polymers. The main bulk of the text is preceded by an introductory chapter detailing some of the techniques available to the scientist for the characterisation of polymers, both in terms of their chemical composition and in terms of their properties as materials. The book is intended not only for the specialist in polymer chemistry, but also for the organic chemist with little experience who requires a practical introduction to the field.
Book Synopsis Liquid Crystals: From Modified Phases to Applications 2014 by : João Luis Maia Figueirinhas
Download or read book Liquid Crystals: From Modified Phases to Applications 2014 written by João Luis Maia Figueirinhas and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Liquid Crystals" that was published in Materials
Book Synopsis International Tables for Crystallography: Reciprocal space by :
Download or read book International Tables for Crystallography: Reciprocal space written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Technical Abstract Bulletin written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis X-Ray Diffraction by : Oliver H. Seeck
Download or read book X-Ray Diffraction written by Oliver H. Seeck and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-10 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-resolution x-ray diffraction and scattering is a key tool for structure analysis not only in bulk materials but also at surfaces and buried interfaces from the sub-nanometer range to micrometers. This book offers an overview of diffraction and scattering methods currently available at modern synchrotron sources and illustrates bulk and interface investigations of solid and liquid matter with up-to-date research examples. It presents important characteristics of the sources, experimental set-up, and new detector developments. The book also considers future exploitation of x-ray free electron lasers for diffraction applications.
Book Synopsis Summaries of Projects Completed in Fiscal Year ... by :
Download or read book Summaries of Projects Completed in Fiscal Year ... written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 1090 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Summaries of Projects Completed by : National Science Foundation (U.S.)
Download or read book Summaries of Projects Completed written by National Science Foundation (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on with total page 1108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Summaries of Projects Completed in Fiscal Year ... by : National Science Foundation (U.S.)
Download or read book Summaries of Projects Completed in Fiscal Year ... written by National Science Foundation (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 1092 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
